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Kar B, Torcan B. Isolation, morphological identification, and xylanase characteristics of anaerobic gut fungi Neocallimastix from Anatolian wild goat. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:377-388. [PMID: 36102627 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the morphological identification of anaerobic fungal strains isolated from fecal samples of goats inhabiting Turkey and the effects of various metal ions and chemicals on extracellular xylanase production. Three different anaerobic gut fungi isolated from wild goats in Turkey were identified as Neocallimastix spp. xylanase, cellulase, and lichenase production were tested in culture supernatants, and the maximum-specific activities were found as 560.42 ± 9.39, 159.70 ± 3.88, and 157.36 ± 3.83 (μmol/min/mg protein), respectively. While the optimum temperature range of exo-xylanases was found as 40-50°C, their optimum pH range was determined as 6.0-6.5. Xylanase activity decreased in metal ions and other chemical reactants based on dose. The metal ion that significantly inhibited xylanase activity was Fe+3 . It was found that the ferric ions inhibited xylanase activity in all three anaerobic gut fungi by 30%-90% depending on molarity. On the contrary, the 1 mM concentrations of the Mn+2 , Ba+2 , Co+2 , Cu+2 , Sn+2 , and Mg+2 metal ions and the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and β-mercaptoethanol reagents had a positive effect at rates in the range of 3%-92%. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that anaerobic gut fungus has very stable fibrolytic enzymes that need to be separated, as well and the existence of a unique resource for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Kar
- Department of Organic Agriculture, Tunceli Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Berat Torcan
- Department of Organic Agriculture, Tunceli Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
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2
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Takizawa S, Asano R, Abe K, Fukuda Y, Baba Y, Sakurai R, Tada C, Nakai Y. Relationship Between Rumen Microbial Composition and Fibrolytic Isozyme Activity During the Biodegradation of Rice Straw Powder Using Rumen Fluid. Microbes Environ 2023; 38:ME23041. [PMID: 37766554 PMCID: PMC10522846 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rumen fibrolytic microorganisms have been used to increase the rate of lignocellulosic biomass biodegradation; however, the microbial and isozymatic characteristics of biodegradation remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between rumen microorganisms and fibrolytic isozymes associated with lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis. Rice straw, a widely available agricultural byproduct, was ground and used as a substrate. The biodegradation of rice straw powder was performed anaerobically in rumen fluid for 48 h. The results obtained revealed that 31.6 and 23.3% of cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively, were degraded. The total concentration of volatile fatty acids showed a 1.8-fold increase (from 85.4 to 151.6 mM) in 48 h, and 1,230.1 mL L-1 of CO2 and 523.5 mL L-1 of CH4 were produced. The major isozymes identified by zymograms during the first 12 h were 51- and 140-kDa carboxymethyl cellulases (CMCases) and 23- and 57-kDa xylanases. The band densities of 37-, 53-, and 58-kDa CMCases and 38-, 44-, and 130-kDa xylanases increased from 24 to 36 h. A microbial ana-lysis indicated that the relative abundances of Prevotella, Fibrobacter, and Bacteroidales RF16 bacteria, Neocallimastix and Cyllamyces fungi, and Dasytricha and Polyplastron protozoa were related to fibrolytic isozyme activity. The present results provide novel insights into the relationships between fibrolytic isozymes and rumen microorganisms during lignocellulose biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Takizawa
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Yomogida 232–3, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989–6711, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5–3–1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102–0083, Japan
| | - Ryoki Asano
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Hiranedai 2416, Tainai, Niigata 959–2702, Japan
| | - Kenichi Abe
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Hiranedai 2416, Tainai, Niigata 959–2702, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Yomogida 232–3, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989–6711, Japan
| | - Yasunori Baba
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu 1–308, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921–8836, Japan
| | - Riku Sakurai
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Yomogida 232–3, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989–6711, Japan
| | - Chika Tada
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Yomogida 232–3, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989–6711, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakai
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Hiranedai 2416, Tainai, Niigata 959–2702, Japan
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3
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Dar FM, Dar PM. Fungal Xylanases for Different Industrial Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Mandal A, Kar S, Das Mohapatra PK, Maity C, Pati BR, Mondal KC. Regulation of xylanase biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus BSA1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1052-60. [PMID: 22222433 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have a promising biotechnological potential to be used in industries. In this study, regulation of xylanase production was examined in Bacillus cereus BSA1. Xylanase production was induced by xylan. The enzyme production further increased in the presence of xylose and arabinose in very low concentration with addition of xylan (0.5% up to 6.02 U/ml). Addition of glucose (about 0.1%) to the media supplemented with xylan repressed xylanase production. Even higher concentration (>0.1%) of xylose and arabinose repressed xylanase biosynthesis. Glucose-mediated repression was partially relived by addition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Chemical like 2-4-dinitrophenol, which can inhibit adenosine triphosphate synthesis in cell, repressed xylanase synthesis and it suggested xylanase synthesis to be an energy dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Mandal
