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Mallick N, Rai LC. Influence of culture density, pH, organic acids and divalent cations on the removal of nutrients and metals by immobilized Anabaena doliolum and Chlorella vulgaris. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 9:196-201. [PMID: 24419946 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/04/1992] [Accepted: 09/16/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of alginate-immobilized Anabaena doliolum and Chlorella vulgaris was assessed for removal of nutrients (NO inf3 (sup-) and NH inf4 (sup+) ) and metals (Cr2O inf7 (sup2-) and Ni(2+)) at different biomass concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.49 and 1.22 g dry wt l(-1)) and pH values (4 to 10). Though uptake of all these substances was higher in concentrated algal beads (0.25, 0.49 and 1.22 g dry wt l(-1)), their rate of uptake was significantly (P<0.001) lower than that of low (0.05 g dry wt l(-1)) cell density beads. For A. doliolum, there was no significant difference in uptake rates for beads having densities of 0.05 and 0.1 g dry wt l(-1). Chlorella vulgaris, however, showed maximum efficiency at 0.1 g dry wt l(-1). Uptake of both the nutrients and the metals was maximal at pH 7 followed by pH 8, 6, 9, 10, 5 and 4. Of the different substances (organic acids and divalent cations) used, humic acid was most efficient in decreasing metal uptake. Mg(2+) was, however, more efficient than Ca(2+) in decreasing Ni(2+) uptake. Immobilized algae with a cell density of 0.1 g dry wt l(-1) were the most efficient for nutrient and metal removal at pH 6 to 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mallick
- Laboratory of Algal Biology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
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Vannela R, Verma SK. Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ Accumulation by Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 22:1282-93. [PMID: 17022665 DOI: 10.1021/bp060075s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Spirulina platensis biomass was characterized for its metal accumulation as a function of pH, external metal concentration, equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, effect of co-ions under free (living cells, lyophilized, and oven-dried) and immobilized (Ca-alginate and polyacrylamide gel) conditions. The maximum metal biosorption by S. platensis biomass was observed at pH 6.0 with free and immobilized biomass. The studies on equilibrium isotherm experiments showed highest maximum metal loading by living cells (181.0 +/- 13.1 mg Co(2+)/g, 272.1 +/- 29.4 mg Cu(2+)/g and 250.3 +/- 26.4 mg Zn(2+)/g) followed by lyophilized (79.7 +/- 9.6 mg Co(2+)/g, 250.0 +/- 22.4 mg Cu(2+)/g and 111.2 +/- 9.8 mg Zn(2+)/g) and oven-dried (25.9 +/- 1.9 mg Co(2+)/g, 160.0 +/- 14.2 mg Cu(2+)/g and 35.1 +/- 2.7 mg Zn(2+)/g) biomass of S. platensis on a dry weight basis. The polyacrylamide gel (PAG) immobilization of lyophilized biomass found to be superior over Ca-alginate (Ca-Alg) and did not interfere with the S. platensis biomass biosorption capacity, yielding 25% of metal loading after PAG entrapment. The time-dependent metal biosorption in both the free and immobilized form revealed existence of two phases involving an initial rapid phase (which lasted for 1-2 min) contributing 63-77% of total biosorption, followed by a slower phase that continued for 2 h. The metal elution studies conducted using various reagents showed more than 90% elution with mineral acids, calcium salts, and Na(2)EDTA with free (lyophilized or oven-dried) as well as immobilized biomass. The experiments conducted to examine the suitability of PAG-immobilized S. platensis biomass over multiple cycles of Co(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+) sorption and elution showed that the same PAG cubes can be reused for at least seven cycles with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveender Vannela
- Centre for Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani-333031, India.
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Faramarzi MA, Adrangi S, Yazdi MT. MICROALGAL BIOTRANSFORMATION OF STEROIDS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2008; 44:27-37. [PMID: 27041037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biotransformation of steroids is not a new concept, but most studies in this field have focused on fungal and bacterial systems. Microalgae, despite their photosynthetic ability and immense biodiversity, have not received much attention in this aspect until recently. Since the publication of the first article on microalgal biotransformation of steroids about 20 years ago, there have been many reports describing different modifications, including hydroxylation, reduction, side-chain degradation, and isomerization introduced by these microorganisms on estrane, androstane, and pregnane derivatives. On the other hand, the development of new large-scale cultivation systems, the adaptation of existing fermentation techniques to microalgae, and the introduction of microalgal genetic manipulation methods have made these organisms promising candidates for a wide range of biotechnological processes, including biotransformations. In this review, we have summarized the steroid transformation patterns of several microalgal strains and present a perspective of the future trends in microalgal biotechnology, including the possibility of adapting relatively new techniques, such as organic media catalysis and cell immobilization, to this specific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Sina Adrangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tabatabaei Yazdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran 14174, Iran
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De Philippis R, Paperi R, Sili C. Heavy metal sorption by released polysaccharides and whole cultures of two exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria. Biodegradation 2006; 18:181-7. [PMID: 16758273 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-006-9053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The metal removal capacity of cultures of two capsulated, exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria, Cyanospira capsulata and Nostoc PCC7936, were tested using copper (II) as the model metal. C. capsulata cultures removed the greatest amount of copper, with a maximum per unit of biomass (q(max)) of 115.0+/-5.1 mg copper g(-1) of protein, compared with 85.0+/-3.2 removed with Nostoc PCC7936 cultures. Water solutions of pure polysaccharides (RPSs) released into the culture medium by C. capsulata and Nostoc PCC7936 achieved q(max) values of 20.2+/-0.8 mg g(-1) copper per polysaccharide dry weight with C. capsulata RPS and 11.0+/-1.5 mg g(-1) with Nostoc PCC7936 RPS. Cultures of the two cyanobacteria also removed Zn (II) and Ni (II), in both single-metal systems and in multimetal systems with Cu; in the various single-metal systems more copper was removed than Zn or Ni, while in the multimetal systems a smaller amount of each individual metal was removed but the overall amount of all metal ions sorbed or the amount of copper sorbed in the copper-only system was almost the same with C. capsulata, and slightly higher with Nostoc PCC7936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Philippis
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, I-50144, Florence, Italy.
