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Ranjbar R, Farahani A. Shigella: Antibiotic-Resistance Mechanisms And New Horizons For Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3137-3167. [PMID: 31632102 PMCID: PMC6789722 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s219755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are a common cause of diarrheal disease and have remained an important pathogen responsible for increased rates of morbidity and mortality caused by dysentery each year around the globe. Antibiotic treatment of Shigella infections plays an essential role in reducing prevalence and death rates of the disease. However, treatment of these infections remains a challenge, due to the global rise in broad-spectrum resistance to many antibiotics. Drug resistance in Shigella spp. can result from many mechanisms, such as decrease in cellular permeability, extrusion of drugs by active efflux pumps, and overexpression of drug-modifying and -inactivating enzymes or target modification by mutation. Therefore, there is an increasing need for identification and evolution of alternative therapeutic strategies presenting innovative avenues against Shigella infections, as well as paying further attention to this infection. The current review focuses on various antibiotic-resistance mechanisms of Shigella spp. with a particular emphasis on epidemiology and new mechanisms of resistance and their acquisition, and also discusses the status of novel strategies for treatment of Shigella infection and vaccine candidates currently under evaluation in preclinical or clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang H, Li K, Wang Y, Rehman MU, Liu Y, Jin J, Peng J, Nabi F, Mehmood K, Luo H, Wang J. Investigation and characterization of β-lactam resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinensis) in Zhejiang province, China. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1633-1636. [PMID: 28819087 PMCID: PMC5658549 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate drug resistance in Escherichia
coli (E. coli) strains isolated from bamboo rats in Zhejiang
province of China. One hundred and fifty-four E. coli strains were
isolated from dead bamboo rats. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the
representative genes encoding resistance to commonly used β-lactam antibiotics. Highest
resistance was observed for cefradine (24.03%), followed by penicillin (20.78%) and
ceftazidime (20.13%). The isolation rates of β-lactam resistance genes were 53.25, 48.70,
15.58 and 14.29% for bla TEM, bla
CTX-M, bla OXA and bla
SHV, respectively, while 62 (40.26%) E. coli
isolates harbored multiple β-lactam resistance genes. These results also suggested that
long term use of these antibiotics leads to antibimicrobial resistance. We believe that
this study will provide a guideline for veterinarians and a research basis for examining
resistance-encoding genes in other food animals like bamboo rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Jin
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Peng
- China Agricultural university, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fazul Nabi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Houqiang Luo
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
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SaxA-Mediated Isothiocyanate Metabolism in Phytopathogenic Pectobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2372-2379. [PMID: 26873319 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04054-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectobacteria are devastating plant pathogens that infect a large variety of crops, including members of the family Brassicaceae. To infect cabbage crops, these plant pathogens need to overcome the plant's antibacterial defense mechanisms, where isothiocyanates are liberated by hydrolysis of glucosinolates. Here, we found that a Pectobacterium isolate from the gut of cabbage root fly larvae was particularly resistant to isothiocyanate and even seemed to benefit from the abundant Brassica root metabolite 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate as a nitrogen source in an ecosystem where nitrogen is scarce. The Pectobacterium isolate harbored a naturally occurring mobile plasmid that contained a sax operon. We hypothesized that SaxA was the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Subsequently, we heterologously produced and purified the SaxA protein and characterized the recombinant enzyme. It hydrolyzed 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate to yield the products carbonyl sulfide and phenylethylamine. It was also active toward another aromatic isothiocyanate but hardly toward aliphatic isothiocyanates. It belongs to the class B metal-dependent beta-lactamase fold protein family but was not, however, able to hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics. We discovered that several copies of the saxA gene are widespread in full and draft Pectobacterium genomes and therefore hypothesize that SaxA might be a new pathogenicity factor of the genus Pectobacterium, possibly compromising food preservation strategies using isothiocyanates.
