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Kanamoto T, Terakubo S, Nakashima H. Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Oral Isolates of Abiotrophia and Granulicatella According to the Consensus Guidelines for Fastidious Bacteria. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E129. [PMID: 30514000 PMCID: PMC6313718 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: The genera Abiotrophia and Granulicatella, previously known as nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS), are fastidious bacteria requiring vitamin B₆ analogs for growth. They are members of human normal oral microbiota, and are supposed to be one of the important pathogens for so-called "culture-negative" endocarditis. Methods: The type strains and oral isolates identified, by using both phenotypic profiles and the DNA⁻DNA hybridization method, were examined for susceptibilities to 15 antimicrobial agents including penicillin (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and piperacillin), cephem (cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and cefaclor), carbapenem (imipenem), aminoglycoside (gentamicin), macrolide (erythromycin), quinolone (ciprofloxacin), tetracycline (minocycline), glycopeptide (vancomycin), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole complex. The minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility criterion were determined, according to the consensus guideline from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Isolates of Abiotrophia defectiva were susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin ceftriaxone, cefaclor, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin. Isolates of Granulicatella adiacens were mostly susceptible to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, minocycline, and vancomycin. The susceptibility profile of Granulicatella elegans was similar to that of G. adiacens, and the susceptibility rate was higher than that of G. adiacens. Conclusions: Although Abiotrophia and Granulicatella strains are hardly distinguishable by their phenotypic characteristics, their susceptibility profiles to the antimicrobial agents were different among the species. Species-related differences in susceptibility of antibiotics should be considered in the clinical treatment for NVS related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Kanamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Shigemi Terakubo
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.
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Yamaguchi T, Soutome S, Oho T. Purification of a novel fibronectin binding protein from 'Granulicatella para-adiacens'. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:480371. [PMID: 30979336 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of microorganisms with fibronectin plays an important role in infective endocarditis. Characterization of fibronectin binding is not sufficient for nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS), which is an important pathogen associated with this disease. In this study, we identified and purified the novel fibronectin binding protein (FBP) by sonication and column chromatography from a ' Granulicatella para-adiacens' strain isolated from the oral cavity of a healthy donor. The purified molecule was located at the top of the gel in SDS-PAGE analysis, and heat treatment in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in its dissociation into smaller molecules. An anti-purified protein antibody was reacted with the topmost component of the sonic extract only from two ' G. para-adiacens' strains in Western blot analyses. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that the protein of interest was located on the cell surface of ' G. para-adiacens', but not on other NVS species. Bacterial adherence to fibronectin was inhibited by the purified FBP preparation. Optimum conditions for fibronectin binding of purified FBP were shown to be an NaCl concentration higher than 150 mM and a pH of c. 7.0. These results provide additional information for the elucidation of fibronectin binding by NVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Yamaguchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sakiko Soutome
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Center of Developmental Dentistry, Medical and Dental Hospital, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takahiko Oho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Yamaguchi T, Soutome S, Oho T. Identification and characterization of a fibronectin-binding protein from Granulicatella adiacens. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:353-64. [PMID: 22053963 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of microorganisms with fibronectin plays an important role in infective endocarditis. Granulicatella adiacens is a member of the oral microbiota, formerly known as nutritionally variant streptococci, and is often isolated from endocarditis patients. In the present study we identified a surface protein, designated Cha, which binds to fibronectin, by a plaque hybridization procedure using the cshA sequence as probe, which encodes a fibronectin-binding molecule of Streptococcus gordonii DL1. The cha sequence was highly homologous to cshA and encoded a product of 2351 amino acid residues. The protein comprised a unique sequence in the N-terminal half region. The C-terminal region contained nine complete, and one incomplete, 115-amino acid residue repeat blocks. Among eight strains of nutritionally variant streptococci, three G. adiacens strains and one Abiotrophia defectiva strain carried the cha gene. Heterologous expression studies suggested that Cha adhered to immobilized fibronectin, and that this function was located in the unique region. Recombinant Cha protein also adhered to immobilize fibronectin and partially inhibited adherence of G. adiacens to fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Cha is a cell surface protein that mediates adherence of G. adiacens to fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaguchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Lampis G, Desogus A, Petruzzelli S, Laconi S, Ingianni A, Madeddu MA, Pompei R. Characterization of the bacteriolytic activity of nutritionally variant streptococci. Anaerobe 2007; 13:238-43. [PMID: 17889570 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacteriolytic activity of nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS), fastidious microaerophilic bacteria, which are members of the genera Abiotrophia and Granulicatella, was characterized in a renaturating SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Bacteriolytic profiles appeared quite different for the three species of NVS examined. Granulicatella adiacens or Abiotrophia defectiva each presented at least seven lytic bands, four of which were in common, while the other three were species-specific, whereas Granulicatella elegans showed six bands, which were overlapping with the G. adiacens bands. Four lytic bands were identified for enzymatic activity; D-alanyl-L-lysine hydrolase, endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase, endoacetylmuramidase, D-glutamyl-L-lysine hydrolase and acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activities could be defined. The bacteriolytic enzymes were purified and characterized for the kinetics of production during growth, autolytic activity, temperature and pH stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lampis