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Awasthi M, Rai LC. Interactions between zinc and cadmium uptake by free and immobilized cells ofScenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200400607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Saeed A, Iqbal M. Immobilization of blue green microalgae on loofa sponge to biosorb cadmium in repeated shake flask batch and continuous flow fixed bed column reactor system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li P, Harding SE, Liu Z. Cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides: their nature and potential biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2002; 18:375-404. [PMID: 11530697 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Parker DL, Rai LC, Mallick N, Rai PK, Kumar HD. Effects of Cellular Metabolism and Viability on Metal Ion Accumulation by Cultured Biomass from a Bloom of the Cyanobacterium
Microcystis aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1545-7. [PMID: 16349552 PMCID: PMC106185 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.4.1545-1547.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The sorption of nickel, cadmium, and copper by cultured biomass from a naturally occurring bloom of
Microcystis aeruginosa
was demonstrated in two systems: cells suspended in culture medium and cells immobilized in alginate. Incubation in the absence of light, in the presence of metabolic inhibitors, and at 4°C did not substantially decrease the copper accumulation by cells in culture medium. Heat-killed, formaldehyde-treated, and air-dried biomass samples sorbed nearly as much (or in some cases slightly more) copper as did viable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Parker
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, and Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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El-Naggar AH, El-Sheekh MM. Abolishing cadmium toxicity in Chlorella vulgaris by ascorbic acid, calcium, glucose and reduced glutathione. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1998; 101:169-174. [PMID: 15093077 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1997] [Accepted: 04/16/1998] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Addition of ascorbic acid, calcium (Ca2+), glucose and reduced glutathione (GSH) to the cadmium (Cd2+)-amended Kuhl medium significantly accelerated the growth and chlorophyll content of Chlorella vulgaris. This enhancement was found to be dose dependent. Their relative effectiveness against Cd2+ on growth and chlorophyll content has been arranged as GSH > Ca2+ > glucose > ascorbic acid. However, Ca2+ offered more protection against Cd2+ toxicity on protein contents, followed by ascorbic acid, GSH and glucose. The different concentrations of all amelioratives completely alleviated the toxicity of Cd2+ on total carbohydrates to exceed the control level. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution showed more response to Ca2+ and glucose in alleviating Cd2+ toxicity. On the other hand, at certain concentrations, GSH, Ca2+, ascorbic acid and glucose stimulated respiratory oxygen uptake over the control level. The uptake of Cd2+ dropped significantly in cultures supplemented with 20 microM ascorbic acid, glucose and GSH, while Ca2+ (30 microM) significantly lowered the Cd2+ uptake by 58% indicating that Ca2+ had a more antagonistic effect against Cd2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H El-Naggar
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Mallick N, Rai LC. Removal of inorganic ions from wastewaters by immobilized microalgae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:439-43. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00144469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/1994] [Accepted: 02/25/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Limitations of the use of an ion-selective electrode in the study of the uptake of Cu2+ by Pseudomonas syringae cells. J Microbiol Methods 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(92)90034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Assessment of Hg2+ toxicity to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium in long- and short-term experiments. Biometals 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rai LC, Dubey SK, Mallick N. Influence of chromium on some physiological variables of Anabaena doliolum: interaction with metabolic inhibitors. Biometals 1992; 5:13-6. [PMID: 1392466 DOI: 10.1007/bf01079692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of 2,4-dinitrophenol and chlorophenyl dimethylurea on ATP content, carbon fixation, O2 evolution, nitrogenase activity and Cr uptake of Anabaena doliolum has been studied. 2,4-Dinitrophenol has been found to be more toxic than chlorophenyldimethylurea for all these processes. However, when Cr toxicity to above variables was assessed in their presence the interaction was less than additive. An initial (10-15 min) concentration-dependent rapid Cr uptake, followed by a slow one, indicates a biphasic uptake. A significant inhibition of Cr uptake in the presence of both these metabolic inhibitors suggests the involvement of metabolic processes in Cr uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rai
- Laboratory of Algal Biology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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