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Iobbi V, Donadio G, Lanteri AP, Maggi N, Kirchmair J, Parisi V, Minuto G, Copetta A, Giacomini M, Bisio A, De Tommasi N, Drava G. Targeted metabolite profiling of Salvia rosmarinus Italian local ecotypes and cultivars and inhibitory activity against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1164859. [PMID: 38390298 PMCID: PMC10883066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1164859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The development of agriculture in terms of sustainability and low environmental impact is, at present, a great challenge, mainly in underdeveloped and marginal geographical areas. The Salvia rosmarinus "Eretto Liguria" ecotype is widespread in Liguria (Northwest Italy), and farmers commonly use it by for cuttings and for marketing. In the present study, this ecotype was characterized in comparison with other cultivars from the same geographical region and Campania (Southern Italy), with a view to application and registration processes for the designation of protected geographical indications. Moreover, the possibility of using the resulting biomass after removing cuttings or fronds as a source of extracts and pure compounds to be used as phytosanitary products in organic farming was evaluated. Specifically, the potential of rosemary extracts and pure compounds to prevent soft rot damage was then tested. Methods A targeted NMR metabolomic approach was employed, followed by multivariate analysis, to characterize the rosemary accessions. Bacterial soft rot assay and disk diffusion test were carried out to evaluate the activity of extracts and isolated compounds against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Enzymatic assay was performed to measure the in vitro inhibition of the pectinase activity produced by the selected pathogen. Molecular docking simulations were used to explore the possible interaction of the selected compounds with the pectinase enzymes. Results and Discussion The targeted metabolomic analysis highlighted those different geographical locations can influence the composition and abundance of bioactive metabolites in rosemary extracts. At the same time, genetic factors are important when a single geographical area is considered. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) showed that the accessions of "Eretto Liguria" appeared well characterized when compared to the others and had a good content in specialized metabolites, particularly carnosic acid. Soft rotting Enterobacteriaceae belonging to the Pectobacterium genus represent a serious problem in potato culture. Even though rosemary methanolic extracts showed a low antibacterial activity against a strain of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in the disk diffusion test, they showed ability in reducing the soft rot damage induced by the bacterium on potato tissue. 7-O-methylrosmanol, carnosol and isorosmanol appeared to be the most active components. In silico studies indicated that these abietane diterpenoids may interact with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum pectate lyase 1 and endo-polygalacturonase, thus highlighting these rosemary components as starting points for the development of agents able to prevent soft rot progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Anna Paola Lanteri
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Section Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola (CeRSAA), Albenga, Italy
| | - Norbert Maggi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Science, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Giovanni Minuto
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Section Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola (CeRSAA), Albenga, Italy
| | - Andrea Copetta
- Research Centre For Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (CREA), Sanremo, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacomini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Science, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Drava
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Pu H, Xu Y, Lin L, Sun D. Biofilm formation of
Pectobacterium
carotovorum
subsp.
carotovorum
on polypropylene surface during multiple cycles of vacuum cooling. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou510641China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou510006China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre Guangzhou510006China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou510641China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou510006China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre Guangzhou510006China
| | - Lian Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou510641China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou510006China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre Guangzhou510006China
| | - Da‐Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou510641China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou510006China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre Guangzhou510006China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT) Agriculture and Food Science Centre University College Dublin National University of Ireland Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals the role of RcsB in suppressing bacterial chemotaxis, flagellar assembly and infection in Yersinia enterocolitica. Curr Genet 2020; 66:971-988. [PMID: 32488337 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defining the Rcs (Regulator of Capsule Synthesis) regulon in Enterobacteriaceae has been the major focus of several recent studies. The overall role of the Rcs system in Yersinia enterocolitica is largely unknown. Our previous study showed that RcsB inhibits motility, biofilm formation and c-di-GMP production by negatively regulating flhDC, hmsHFRS and hmsT expression. To identify