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Izac JR, O'Bier NS, Oliver LD, Camire AC, Earnhart CG, LeBlanc Rhodes DV, Young BF, Parnham SR, Davies C, Marconi RT. Development and optimization of OspC chimeritope vaccinogens for Lyme disease. Vaccine 2020; 38:1915-1924. [PMID: 31959423 PMCID: PMC7085410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental Outer surface protein (Osp) C based subunit chimeritope vaccinogens for Lyme disease (LD) were assessed for immunogenicity, structure, ability to elicit antibody (Ab) responses to divergent OspC proteins, and bactericidal activity. Chimeritopes are chimeric epitope based proteins that consist of linear epitopes derived from multiple proteins or multiple variants of a protein. An inherent advantage to chimeritope vaccinogens is that they can be constructed to trigger broadly protective Ab responses. Three OspC chimeritope proteins were comparatively assessed: Chv1, Chv2 and Chv3. The Chv proteins possess the same set of 18 linear epitopes derived from 9 OspC type proteins but differ in the physical ordering of epitopes or by the presence or absence of linkers. All Chv proteins were immunogenic in mice and rats eliciting high titer Ab. Immunoblot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the Chv proteins elicit IgG that recognizes a diverse array of OspC type proteins. The panel included OspC proteins produced by N. American and European strains of the LD spirochetes. Rat anti-Chv antisera uniformly labeled intact, non-permeabilized Borreliella burgdorferi demonstrating that vaccinal Ab can bind to targets that are naturally presented on the spirochete cell surface. Vaccinal Ab also displayed potent complement dependent-Ab mediated killing activity. This study highlights the ability of OspC chimeritopes to serve as vaccinogens that trigger potentially broadly protective Ab responses. In addition to the current use of an OspC chimeritope in a canine LD vaccine, chimeritopes can serve as key components of human LD subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn R Izac
- Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, United States
| | - Nathaniel S O'Bier
- Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, United States
| | - Lee D Oliver
- Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, United States
| | - Andrew C Camire
- Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, United States
| | - Christopher G Earnhart
- Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, United States
| | | | - Brandon F Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stuart R Parnham
- Dept. Biochem. & Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Christopher Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, United States.
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Marangoni A, Aldini R, Sambri V, Giacani L, Di Leo K, Cevenini R. Acute pancreatitis affects non-parenchymal liver cells by a mechanism dependent on platelet-activating factor. PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY (IAP) ... [ET AL.] 2007; 40:187-91. [PMID: 15039093 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2002] [Revised: 06/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM During acute experimental pancreatitis, inflammatory mediators/cytokines are released by the pancreas and enter the portal venous system, reaching the liver. We investigate some aspects of the liver cell function under conditions of acute pancreatitis and the effect of in vivo treatment with a selective platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist. METHODS Cells were isolated from Wistar rats 24 h after induction of acute pancreatitis by retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into the main pancreatic duct. The non-parenchymal cell population was separated by Percoll gradient and the adherent cell population (Kupffer cells) obtained. The cells were cultured for 24 h and supernatants assayed for nitrite by Griess reaction and for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by bioassay in L929 cells. The microbicidal activity was evaluated by killing of Candida albicans. The PAF antagonist WEB2170 (10 mg/kg i.v.) was administered 30 min before induction of pancreatitis. RESULTS We found that liver cells produce nitric oxide (NO) only under lipopolysaccharide stimulation and that WEB-2170 treatment reduces the NO production by liver cells in the pancreatitis group only. Cells from both groups produced TNF spontaneously, and the levels were further increased after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. WEB-2170 treatment did not affect the TNF levels. Moreover, killing of C. albicans by Kupffer cells wassignificantly increased by the PAF antagonist. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PAF released during acute pancreatitis upregulates the NO production by non-parenchymal liver cells and inhibits Kupffer cell microbicidal activity which could explain the increased bacterial dissemination observed in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marangoni
