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Mycoplasma hominis Causes DNA Damage and Cell Death in Primary Human Keratinocytes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101962. [PMID: 36296238 PMCID: PMC9608843 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis can be isolated from the human urogenital tract. However, its interaction with the host remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of M. hominis infection on primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Cells were quantified at different phases of the cell cycle. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis progression were evaluated. The expression of genes encoding proteins that are associated with the DNA damage response and Toll-like receptor pathways was evaluated, and the cytokines involved in inflammatory responses were quantified. A greater number of keratinocytes were observed in the Sub-G0/G1 phase after infection with M. hominis. In the viable keratinocytes, infection resulted in G2/M-phase arrest; GADD45A expression was increased, as was the expression of proteins such as p53, p27, and p21 and others involved in apoptosis regulation and oxidative stress. In infected PHKs, the expression of genes associated with the Toll-like receptor pathways showed a change, and the production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha increased. The infection of PHKs by M. hominis causes cellular damage that can affect the cell cycle by activating the response pathways to cellular damage, oxidative stress, and Toll-like receptors. Overall, this response culminated in the reduction of cell proliferation/viability in vitro.
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Chin EWM, Lim WM, Ma D, Rosales FJ, Goh ELK. Choline Rescues Behavioural Deficits in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome by Modulating Neuronal Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3882-3896. [PMID: 30220058 PMCID: PMC6505515 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects girls, with 95% of RTT cases resulting from mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Choline, a dietary micronutrient found in most foods, has been shown to be important for brain development and function. However, the exact effects and mechanisms are still unknown. We found that 13 mg/day (1.7 × required daily intake) of postnatal choline treatment to Mecp2-conditional knockout mice rescued not only deficits in motor coordination, but also their anxiety-like behaviour and reduced social preference. Cortical neurons in the brains of Mecp2-conditional knockout mice supplemented with choline showed enhanced neuronal morphology and increased density of dendritic spines. Modelling RTT in vitro by knocking down the expression of the MeCP2 protein with shRNA, we found that choline supplementation to MeCP2-knockdown neurons increased their soma sizes and the complexity of their dendritic arbors. Rescue of the morphological defects could lead to enhanced neurotransmission, as suggested by an observed trend of increased expression of synaptic proteins and restored miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency in choline-supplemented MeCP2-knockdown neurons. Through the use of specific inhibitors targeting each of the known physiological pathways of choline, synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline was found to be essential in bringing about the changes seen in the choline-supplemented MeCP2-knockdown neurons. Taken together, these data reveal a role of choline in modulating neuronal plasticity, possibly leading to behavioural changes, and hence, a potential for using choline to treat RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice W M Chin
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Wee Meng Lim
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Dongliang Ma
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | | | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
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Yu T, Wang Y, Zhang H, Johnson CH, Jiang Y, Li X, Wu Z, Liu T, Krausz KW, Yu A, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Metabolomics reveals mycoplasma contamination interferes with the metabolism of PANC-1 cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4267-73. [PMID: 27074779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination is a common problem in cell culture and can alter cellular functions. Since cell metabolism is either directly or indirectly involved in every aspect of cell function, it is important to detect changes to the cellular metabolome after mycoplasma infection. In this study, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomics was used to investigate the effect of mycoplasma contamination on the cellular metabolism of human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that mycoplasma contamination induced significant metabolic changes in PANC-1 cells. Twenty-three metabolites were identified and found to be involved in arginine and purine metabolism and energy supply. This study demonstrates that mycoplasma contamination significantly alters cellular metabolite levels, confirming the compelling need for routine checking of cell cultures for mycoplasma contamination, particularly when used for metabolomics studies. Graphical abstract Metabolomics reveals mycoplasma contamination changes the metabolome of PANC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xin Jinqiao Rd., Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Zeming Wu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xin Jinqiao Rd., Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xin Jinqiao Rd., Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aiming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Rottem S. "Unique choline-containing phosphoglycolipids in Mycoplasma fermentans". Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:94-100. [PMID: 26496149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Unique choline-containing phosphoglycolipids in Mycoplasma fermentans. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:61-7. [PMID: 26232667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang S, Lo SC. Effect of mycoplasmas on apoptosis of 32D cells is species-dependent. Curr Microbiol 2007; 54:388-95. [PMID: 17486403 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that mycoplasmal infection effectively prevented apoptosis of infected cells, whereas other researchers have indicated that mycoplasmal infection promoted apoptosis. To understand the mechanism underlying this discrepancy, five different species of mycoplasmas were investigated for their effects on apoptosis of interleukin (IL)-3-dependent 32D cells. Results revealed that Mycoplasma fermentans and M. penetrans effectively supported continuous growth of 32D cells after IL-3 withdrawal. M. fermentans was more potent than M. penetrans. This effect was achieved by way of preventing apoptosis and stimulating cell proliferation. On the contrary, M. hominis and M. salivarium accelerated apoptosis of 32D cells. M. genitalium had no significant effect on apoptosis. The RNase protection assay indicated that the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic mycoplasmas altered the expression of major apoptosis regulatory genes differently. The difference in apoptosis regulatory gene expression induced by different species of mycoplasmas might be accountable for their effects on host cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Pathology, American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 14th Street and Alaska Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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Gerlic M, Horowitz J, Farkash S, Horowitz S. The inhibitory effect of Mycoplasma fermentans on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis resides in the membrane lipoproteins. Cell Microbiol 2006; 9:142-53. [PMID: 16889623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma have been shown to be involved in the alteration of several eukaryotic cell functions, such as cytokine production, gene expression and more. We have previously reported that infection of human myelomonocytic U937 cell line with live Mycoplasma fermentans (M. fermentans) inhibited tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis. Mycoplasmal membrane lipoproteins are considered to be the most potent initiators of inflammatory reactions in mycoplasmal infections. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the inhibitory effect on TNFalpha-induced apoptosis is exerted by M. fermentans lipoproteins (LPMf). A significant reduction in TNFalpha-induced apoptosis was demonstrated by stimulation of U937 cells with M. fermentans total proteins, LPMf or MALP-2 (M. fermentans synthetic lipopeptide), but not with M. fermentans hydrophilic protein preparation (AqMf). To investigate the mechanism of M. fermentans antiapoptotic effect, the reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m) was measured. M. fermentans total proteins LPMf and MALP-2, but not AqMf, inhibited the reduction of delta psi m. In addition, M. fermentans total proteins LPMf and MALP-2, but not AqMf, downregulated the formation of active caspase-8. NF-kappaB was transactivated in cells treated with M. fermentans lipoproteins, and was essential for host cell survival, but not for the inhibition of TNFalpha-induced apoptosis by LPMf. Our results suggest that the inhibitory effect exerted by M. fermentans on TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in U937 cells is due to the membrane lipoproteins of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motti Gerlic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel, 84105
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Gerlic M, Horowitz J, Horowitz S. Mycoplasma fermentans inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in the human myelomonocytic U937 cell line. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:1204-12. [PMID: 15286682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans (M. fermentans) was shown to be involved in the alteration of several eukaryotic cell functions (i.e. cytokine production, gene expression), and was suggested as a causative agent in arthritic diseases involving impaired apoptosis. We investigated whether M. fermentans has a pathogenic potential by affecting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-induced apoptosis in the human myelomonocytic U937 cell line. A significant reduction in the TNFalpha-induced apoptosis (approximately 60%) was demonstrated upon either infection with live M. fermentans or by stimulation with non-live M. fermentans. To investigate the mechanism of M. fermentans antiapoptotic effect, the reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) and the protease activity of caspase-8 were measured. In the infected cells, the reduction of DeltaPsim was inhibited (approximately 75%), and an approximately 60% reduction of caspase-8 activity was measured. In conclusion, M. fermentans significantly inhibits TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in U937 cells, and its effect is upstream of the mitochondria and upstream of caspase-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerlic
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Abstract
The mycoplasmas form a large group of prokaryotic microorganisms with over 190 species distinguished from ordinary bacteria by their small size, minute genome, and total lack of a cell wall. Owing to their limited biosynthetic capabilities, most mycoplasmas are parasites exhibiting strict host and tissue specificities. The aim of this review is to collate present knowledge on the strategies employed by mycoplasmas while interacting with their host eukaryotic cells. Prominant among these strategies is the adherence of mycoplasma to host cells, identifying the mycoplasmal adhesins as well as the mammalian membrane receptors; the invasion of mycoplasmas into host cells including studies on the role of mycoplasmal surface molecules and signaling mechanisms in the invasion; the fusion of mycoplasmas with host cells, a novel process that raises intriguing questions of how microinjection of mycoplasma components into eukaryotic cells subvert and damage the host cells. The observations of diverse interactions of mycoplasmas with cells of the immune system and their immunomodulatory effects and the discovery of genetic systems that enable mycoplasmas to rapidly change their surface antigenic composition have been important developments in mycoplasma research over the past decade, showing that mycoplasmas possess an impressive capability of maintaining a dynamic surface architecture that is antigenically and functionally versatile, contributing to the capability of the mycoplasmas to adapt to a large range of habitats and cause diseases that are often chronic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Choline-containing lipids were identified and characterized in the cell membrane of Mycoplasma fermentans and were shown to participate in the adhesion to the surface of eukaryotic cells, to stimulate mycoplasma fusion with eukaryotic cells, and to induce cytokine secretion by cells of the immune system. These findings suggest that choline-containing lipids are important mediators of tissue pathology in the infectious process caused by M. fermentans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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