1
|
Ting ASY, Gan PT. Influence of coloured lights on growth and enzyme production of beneficial endophytic fungi. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:1405-1416. [PMID: 38277111 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The influence of light regulation on fungal growth and enzyme production was tested on endophytic isolates of Fusarium proliferatum (CCH), Colletotrichum boninense (PL1, PL9, OL2), Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes (OL3) and Colletotrichum siamense (PL3). The isolates were treated with blue, red, green, and yellow light, while white fluorescent light (12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod) and 24 h dark conditions were applied as control. Results revealed that coloured light treatments induced formation of circadian rings, while exposure to white light and dark conditions showed less pronounced circadian rings. Growth and sporulation of endophytes were not significantly influenced by light. By contrast, enzyme production was affected by coloured light treatments, notably with red (amylase), blue (cellulase) and yellow (cellulase, xylanase, L-asparaginase) light, resulting in lower enzyme levels for certain isolates. Under control conditions, enzyme production was relatively higher for amylase, cellulase, xylanase (for cultures incubated in the dark), and for L-asparaginase (for cultures incubated in white fluorescent light). Among the endophytic isolates, F. proliferatum (CCH) showed better response to coloured light treatment as higher sporulation and enzyme production was detected, although growth was significantly suppressed. On the contrary, C. gloeosporiodes (OL3) showed better growth but significantly lower enzyme production and sporulation when treated with the various coloured light. This study revealed that coloured light may have the potential to manipulate growth, sporulation and enzyme production in certain fungal species as strategies for fungal control or for harnessing of valuable enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Peck Ting Gan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gan PT, Lim YY, Ting ASY. Influence of light regulation on growth and enzyme production in rare endolichenic fungi. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:741-755. [PMID: 37022636 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of light regulation on the growth and enzyme production of three endolichenic fungal isolates, i.e. Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (EF13), Fusarium solani (EF5), and Xylaria venustula (PH22), was determined. The isolates were exposed to blue, red, green, yellow, white fluorescent light (12 h light-12 h dark photoperiod) (test), and 24 h dark (control) conditions. Results revealed that the alternating light-dark conditions resulted in the formation of dark rings in most fungal isolates but was absent in PH22. Red light induced sporulation while yellow light elicited higher biomass in all isolates (0.19 ± 0.01 g, 0.07 ± 0.00 g, and 0.11 ± 0.00 g, for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively) as compared to incubation in the dark. Results also showed that blue light induced higher amylase activity in PH22 (15.31 ± 0.45 U/mL) and L-asparaginase activity in all isolates (0.45 ± 0.01 U/mL, 0.55 ± 0.39 U/mL, and 0.38 ± 0.01 U/mL, for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively) compared to both control conditions. Green light enhanced the production of xylanase (6.57 ± 0.42 U/mL, 10.64 ± 0.12 U/mL, and 7.55 ± 0.56 U/mL for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively) and cellulase (6.49 ± 0.48 U/mL, 9.57 ± 0.25 U/mL, and 7.28 ± 0.63 U/mL, for EF13, PH22, and EF5, respectively). In contrast, red light was the least effective light treatment as production of enzymes was the least, with lower levels of amylase, cellulase, xylanase, and L-asparaginase detected. To conclude, all three endolichenic fungi are light-responsive, with fungal growth regulated with the use of red light and yellow light, and manipulation of enzyme production via blue and green light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peck Ting Gan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Yau Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nogueira KMV, Costa MDN, de Paula RG, Mendonça-Natividade FC, Ricci-Azevedo R, Silva RN. Evidence of cAMP involvement in cellobiohydrolase expression and secretion by Trichoderma reesei in presence of the inducer sophorose. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:195. [PMID: 26424592 PMCID: PMC4590280 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The signaling second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates many aspects of cellular function in all organisms. Previous studies have suggested a role for cAMP in the regulation of gene expression of cellulolytic enzymes in Trichoderma reesei (anamorph of Hypocrea jecorina). Methods The effects of cAMP in T. reesei were analyzed through both activity and expression of cellulase, intracellular cAMP level measurement, western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Results To elucidate the involvement of cAMP in the cellulase expression, we analyzed the growth of the mutant strain ∆acy1 and its parental strain QM9414 in the presence of the inducers cellulose, cellobiose, lactose, or