- Sezione di Microbiologia DMCSS, University of Bologna, Policlinico S Orsola, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Kuo MM, Lane RS, Giclas PC. A comparative study of mammalian and reptilian alternative pathway of complement-mediated killing of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). J Parasitol 2000; 86:1223-8. [PMID: 11191895 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1223:acsoma]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential bactericidal activity of the alternative complement pathway of mammalian and reptilian sera to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) was evaluated in vitro. Complement-mediated killing was observed when cultured spirochetes were inoculated into sera from the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) and from the southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata), but not when they were inoculated into serum from either the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) or from humans. Spirochetes were still alive after 4 hr in lizard serum that had been preheated at 56 C for 30 min to inactivate complement. Furthermore, when lizard serum was chelated with 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to block all complement activation, borreliacidal activity was arrested. When lizard serum was chelated with 10 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid plus 4 mM MgCl2 to block only classical complement pathway activation, >85% of spirochetes were immobilized within 1 hr. Differences in B. burgdorferi s.s. mortality were not observed when chelators with or without MgCl2 were added to serum from either deer mice or humans. Proteins comprising the alternative complement pathway are responsible for the borreliacidal activity observed in the blood of S. occidentalis and E. multicarinata.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kuo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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Bowden RA, Estein SM, Zygmunt MS, Dubray G, Cloeckaert A. Identification of protective outer membrane antigens of Brucella ovis by passive immunization of mice with monoclonal antibodies. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:481-8. [PMID: 10865193 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and rough lipopolysaccharide (R-LPS), the main surface antigens of Brucella ovis, display surface-exposed epitopes. Mixtures of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to both antigens were previously shown to protect mice against a B. ovis challenge. To further identify the antigens involved, seven mAbs against Brucella OMPs (Omp10, Omp16, Omp19, Omp25, Omp31, Omp2b and Omp1) and three to R-LPS were tested for protection either individually or in combinations. Significant reduction in spleen infection in challenged mice, relative to controls, was used as the protection criteri. Controls included nonimmunized mice and mice given an irrelevant, anti-O-polysaccharide (OPS), mAb. For comparison, a group received a mouse serum containing antibodies to both OMPs and R-LPS; this serum was prepared by immunization with a B. ovis hot-saline extract which, as described previously, induces protective immunity in mice and rams. Significant protection was observed with both mAbs to OMPs and R-LPS. mAbs to Omp16, Omp19 and Omp31 afforded the highest protection and prevented the development of splenomegaly. The protective effect of mAb to Omp31 was not interfered with by nonprotective mAbs in different mixtures. The data presented confirm the protective role of antibodies to OMPs and R-LPS against B. ovis, and identify several OMPs, especially Omp31, which are promising candidates for a subunit vaccine against ram epididymitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bowden
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquimica y Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNICEN, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
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Sambri V, Marangoni A, Olmo A, Storni E, Montagnani M, Fabbi M, Cevenini R. Specific antibodies reactive with the 22-kilodalton major outer surface protein of Borrelia anserina Ni-NL protect chicks from infection. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2633-7. [PMID: 10225933 PMCID: PMC116016 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.5.2633-2637.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outer surface lipoprotein of 22 kDa was identified in the avian pathogen Borrelia anserina Ni-NL by using antibody preparations reactive with bacterial surface-exposed proteins. Amino acid sequence analysis of the 22-kDa protein demonstrated 90% identity with VmpA of B. turicatae, suggesting that the protein belongs to the family of 20-kDa outer surface proteins of the genus Borrelia. All of the 60 chicks intramuscularly treated with antibodies specifically reacting with the 22-kDa protein and infected with strain Ni-NL were completely protected from infection, since no spirochetemia was detected, and from death. Control chicks were treated with immune sera raised against apathogenic strain B. anserina Es, which expresses a prominent 20-kDa polypeptide that is also a member of the Vmp family but does not cross-react immunologically with the 22-kDa protein of the Ni-NL strain. These animals, infected with B. anserina Ni-NL, showed a high degree of spirochetemia 10 days after infection, and all died between 14 and 21 days after infection. The results showed that the 22-kDa surface protein of B. anserina Ni-NL is a determinant of the pathogenic potential of the strain and also confirmed that only strain-specific antibodies are protective against B. anserina infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Sezione di Microbiologia, DMCSS, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Fabbi M, Sambri V, Marangoni A, Magnino S, Solari Basano F, Cevenini R, Genchi C. Borrelia