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramananda College, Bishnupur, Bankura 722122, West Bengal, India
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5
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Wang TY, Chen HL, Lu MYJ, Chen YC, Sung HM, Mao CT, Cho HY, Ke HM, Hwa TY, Ruan SK, Hung KY, Chen CK, Li JY, Wu YC, Chen YH, Chou SP, Tsai YW, Chu TC, Shih CCA, Li WH, Shih MC. Functional characterization of cellulases identified from the cow rumen fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum W5 by transcriptomic and secretomic analyses. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:24. [PMID: 21849025 PMCID: PMC3177772 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neocallimastix patriciarum is one of the common anaerobic fungi in the digestive tracts of ruminants that can actively digest cellulosic materials, and its cellulases have great potential for hydrolyzing cellulosic feedstocks. Due to the difficulty in culture and lack of a genome database, it is not easy to gain a global understanding of the glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) produced by this anaerobic fungus. RESULTS We have developed an efficient platform that uses a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to N. patriciarum to accelerate gene identification, enzyme classification and application in rice straw degradation. By conducting complementary studies of transcriptome (Roche 454 GS and Illumina GA IIx) and secretome (ESI-Trap LC-MS/MS), we identified 219 putative GH contigs and classified them into 25 GH families. The secretome analysis identified four major enzymes involved in rice straw degradation: β-glucosidase, endo-1,4-β-xylanase, xylanase B and Cel48A exoglucanase. From the sequences of assembled contigs, we cloned 19 putative cellulase genes, including the GH1, GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH18, GH43 and GH48 gene families, which were highly expressed in N. patriciarum cultures grown on different feedstocks. CONCLUSIONS These GH genes were expressed in Pichia pastoris and/or Saccharomyces cerevisiae for functional characterization. At least five novel cellulases displayed cellulytic activity for glucose production. One β-glucosidase (W5-16143) and one exocellulase (W5-CAT26) showed strong activities and could potentially be developed into commercial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi-Yuan Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Liang Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh J Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Neipu Hsiang, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Mao
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Cho
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Mien Ke
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Yang Hwa
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sz-Kai Ruan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yen Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuan Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yi Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chin Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Pei Chou
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chin Chu
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh A Shih
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University - Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Wang G, Luo H, Meng K, Wang Y, Huang H, Shi P, Pan X, Yang P, Diao Q, Zhang H, Yao B. High genetic diversity and different distributions of glycosyl hydrolase family 10 and 11 xylanases in the goat rumen. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16731. [PMID: 21304822 PMCID: PMC3033422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rumen harbors a complex microbial ecosystem for efficient hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides which are the main constituent of the diet. Xylanase is crucial for hemicellulose hydrolysis and plays an important role in the plant cell wall degradation. Xylanases of ruminal strains were widely studied, but few studies have focused on their diversity in rumen microenvironment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We explored the genetic diversity of xylanases belonging to two major glycosyl hydrolase families (GH 10 and 11) in goat rumen contents by analyzing the amplicons generated with two degenerate primer sets. Fifty-two distinct GH 10 and 35 GH 11 xylanase gene fragments (similarity <95%) were retrieved, and most had low identities with known sequences. Based on phylogenetic analysis, all GH 10 xylanase sequences fell into seven clusters, and 88.5% of them were related to xylanases from Bacteroidetes. Five clusters of GH 11 xylanase sequences were identified. Of these, 85.7% were related to xylanases from Firmicutes, and 14.3% were related to those of rumen fungi. Two full-length xylanase genes (one for each family) were directly cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Both the recombinant enzymes showed substantial xylanase activity, and were purified and characterized. Combined with the results of sheep rumen, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are the two major phyla of xylan-degrading microorganisms in rumen, which is distinct from the representatives of other environments such as soil and termite hindgut, suggesting that xylan-degrading microorganisms are environment specific. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The numerous new xylanase genes suggested the functional diversity of xylanase in the rumen microenvironment which may have great potential applications in industry and agriculture. The phylogenetic diversity and different distributions of xylanase genes will help us understand their roles in plant cell wall degradation in the rumen microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Pan