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Abstract
Carbapenemases are beta-lactamases with versatile hydrolytic capacities. They have the ability to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Bacteria producing these beta-lactamases may cause serious infections in which the carbapenemase activity renders many beta-lactams ineffective. Carbapenemases are members of the molecular class A, B, and D beta-lactamases. Class A and D enzymes have a serine-based hydrolytic mechanism, while class B enzymes are metallo-beta-lactamases that contain zinc in the active site. The class A carbapenemase group includes members of the SME, IMI, NMC, GES, and KPC families. Of these, the KPC carbapenemases are the most prevalent, found mostly on plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The class D carbapenemases consist of OXA-type beta-lactamases frequently detected in Acinetobacter baumannii. The metallo-beta-lactamases belong to the IMP, VIM, SPM, GIM, and SIM families and have been detected primarily in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, there are increasing numbers of reports worldwide of this group of beta-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae. This review updates the characteristics, epidemiology, and detection of the carbapenemases found in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Queenan
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
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Sanders CC, Ehrhardt AF, Moland ES, Thomson KS, Zimmer B, Roe DE. BetalasEN: microdilution panel for identifying beta-lactamases present in isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:123-7. [PMID: 11773104 PMCID: PMC120116 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.1.123-127.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A dried investigational use-only microdilution panel named betalasEN (a short named derived from the panel's purpose, to identify beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae) containing 10 beta-lactam drugs with and without beta-lactamase inhibitors was developed to identify beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter koseri, Citrobacter freundii group, Enterobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens. The MICs obtained with a collection of 383 organisms containing well-characterized beta-lactamases were used to develop numeric codes and logic pathways for computerized analysis of results. The resultant logic pathways and betalasEN panel were then used to test and identify beta-lactamases among 885 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae recovered in cultures obtained at six different hospital laboratories across the United States. beta-Lactamases present in 801 (90.5%) of the 885 isolates were identified by betalasEN by using the existing logic pathways and codes or after minor modifications were made to the existing codes. The 84 strains that gave codes that betalasEN could not identify were collected, reidentified, and retested by using betalasEN. Three strains had been misidentified, 54 strains gave different codes upon repeat testing that could be identified by betalasEN, and 27 strains repeated new codes. The beta-lactamases in these strains were identified, and the new codes were added to the betalasEN logic pathways. These results indicate that betalasEN can identify clinically important beta-lactamases among most isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. The results also show that good quality control and attention to proper performance of the tests are essential to the correct performance of betalasEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Sanders
- Center for Research in Anti-Infectives and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Materon IC, Palzkill T. Identification of residues critical for metallo-beta-lactamase function by codon randomization and selection. Protein Sci 2001; 10:2556-65. [PMID: 11714924 PMCID: PMC2374027 DOI: 10.1110/ps.40884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
IMP-1 beta-lactamase is a zinc metallo-enzyme encoded by the transferable bla(IMP-1) gene, which confers resistance to virtually all beta-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. To understand how IMP-1 recognizes and hydrolyzes beta-lactam antibiotics it is important to determine which amino acid residues are critical for catalysis and which residues control substrate specificity. We randomized 27 individual codons in the bla(IMP-1) gene to create libraries that contain all possible amino acid substitutions at residue positions in and near the active site of IMP-1. Mutants from the random libraries were selected for the ability to confer ampicillin resistance to Escherichia coli. Of the positions randomized, >50% do not tolerate amino acid substitutions, suggesting they are essential for IMP-1 function. The remaining positions tolerate amino acid substitutions and may influence the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Interestingly, kinetic studies for one of the functional mutants, Asn233Ala, indicate that an alanine substitution at this position significantly increases catalytic efficiency as compared with the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Materon