other cellular functions regulated by the RcsB, gene expression profiles of the wild type and ΔrcsB mutant were compared by RNA-Seq in this study. A total of 132 differentially expressed genes regulated by the RcsB have been identified, of which 114 were upregulated and 18 were downregulated. Further, the results of RNA sequencing were discussed with a focus on the predictive roles of RcsB in the inhibition of bacterial chemotaxis, flagellar assembly and infection. To confirm these predictions, we experimentally verified that the ΔrcsB mutant activated chemotactic behavior and flagella biosynthesis, and exhibited enhanced adhesion and invasion of Y. enterocolitica to Caco-2 cells. Although RcsB largely inhibits these physiological activities, the presence of RcsB is still of great significance for optimizing the survival of Y. enterocolitica as evidenced by our previous report that RcsB confers some level of resistance to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B in Y. enterocolitica. Overall, the information provided in this study complements our understanding of Rcs phosphorelay in the regulation of Y. enterocolitica pathogenicity, and, simultaneously, provides clues to additional roles of the Rcs system in other members of family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Islam R, Brown S, Taheri A, Dumenyo CK. The Gene Encoding NAD-Dependent Epimerase/Dehydratase, wcaG, Affects Cell Surface Properties, Virulence, and Extracellular Enzyme Production in the Soft Rot Phytopathogen, Pectobacterium carotovorum. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060172. [PMID: 31200539 PMCID: PMC6616942 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium carotovorum is a gram-negative bacterium that, together with other soft rot Enterobacteriaceae causes soft rot disease in vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants through the action of exoproteins including plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). Although pathogenicity in these bacteria is complex, virulence levels are proportional to the levels of plant cell wall-degrading exoenzymes (PCWDEs) secreted. Two low enzyme-producing transposon Tn5 mutants were isolated, and compared to their parent KD100, the mutants were less virulent on celery petioles and carrot disks. The inactivated gene responsible for the reduced virulence phenotype in both mutants was identified as wcaG. The gene, wcaG (previously denoted fcl) encodes NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase, a homologue of GDP-fucose synthetase of Escherichia coli. In Escherichia coli, GDP-fucose synthetase is involved in the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide, colanic acid (CA). The wcaG mutants of P. carotovorum formed an enhanced level of biofilm in comparison to their parent. In the hydrophobicity test the mutants showed more hydrophobicity than the parent in hexane and hexadecane as solvents. Complementation of the mutants with extrachromosomal copies of the wild type gene restored these functions to parental levels. These data indicate that NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase plays a vital rule in cell surface properties, exoenzyme production, and virulence in P. carotovorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiul Islam
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd; Box 9543, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Shyretha Brown
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd; Box 9543, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Ali Taheri
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd; Box 9543, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - C Korsi Dumenyo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd; Box 9543, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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Jiang Q, Chen J, Yang C, Yin Y, Yao K. Quorum Sensing: A Prospective Therapeutic Target for Bacterial Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2015978. [PMID: 31080810 PMCID: PMC6475571 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2015978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication in which specific signals are activated to coordinate pathogenic behaviors and help bacteria acclimatize to the disadvantages. The QS signals in the bacteria mainly consist of acyl-homoserine lactone, autoinducing peptide, and autoinducer-2. QS signaling activation and biofilm formation lead to the antimicrobial resistance of the pathogens, thus increasing the therapy difficulty of bacterial diseases. Anti-QS agents can abolish the QS signaling and prevent the biofilm formation, therefore reducing bacterial virulence without causing drug-resistant to the pathogens, suggesting that anti-QS agents are potential alternatives for antibiotics. This review focuses on the anti-QS agents and their mediated signals in the pathogens and conveys the potential of QS targeted therapy for bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Jiashun Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Borland S, Prigent-Combaret C, Wisniewski-Dyé F. Bacterial hybrid histidine kinases in plant-bacteria interactions. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1715-1734. [PMID: 27609064 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two-component signal transduction systems are essential for many bacteria to maintain homeostasis and adapt to environmental changes. Two-component signal transduction systems typically involve a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses stimuli, autophosphorylates in the transmitter region and then transfers the phosphoryl group to the receiver domain of a cytoplasmic response regulator that mediates appropriate changes in bacterial physiology. Although usually found on distinct proteins, the transmitter and receiver modules are sometimes fused into a so-called hybrid histidine kinase (HyHK). Such structure results in multiple phosphate transfers that are believed to provide extra-fine-tuning mechanisms and more regulatory checkpoints than classical phosphotransfers. HyHK-based regulation may be crucial for finely tuning gene expression in a heterogeneous environment such as the rhizosphere, where intricate plant-bacteria interactions occur. In this review, we focus on roles fulfilled by bacterial HyHKs in plant-associated bacteria, providing recent findings on the mechanistic of their signalling properties. Recent insights into understanding additive regulatory properties fulfilled by the tethered receiver domain of HyHKs are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Borland