- Sezione di Microbiologia Applicata, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Cagliari, via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Ito HO, Soutome S, Nokihara K, Inoue M. Identification and characterization of bacterial-binding property in the type III repeat domain of fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:347-53. [PMID: 15219833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To characterize fibronectin binding with Granulicatella adiacens, a causative agent of infective endocarditis, monoclonal antibodies were generated against human fibronectin and selected for their capacity to inhibit the fibronectin binding of the organism. Thermolysin and lysyl-endopeptidase digests of fibronectin were characterized by Western blot. The epitope of inhibitory monoclonal antibody was found in the central portion of fibronectin known as the cell-binding domain, and not in the N-terminal portion known to be the binding region of most microbial species, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. While these two species could bind to both the N-terminal and central portion, Escherichia coli and G. adiacens bind only to the latter. Excess amounts of free fibronectin in the solution inhibited the bacterial adherence to the N-terminal fibronectin fragment, but not to the central region, thereby suggesting the central region plays a significant role for in vivo bacterial colonization in the presence of high concentrations of soluble fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro-O Ito
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Ito HO, Soutome S, Inoue M. Inhibition of fibronectin binding of some bacterial cells by subtle pH increase within the physiological range. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 55:29-34. [PMID: 14499992 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fibronectin (Fn)-binding ability of microorganisms is considered to be involved in their pathogenicities. Granulicatella adiacens, a member of the oral flora and a causative agent of culture-negative infective endocarditis, showed nearly maximum binding to immobilized Fn at pH 7.2 but greatly reduced binding at a slightly higher pH 7.4 and almost no binding at pH 7.6 in the presence of physiological concentration of NaCl (0.15 M). A similar pH-sensitive Fn-binding property was noted with Escherichia coli and Abiotrophia defectiva, but not with Streptococcus pyogenes nor Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, bindings to laminin and fibrinogen observed for some of these strains were unaffected by the same pH changes. This fastidious pH-dependency of Fn-binding abilities of some bacteria warns that the pH condition must be seriously considered in the in vitro assay of bacterial adherence to fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro O Ito
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Dental School, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, 890-8544, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Ince A, Tiemer B, Gille J, Boos C, Russlies M. Total knee arthroplasty infection due to Abiotrophia defectiva. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51:899-902. [PMID: 12435072 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-10-899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first documented case of knee alloarthroplasty infection due to Abiotrophia defectiva, formerly known as nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) and Streptococcus defectivus, is presented. The microbiology of this bacterium is discussed and clinical features of previously reported cases of infections by NVS are reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Tiemer
- Departments of Orthopedics and *Microbiology, Luebeck University Hospital, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
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Kitada K, Okada Y, Kanamoto T, Inoue M. Serological properties of Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species (nutritionally variant streptococci). Microbiol Immunol 2001; 44:981-5. [PMID: 11220686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serological variations were examined among 12 type or reference strains and 91 oral isolates of vitamin B6-dependent Abiotrophia and Granulicatella spp. Rabbits were immunized with whole cells of 12 selected strains and 10 typing antisera were obtained, which were unreactive with the Lancefield group A to G antigen preparations. The reactivity of the antisera and autoclaved cell surface antigen extracts was tested by double diffusion in agar gel and a capillary precipitin test. These typing antisera categorized all Abiotrophia defectiva strains, all except one Granulicatella elegans strain, three-quarters of the Granulicatella adiacens, and half of the Granulicatella paraadiacens into 8 serotypes and 2 subserotypes. The Granulicatella balaenopterae type strain was unserotypable. All A. defectiva strains were serotype I, some of which were divided into subserotype I-1 and/or I-5. The G. adiacens strains generally belonged to serotype II or III, and the G. paraadiacens strains to serotype IV, V or VI. All G. adiacens or G. paraadiacens serotype II strains were also subserotype I-5. The G. elegans strains were serotype VII or VIII. These Abiotrophia and Granulicatella serotypes were undetectable among 33 strains of the other 11 species including the bacteriolytic enzyme-producing but vitamin B6-independent strains of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Dolosigranulum and Aerococcus. The proposed serotyping system for Abiotrophia and Granulicatella spp. would be helpful in the identification and classification of these unique coccal isolates in ecological and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kitada
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Dental School, Kagoshima, Japan