sophorose, and the repressor glucose. Our results indicated that cAMP regulates the expression of cellulase in a carbon source-dependent manner. The expression cel7a, and cel6a genes was higher in the presence of sophorose than in the presence of cellulose, lactose, cellobiose, or glucose. Moreover, intracellular levels of cAMP were up to four times higher in the presence of sophorose compared to other carbon sources. Concomitantly, our immunofluorescence microscopy and western blot data suggest that in the presence of sophorose, cAMP may regulate secretion of cellulolytic enzymes in T. reesei. Conclusions These results allow us to better understand the role of cAMP and expand our knowledge on the signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of cellulase expression in T. reesei. Finally, our data may help develop new strategies to improve the expression of cel7a and cel6a genes, and therefore, favor their application in several biotechnology fields. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0536-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Maria Vieira Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana do Nascimento Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Costa Mendonça-Natividade
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Ricci-Azevedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mandal A, Kar S, Das Mohapatra PK, Maity C, Pati BR, Mondal KC. Regulation of xylanase biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus BSA1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1052-60. [PMID: 22222433 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have a promising biotechnological potential to be used in industries. In this study, regulation of xylanase production was examined in Bacillus cereus BSA1. Xylanase production was induced by xylan. The enzyme production further increased in the presence of xylose and arabinose in very low concentration with addition of xylan (0.5% up to 6.02 U/ml). Addition of glucose (about 0.1%) to the media supplemented with xylan repressed xylanase production. Even higher concentration (>0.1%) of xylose and arabinose repressed xylanase biosynthesis. Glucose-mediated repression was partially relived by addition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Chemical like 2-4-dinitrophenol, which can inhibit adenosine triphosphate synthesis in cell, repressed xylanase synthesis and it suggested xylanase synthesis to be an energy dependent process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asish Mandal
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramananda College, Bishnupur, Bankura 722122, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Optimization of nutrient medium containing agricultural waste for xylanase production by Bacillus pumilus B20. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-3094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Tisch D, Schmoll M. Light regulation of metabolic pathways in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1259-77. [PMID: 19915832 PMCID: PMC2807966 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light represents a major carrier of information in nature. The molecular machineries translating its electromagnetic energy (photons) into the chemical language of cells transmit vital signals for adjustment of virtually every living organism to its habitat. Fungi react to illumination in various ways, and we found that they initiate considerable adaptations in their metabolic pathways upon growth in light or after perception of a light pulse. Alterations in response to light have predominantly been observed in carotenoid metabolism, polysaccharide and carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, nucleotide and nucleoside metabolism, and in regulation of production of secondary metabolites. Transcription of genes is initiated within minutes, abundance and activity of metabolic enzymes are adjusted, and subsequently, levels of metabolites are altered to cope with the harmful effects of light or to prepare for reproduction, which is dependent on light in many cases. This review aims to give an overview on metabolic pathways impacted by light and to illustrate the physiological significance of light for fungi. We provide a basis for assessment whether a given metabolic pathway might be subject to regulation by light and how these properties can be exploited for improvement of biotechnological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Tisch
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parachin NS, Siqueira S, de Faria FP, Torres FAG, de Moraes LMP. Xylanases from Cryptococcus flavus isolate I-11: Enzymatic profile, isolation and heterologous expression of CfXYN1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Bazzolli D, Ribon ADO, Reis K, de Queiroz M, de Araújo E. Differential expression ofplggenes fromPenicillium griseoroseum:plg1 a pectinolytic gene is expressed in sucrose and yeast extract. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1595-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Rizzatti ACS, Freitas FZ, Bertolini MC, Peixoto-Nogueira SC, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA, Polizeli MDLTDM. Regulation of xylanase in Aspergillus phoenicis: a physiological and molecular approach. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:237-44. [PMID: 18228069 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial xylanolytic enzymes have a promising biotechnological potential, and are extensively applied in industries. In this study, induction of xylanolytic activity was examined in Aspergillus phoenicis. Xylanase activity induced by xylan, xylose or beta-methylxyloside was predominantly extracellular (93-97%). Addition of 1% glucose to media supplemented with xylan or xylose repressed xylanase production. Glucose repression was alleviated by addition of cAMP or dibutyryl-cAMP. These physiological observations were supported by a Northern analysis using part of the xylanase gene ApXLN as a probe. Gene transcription was shown to be induced by xylan, xylose, and beta-methylxyloside, and was repressed by the addition of 1% glucose. Glucose repression was partially relieved by addition of cAMP or dibutyryl cAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Segato Rizzatti
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohara H, Owaki M, Sonomoto K. Xylooligosaccharide fermentation with Leuconostoc lactis. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:415-20. [PMID: 16781471 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Leuconostoc lactis SHO-47 and Le. lactis SHO-54, producing the clinically useful enzyme NAD-specific 6-phosphoglucanate dehydrogenase, were cultivated with a hydrolyzed birch wood xylan as the unique carbon source to produce D-lactic acid for poly(D-lactic acid). In addition to the strains SHO-47 and SHO-54, Lactococcus lactis IO-1, well known as a good xylose-utilizing lactic acid bacterium, was used as a control to confirm the extent of hemicellulose hydrolysis. The fermentation time for lactic acid of strains SHO-47 and SHO-54 was 12 h, and produced respectively 2.3 and 2.2 g/l lactic acid from 8.5 g/l hydrolyzed xylan, whereas the fermentation time of strain IO-1 was 21 h, and produced 1.3 g/l lactic acid. Xylooligosaccharides from xylobiose to xylohexose were utilized more rapidly than xylose in the cultures of strains SHO-47 and SHO-54. However, xylose concentration increased temporarily and then decreased in the culture of strain IO-1. On the other hand, xylooligosaccharides larger than xyloheptaose were not utilized by these three strains. The xylosidase activities of SHO-47, SHO-54, and IO-1 were induced by xylose or a mixture of xylobiose and xylotriose. The xylosidases of these three strains were localized in their cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ohara
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Microbial Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Hemicellulolytic microorganisms play a significant role in nature by recycling hemicellulose, one of the main components of plant polysaccharides. Xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan, the major constituent of hemicellulose. The use of these enzymes could greatly improve the overall economics of processing lignocellulosic materials for the generation of liquid fuels and chemicals. Recently cellulase-free xylanases have received great attention in the development of environmentally friendly technologies in the paper and pulp industry. In microorganisms that produce xylanases low molecular mass fragments of xylan and their positional isomers play a key role in regulating its biosynthesis. Xylanase and cellulase production appear to be regulated separately, although the pleiotropy of mutations, which causes the elimination of both genes, suggests some linkage in the synthesis of the two enzymes. Xylanases are found in a cornucopia of organisms and the genes encoding them have been cloned in homologous and heterologous hosts with the objectives of overproducing the enzyme and altering its properties to suit commercial applications. Sequence analyses of xylanases have revealed distinct catalytic and cellulose binding domains, with a separate non-catalytic domain that has been reported to confer enhanced thermostability in some xylanases. Analyses of three-dimensional structures and the properties of mutants have revealed the involvement of specific tyrosine and tryptophan residues in the substrate binding site and of glutamate and aspartate residues in the catalytic mechanism. Many lines of evidence suggest that xylanases operate via a double displacement mechanism in which the anomeric configuration is retained, although some of the enzymes catalyze single displacement reactions with inversion of configuration. Based on a dendrogram obtained from amino acid sequence similarities the evolutionary relationship between xylanases is assessed. In addition the properties of xylanases from extremophilic organisms have been evaluated in terms of biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghosh M, Nanda G. Physiological studies on xylose induction and glucose repression of xylanolytic enzymes inAspergillus sydowiiMG49. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
13
|
Singer E, Debette J. Nutritional factors controlling exocellular proteinase production in a soil-isolatedXanthomonas maltophilia strain. J Basic Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620330207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
�zcan S, K�tter P, Ciciary M. Xylan-hydrolysing enzymes of the yeast Pichia stipitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|