in pigeons: no serological evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1995; 42:503-7. [PMID: 8578924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1995.tb00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the supposed involvement of urban pigeons (Columba livia livia) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease, the presence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia anserina in pigeons' sera, collected in 12 areas of northern and central Italy, was evaluated. This evaluation was carried out using a classic immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a surface immunofluorescence assay (SIFA) and a standard Western Blot (WB) assay. A total of 104 out of 3,186 (3.26%) serum samples were positive for both spirochetes when tested by IFA, with titres ranging from 1/40 to 1/1280. All positive specimens showed the same or a higher reactivity against B. anserina than against B. burgdorferi. Of the IFA positive samples, 30 were tested by WB and SIFA to evaluate further the specificity of the antibody response, i.e. to try to clarify against which spirochete the antibodies were raised. The presence of antibodies against the 23 kDa protein exclusive to B. anserina, and against epitopes which are not surface-exposed and which are common to B. anserina and B. burgdorferi, was assessed by WB and SIFA. No serological evidence that B. burgdorferi can infect pigeons was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia 'Bruno Ubertini', Pavia, Italia
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Sambri V, Massaria F, Ardizzoni M, Stefanelli C, Cevenini R. Glycoprotein patterns in Borrelia spp. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:330-5. [PMID: 8219503 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of glycoproteins in several Borrelia species was investigated by the digoxigenin labelling technique. The outer surface proteins A and B of seven isolates of the Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi showed to be major glycosylated proteins. Few minor polypeptides with variable molecular masses were also present, at variance, in B. burgdorferi strains. Minor glycosylated proteins with varying molecular masses have been detected in the relapsing fever borreliae B. hermsii, B. turicatae and B. parkeri. B. turicatae showed also a major glycosylated protein with a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa. Animal pathogenic borreliae B. anserina and B. coriaceae presented only minor glycosylated proteins with variable molecular masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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Sambri V, Armati S, Cevenini R. Animal and human antibodies reactive with the outer surface protein A and B of Borrelia burgdorferi are borreliacidal, in vitro, in the presence of complement. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 7:67-71. [PMID: 8364524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1993.tb00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyspecific antibodies present in ascitic fluids of mice (pMIAFs) immunized with whole Borrelia burgdorferi cells exerted borreliacidal activity in vitro when tested with complement and homologous antigen but not with heterologous B. hermsii. Similarly, monospecific mouse antibodies obtained by immunizing mice with purified preparations of outer surface protein A and B of B. burgdorferi were borreliacidal. On the contrary, mouse monospecific antibodies raised against the 41-kDa flagellar protein of B. burgdorferi did not kill borreliae in the presence of complement. A complement-mediated, in vitro, borreliacidal activity was observed in human sera from patients with Lyme disease when antibodies against OspA and/or OspB were detectable in sera by the Western blotting technique. The in vitro borreliacidal activity of human sera was evident after 14 h incubation with live B. burgdorferi spirochaetes and complement, whereas antibodies present in mouse immune ascitic fluids killed borreliae after 1 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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Moskophidis M, Luther B. Monoclonal antibodies with in vitro borreliacidal activities define the outer surface proteins A and B of Borrelia burgdorferi. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:201-13. [PMID: 8219491 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were produced against Borrelia burgdorferi strains B31 and PKa. Five mAb recognized the outer surface protein OspA (relative molecular mass (M(r)) 31,000) and four OspB with an M(r) of 34,000. Two of these mAb were directed against flagellin with an M(r) of 41,000, and the remaining two against the antigens of B. burgdorferi with M(r) values of 19,000 and 17,000. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence studies with these mAb on five isolates of B. burgdorferi revealed differences in the individual antigenic epitopes of OspA and OspB. OspA and OspB specific mAb showed a borreliacidal activity in vitro. These antibodies were additionally reactive in haemagglutination and immunofluorescence assays. Enzymatic digestion investigations on intact borreliae suggest that the antigenic determinants of mAb with borreliacidal activity are located in the peptide chain of OspA and OspB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moskophidis
- Hygienisches Institut, Medizinaluntersuchungsanstalt, Hamburg, Germany
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