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Pai H, Choi EH, Lee HJ, Hong JY, Jacoby GA. Identification of CTX-M-14 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3747-9. [PMID: 11574608 PMCID: PMC88424 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.10.3747-3749.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CTX-M-14 beta-lactamase was identified in a stool isolate of Shigella sonnei and in blood isolates of Escherichia coli (one isolate) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (two isolates) from different parts of Korea. The amino acid sequence differed by one amino acid from CTX-M-9 (Ala-231--> Val) and was identical to that of beta-lactamases recently found in China and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chonan, Korea
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Franceschini N, Caravelli B, Docquier JD, Galleni M, Frère JM, Amicosante G, Rossolini GM. Purification and biochemical characterization of the VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:3003-7. [PMID: 11036013 PMCID: PMC101593 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.11.3003-3007.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
VIM-1 is a new group 3 metallo-beta-lactamase recently detected in carbapenem-resistant nosocomial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the Mediterranean area. In this work, VIM-1 was purified from an Escherichia coli strain carrying the cloned bla(VIM-1) gene by means of an anion-exchange chromatography step followed by a gel permeation chromatography step. The purified enzyme exhibited a molecular mass of 26 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and an acidic pI of 5.1 in analytical isoelectric focusing. Amino-terminal sequencing showed that mature VIM-1 results from the removal of a 26-amino-acid signal peptide from the precursor. VIM-1 hydrolyzes a broad array of beta-lactam compounds, including penicillins, narrow- to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and mechanism-based serine-beta-lactamase inactivators. Only monobactams escape hydrolysis. The highest catalytic constant/K(m) ratios (>10(6) M(-1). s(-1)) were observed with carbenicillin, azlocillin, some cephalosporins (cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefuroxime, cefepime, and cefpirome), imipenem, and biapenem. Kinetic parameters showed remarkable variability with different beta-lactams and also within the various penam, cephem, and carbapenem compounds, resulting in no clear preference of the enzyme for any of these beta-lactam subfamilies. Significant differences were observed with some substrates between the kinetic parameters of VIM-1 and those of other metallo-beta-lactamases. Inactivation assays carried out with various chelating agents (EDTA, 1,10-o-phenanthroline, and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) indicated that formation of a ternary enzyme-metal-chelator complex precedes metal removal from the zinc center of the protein and revealed notable differences in the inactivation parameters of VIM-1 with different agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Franceschini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi L'Aquila, I-67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
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Iyobe S, Kusadokoro H, Ozaki J, Matsumura N, Minami S, Haruta S, Sawai T, O'Hara K. Amino acid substitutions in a variant of IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2023-7. [PMID: 10898670 PMCID: PMC90008 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.8.2023-2027.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of surveying for the carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase gene bla(IMP) in pathogenic bacteria by the PCR method, we detected a gene encoding a variant metallo-beta-lactamase, designated IMP-3, which differed from IMP-1 by having low hydrolyzing activity for penicillins and carbapenems. PCR product direct sequencing of a 2.2-kb segment revealed that the gene bla(IMP-3) was located on a cassette inserted within a class I integron in the pMS390 plasmid. The 741-bp nucleotide sequence of bla(IMP-3) was identical to that of bla(IMP-1), except for seven base substitutions. Among these were two, at nucleotide positions 314 and 640, which caused amino acid alterations. Hybrid bla genes were constructed from bla(IMP-3) and bla(IMP-1) by recombinant DNA techniques, and beta-lactamases encoded by these genes were compared with those of the parents IMP-3 and IMP-1 under the same experimental conditions. The kinetic parameters indicated that the inefficient hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, imipenem, and ceftazidime by IMP-3 was due to the substitution of glycine for serine at amino acid residue 196 in the mature enzyme. This alteration corresponded to the presence of guanine instead of an adenine at nucleotide position 640 of the bla(IMP-3) gene. This indicated that extension of the substrate profile in the metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-1 compared to IMP-3 is the result of a one-step single-base mutation, suggesting that the gene bla(IMP-3) is an ancestor of bla(IMP-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iyobe
- Laboratory of Drug Resistance in Bacteria, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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