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Okada Y, Kitada K, Takagaki M, Ito HO, Inoue M. Endocardiac infectivity and binding to extracellular matrix proteins of oral Abiotrophia species. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2000; 27:257-61. [PMID: 10683471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms of the genus Abiotrophia, formerly known as nutritionally variant streptococci, are members of the oral flora and often isolated from patients with endocarditis, but pathogenicity of oral Abiotrophia species has not been examined yet. In this study, 17 strains isolated from healthy human oral cavities and 7 reference strains (all derived from patients with endocarditis) of Abiotrophia spp. were tested for their abilities to cause infections in damaged heart tissues in catheterized rats and to adhere to extracellular matrix proteins in vitro. The reference strains of A. defectiva and A. adiacens showed high infectivities in the rats. Four oral isolates of these two species showed similarly high infectivities and three had moderate infectivities. Most of 10 oral strains of A. para-adiacens and A. elegans were found to be generally less infective. The highly infective A. adiacens strains showed markedly high fibronectin-binding capacity, suggesting a possible relationship between the fibronectin-binding capacity and damaged heart tissue infectivity of the Abiotrophia species. A. defectiva strains which were also highly infective had moderate levels of binding to fibronectin and other extracellular matrix proteins. Most of A. para-adiacens and A. elegans strains showed low or negligible binding capacities to any extracellular matrix proteins tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Dental School, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
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Kanamoto T, Sato S, Inoue M. Genetic heterogeneities and phenotypic characteristics of strains of the genus Abiotrophia and proposal of Abiotrophia para-adiacens sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:492-8. [PMID: 10655334 PMCID: PMC86132 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.2.492-498.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Abiotrophia represents a heterogeneous group of fastidious cocci that show a dependence on pyridoxal hydrochloride analogs for growth. The genetic heterogeneity in the genus Abiotrophia was examined by DNA-DNA hybridization, PCR assay of genomic DNA sequences, and restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence homology analyses of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. Nine type or reference strains of Abiotrophia defectiva, Abiotrophia adiacens, and Abiotrophia elegans and 36 oral Abiotrophia isolates including the ones presumptively identified as Gemella morbillorum by the rapid ID32 STREP system were divided into four groups: A. defectiva (genotype 1), A. adiacens (genotype 2), A. elegans (genotype 4), and a fourth species (genotype 3) which we propose be named Abiotrophia para-adiacens sp. nov. A PCR assay specific for detection and identification of the novel Abiotrophia species was developed. A. para-adiacens generally produced beta-glucosidase but did not produce alpha- or beta-galactosidase or arginine dihydrolase, did not ferment, trehalose, pullulan, or tagatose, and was serotype IV, V, or VI. Thus, it was distinguished phenotypically from A. adiacens, A. elegans, and A. defectiva as well as, apparently, from the recently described species Abiotrophia balaenopterae sp. nov., which produces arginine dihydrolase and which ferments pullulan but not sucrose (P. A. Lawson et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:503-506, 1999). Strain ATCC 27527, currently listed as G. morbillorum, was a member of the species A. para-adiacens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanamoto
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Dental School, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Sato S, Kanamoto T, Inoue M. Abiotrophia elegans strains comprise 8% of the nutritionally variant streptococci isolated from the human mouth. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2553-6. [PMID: 10405400 PMCID: PMC85281 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.8.2553-2556.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/1999] [Accepted: 05/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety-one isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) that were previously isolated from the human mouth were regarded as consisting of 7 Streptococcus defectivus isolates, 78 Streptococcus adjacens isolates, and 6 Gemella morbillorum isolates. However, recent references to the taxonomic reclassification of NVS, from S. defectivus to Abiotrophia defectiva and from S. adjacens to Abiotrophia adiacens, and the newly introduced species Abiotrophia elegans as a third Abiotrophia species, emphasize the need for genetic analyses for identification of NVS. When PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and phylogenetic distances were examined based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the results indicated that 7 of the 91 NVS isolates were closely related to A. elegans. These seven isolates consisted of four isolates previously identified as G. morbillorum and three isolates previously identified as S. adjacens. Two isolates previously identified as G. morbillorum were related to A. adiacens. In biochemical tests, A. elegans and the seven isolates related to it possessed arginine dihydrolase (ADH) activity but the other Abiotrophia species did not. As a result, A. elegans strains comprised 8% of the 91 NVS isolates. Our findings suggest that A. elegans, A. adiacens, and A. defectiva exist in the human mouth in proportions of about 1:11:1 and that A. elegans can be genetically distinguished from the other two Abiotrophia species by PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and can be biochemically distinguished by ADH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Dental School, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Andrews RH, Chilton NB. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: a valuable technique for providing answers to problems in parasite systematics. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:213-53. [PMID: 10221624 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight the effectiveness of the technique of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis in answering questions relating to the systematics of parasites and to highlight errors in the way the technique has been used and the results interpreted. We have approached this topic by answering specific questions that we have been asked by colleagues and students not necessarily familiar with the technique, the method of data analysis and its application. Although the technique has been applied to provide answers for taxonomic and population genetics studies, it remains under-utilised, perhaps because of recent advances in newer molecular technology. Rather than not acknowledge or dismiss the value of more traditional technology, we suggest that researchers examine problems in the systematics of parasites by the comparison of data derived from morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Andrews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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