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS UMR5557, INRA UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Prigent-Combaret
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS UMR5557, INRA UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence Wisniewski-Dyé
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS UMR5557, INRA UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
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7
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Laasik E, Põllumaa L, Pasanen M, Mattinen L, Pirhonen M, Mäe A. Expression of nipP.w of Pectobacterium wasabiae is dependent on functional flgKL flagellar genes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2014; 160:179-186. [PMID: 24173527 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.071092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While flagellum-driven motility is hypothesized to play a role in the virulence of Pectobacterium species, there is no direct evidence that genes involved in flagellum assembly regulate the synthesis of virulence factors. The purpose of this study was to identify genes that affect the production or secretion of necrosis-inducing protein (Nip) in the strain SCC3193. Transposon mutagenesis of an RpoS strain overexpressing NipP.w was performed, and a mutant associated with decreased necrosis of tobacco leaves was detected. The mutant contained a transposon in the regulatory region upstream of the flagellar genes flgK and flgL. Additional mutants were generated related to the flagellar genes fliC and fliA. The mutation in flgKL, but not those in fliC and fliA, inhibited nipP.w transcription. Moreover, the regulatory effect of the flgKL mutation on nipP.w transcription was partially dependent on the Rcs phosphorelay. Secretion of NipP.w was also dependent on a type II secretion mechanism. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the flgKL mutation is responsible for reduced motility and lower levels of nipP.w expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Laasik
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lee Põllumaa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Miia Pasanen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andres Mäe
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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8
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Nykyri J, Niemi O, Koskinen P, Nokso-Koivisto J, Pasanen M, Broberg M, Plyusnin I, Törönen P, Holm L, Pirhonen M, Palva ET. Revised phylogeny and novel horizontally acquired virulence determinants of the model soft rot phytopathogen Pectobacterium wasabiae SCC3193. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003013. [PMID: 23133391 PMCID: PMC3486870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rot disease is economically one of the most devastating bacterial diseases affecting plants worldwide. In this study, we present novel insights into the phylogeny and virulence of the soft rot model Pectobacterium sp. SCC3193, which was isolated from a diseased potato stem in Finland in the early 1980s. Genomic approaches, including proteome and genome comparisons of all sequenced soft rot bacteria, revealed that SCC3193, previously included in the species Pectobacterium carotovorum, can now be more accurately classified as Pectobacterium wasabiae. Together with the recently revised phylogeny of a few P. carotovorum strains and an increasing number of studies on P. wasabiae, our work indicates that P. wasabiae has been unnoticed but present in potato fields worldwide. A combination of genomic approaches and in planta experiments identified features that separate SCC3193 and other P. wasabiae strains from the rest of soft rot bacteria, such as the absence of a type III secretion system that contributes to virulence of other soft rot species. Experimentally established virulence determinants include the putative transcriptional regulator SirB, two partially redundant type VI secretion systems and two horizontally acquired clusters (Vic1 and Vic2), which contain predicted virulence genes. Genome comparison also revealed other interesting traits that may be related to life in planta or other specific environmental conditions. These traits include a predicted benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase of eukaryotic origin. The novelties found in this work indicate that soft rot bacteria have a reservoir of unknown traits that may be utilized in the poorly understood latent stage in planta. The genomic approaches and the comparison of the model strain SCC3193 to other sequenced Pectobacterium strains, including the type strain of P. wasabiae, provides a solid basis for further investigation of the virulence, distribution and phylogeny of soft rot bacteria and, potentially, other bacteria as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nykyri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Niemi
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik Koskinen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Miia Pasanen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Broberg