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Xylanases of anaerobic fungus Anaeromyces mucronatus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:363-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Ljungdahl LG. The cellulase/hemicellulase system of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces PC-2 and aspects of its applied use. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1125:308-21. [PMID: 18378601 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1419.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic fungi, first described in 1975 by Orpin, live in close contact with bacteria and other microorganisms in the rumen and caecum of herbivorous animals, where they digest ingested plant food. Seventeen distinct anaerobic fungi belonging to five different genera have been described. They have been found in at least 50 different herbivorous animals. Anaerobic fungi do not possess mitochondria, but instead have hydrogenosomes, which form hydrogen and carbon dioxide from pyruvate and malate during fermentation of carbohydrates. In addition, they are very oxygen- and temperature-sensitive, and their DNA has an unusually high AT content of from 72 to 87 mol%. My initial reason for studying anaerobic fungi was because they solubilize lignocellulose and produce all enzymes needed to efficiently hydrolyze cellulose and hemicelluloses. Although some of these enzymes are found free in the medium, most of them are associated with cellulosomal and polycellulosomal complexes, in which the enzymes are attached through fungal dockerins to scaffolding proteins; this is similar to what has been found for cellulosomes from anaerobic bacteria. Although cellulosomes from anaerobic fungi share many properties with cellulosomes of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria and have comparable structures, their structures differ in their amino acid sequences. I discuss some features of the cellulosome of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. PC-2 and some possible uses of its enzymes in industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Ljungdahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred C. Davison Life Sciences Complex, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA.
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9
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Badhan AK, Chadha BS, Kaur J, Sonia KG, Saini HS, Bhat MK. Role of Transglycosylation Products in the Expression of Multiple Xylanases in Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. Curr Microbiol 2007; 54:405-9. [PMID: 17503151 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the regulation of multiple xylanases produced by Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. Fructose was found to positively regulate the expression of multiple xylanase when used as sole carbon source. The xylanases (EX(1 )and EX(2)) of acidic pI were expressed in the presence of simple sugars (glucose, arabinose, and xylose), whereas xylanase of both acidic as well as basic pI (EX(1,) EX(2,) EX(3), and EX(5)) were expressed in the presence of fructose, xylan, and combination of xylan and alcohol. The combination of fructose and xylan also led to expression of an additional xylanase (EX(4)). The positional isomer (iso-X4) was found to be the key transglycosylation product when cultures were grown in the presence of fructose and xylan. In the presence of alcohols, the higher expression of xylanase was ascribed to the synergistic effect of alkyl glycoside and other transglycosylation products present in the culture extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Badhan
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
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10
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Milagres AMF, Magalhães PO, Ferraz A. Purification and properties of a xylanase from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora cultivated on Pinus taeda. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 253:267-72. [PMID: 16243455 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of hemicellulose and cellulose degrading enzymes by the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was determined while growing in Pinus taeda wood chips. Enzymes produced by the fungus were extracted after 30 days of cultivation and at least two different xylanases were secreted. An endo-(1,4)-beta-xylanase was purified by means of ultrafiltration, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Its molecular mass was 29 kDa and the pH and temperature optima were 5.0 and 60 degrees C, respectively. The endo-xylanase was able to hydrolyze xylan to principally xylotriose and xylotetraose and it has different activities against different xylans. With birchwood xylan as substrate, the enzyme showed a K(m) of 1.93 mg/ml and specific activity of 538 units/mg protein at 50 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M F Milagres
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena-Faenquil, Lorena-SP, CP 116 CEP 12 600 970, Brazil.
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11
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Polizeli MLTM, Rizzatti ACS, Monti R, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA, Amorim DS. Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:577-91. [PMID: 15944805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the principal type of hemicellulose. It is a linear polymer of beta-D-xylopyranosyl units linked by (1-4) glycosidic bonds. In nature, the polysaccharide backbone may be added to 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl units, acetyl groups, alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl, etc., in variable proportions. An enzymatic complex is responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan, but the main enzymes involved are endo-1,4-beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase. These enzymes are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insect, seeds, etc., but the principal commercial source is filamentous fungi. Recently, there has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement in animal feed, for the manufacture of bread, food and drinks, textiles, bleaching of cellulose pulp, ethanol and xylitol production. This review describes some properties of xylan and its metabolism, as well as the biochemical properties of xylanases and their commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L T M Polizeli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre , 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Badhan A, Chadha B, Sonia K, Saini H, Bhat M. Functionally diverse multiple xylanases of thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp. IMI 387099. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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