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilja Plyusnin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Törönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Holm
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E. Tapio Palva
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang LY, Lin SS, Hung TH, Li TK, Lin NC, Shen TL. Multiple domains of the tobacco mosaic virus p126 protein can independently suppress local and systemic RNA silencing. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:6-17. [PMID: 22324815 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-11-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Small RNA-mediated RNA silencing is a widespread antiviral mechanism in plants and other organisms. Many viruses encode suppressors of RNA silencing for counter-defense. The p126 protein encoded by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been reported to be a suppressor of RNA silencing but the mechanism of its function remains unclear. This protein is unique among the known plant viral silencing suppressors because of its large size and multiple domains. Here, we report that the methyltransferase, helicase, and nonconserved region II (NONII) of p126 each has silencing-suppressor function. The silencing-suppression activities of methyltransferase and helicase can be uncoupled from their enzyme activities. Specific amino acids in NONII previously shown to be crucial for viral accumulation and symptom development are also crucial for silencing suppression. These results suggest that some viral proteins have evolved to possess modular structural domains that can independently interfere with host silencing, and that this may be an effective mechanism of increasing the robustness of a virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rogov VV, Rogova NY, Bernhard F, Löhr F, Dötsch V. A disulfide bridge network within the soluble periplasmic domain determines structure and function of the outer membrane protein RCSF. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18775-83. [PMID: 21471196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.230185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RcsF, a proposed auxiliary regulator of the regulation of capsule synthesis (rcs) phosphorelay system, is a key element for understanding the RcsC-D-A/B signaling cascade, which is responsible for the regulation of more than 100 genes and is involved in cell division, motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. The RcsC-D-A/B system is one of the most complex bacterial signal transduction pathways, consisting of several membrane-bound and soluble proteins. RcsF is a lipoprotein attached to the outer membrane and plays an important role in activating the RcsC-d-A/B pathway. The exact mechanism of activation of the rcs phosphorelay by RcsF, however, remains unknown. We have analyzed the sequence of RcsF and identified three structural elements: 1) an N-terminal membrane-anchored helix (residues 3-13), 2) a loop (residues 14-48), and 3) a C-terminal folded domain (residues 49-134). We have determined the structure of this C-terminal domain and started to investigate its interaction with potential partners. Important features of its structure are two disulfide bridges between Cys-74 and Cys-118 and between Cys-109 and Cys-124. To evaluate the importance of this RcsF disulfide bridge network in vivo, we have examined the ability of the full-length protein and of specific Cys mutants to initiate the rcs signaling cascade. The results indicate that the Cys-74/Cys-118 and the Cys-109/Cys-124 residues correlate pairwise with the activity of RcsF. Interaction studies showed a weak interaction with an RNA hairpin. However, no interaction could be detected with reagents that are believed to activate the rcs phosphorelay, such as lysozyme, glucose, or Zn(2+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Clarke DJ. The Rcs phosphorelay: more than just a two-component pathway. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1173-84. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rcs phosphorelay is a complex signaling pathway found in many, but not all, members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The complexity of this pathway is due to the direct involvement of three proteins (RcsC, RcsD and RcsB) in the phosphorelay and the presence of multiple accessory proteins with important roles in modulating the inputs and outputs associated with this signaling pathway. This article will discuss the various inputs and outputs associated with the Rcs phosphorelay and also present a model suggesting an important role for this signaling pathway in the temporal control of virulence in Salmonella enterica and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Clarke
- Department of Microbiology & Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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Bouchart F, Boussemart G, Prouvost AF, Cogez V, Madec E, Vidal O, Delrue B, Bohin JP, Lacroix JM. The virulence of a Dickeya dadantii 3937 mutant devoid of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans is restored by inactivation of the RcsCD-RcsB phosphorelay. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:3484-90. [PMID: 20418397 PMCID: PMC2897653 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00143-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickeya dadantii is a pectinolytic phytopathogen enterobacterium that causes soft rot disease on a wide range of plant species. The virulence of D. dadantii involves several factors, including the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) that are general constituents of the envelope of proteobacteria. In addition to the loss of virulence, opg-negative mutants display a pleiotropic phenotype, including decreased motility and increased exopolysaccharide synthesis. A nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis was performed on the opgG strain, and restoration of motility was used as a screen. The phenotype of the opg mutant echoes that of the Rcs system: high level activation of the RcsCD-RcsB phosphorelay is needed to activate exopolysaccharide synthesis and to repress motility, while low level activation is required for virulence in enterobacteria. Here, we show that mutations in the RcsCDB phosphorelay system restored virulence and motility in a D. dadantii opg-negative strain, indicating a relationship between the Rcs phosphorelay and OPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Bouchart
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Boussemart
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Anne-France Prouvost
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Cogez
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Edwige Madec
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Vidal
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Delrue
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bohin
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR USTL-CNRS 8576 IFR147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C9, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Andresen L, Sala E, Kõiv V, Mäe A. A role for the Rcs phosphorelay in regulating expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:1323-1334. [PMID: 20110299 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.033936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Rcs phosphorelay is a signal transduction system that influences the virulence phenotype of several pathogenic bacteria. In the plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) the response regulator of the Rcs phosphorelay, RcsB, represses expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) and motility. The focus of this study was to identify genes directly regulated by the binding of RcsB that also regulate expression of PCWDE genes in Pcc. RcsB-binding sites within the regulatory regions of the flhDC operon and the rprA and rsmB genes were identified using DNase I protection assays, while in vivo studies using flhDC : : gusA, rsmB : : gusA and rprA : : gusA gene fusions revealed gene regulation. These experiments demonstrated that the operon flhDC, a flagellar master regulator, was repressed by RcsB, and transcription of rprA was activated by RcsB. Regulation of the rsmB promoter by RcsB is more complicated. Our results show that RcsB represses rsmB expression mainly through modulating flhDC transcription. Neverthless, direct binding of RcsB on the rsmB promoter region is possible in certain conditions. Using an rprA-negative mutant, it was further demonstrated that RprA RNA is not essential for regulating expression of PCWDE under the conditions tested, whereas overexpression of rprA increased protease expression in wild-type cells. Stationary-phase sigma factor, RpoS, is the only known target gene for RprA RNA in Escherichia coli; however, in Pcc the effect of RprA RNA was found to be rpoS-independent. Overall, our results show that the Rcs phosphorelay negatively affects expression of PCWDE by inhibiting expression of flhDC and rsmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liis Andresen
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonian Biocenter, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Erki Sala
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonian Biocenter, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Viia Kõiv
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonian Biocenter, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Mäe
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonian Biocenter, 23 Riia Street, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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Kandukuru P, Huang A, Dong J, Bittenbender H, Li Y. Rapid identification of bacterial isolates from aqueous kava (Piper methysticum) extracts by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:764-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang D, Korban SS, Zhao Y. The Rcs phosphorelay system is essential for pathogenicity in Erwinia amylovora. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:277-90. [PMID: 19236575 PMCID: PMC6640219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Rcs phosphorelay system is a modified two-component signal transduction system found exclusively in Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, we characterized the roles of the Rcs system in Erwinia amylovora, a highly virulent and necrogenic enterobacterium causing fire blight disease on rosaceous plants. Our results showed that rcsB, rcsC, rcsD and rcsBD mutants were non-pathogenic on immature pear fruit. The bacterial growth of these mutants was also greatly reduced compared with that of the wild-type strain in immature pear fruit. In an in vitro amylovoran assay, rcsB and rcsD mutants were deficient in amylovoran production, whereas the rcsC mutant exhibited higher amylovoran production than that of the wild-type. Consistent with amylovoran production, expression of the amylovoran biosynthetic gene amsG, using green fluorescent protein as a reporter, was not detectable in rcsB, rcsD and rcsBD mutants both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of amsG in vitro was higher in the rcsC mutant than in the wild-type, whereas its expression in vivo was higher in the wild-type than in the rcsC mutant. In addition, rcs mutants were more susceptible to polymyxin B treatment than the wild-type, suggesting that the Rcs system conferred some level of resistance to polymyxin B. Furthermore, rcs mutants showed irregular and slightly reduced motility on swarming plates. Together, these results indicate that the Rcs system plays a major role in virulence and survival of E. amylovora in immature pear fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Wang
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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