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Abele C, Perez A, Höglund A, Pierozan P, Breitholtz M, Karlsson O. Automated Image-Based Fluorescence Screening of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Daphnia magna: An Advanced Ecotoxicological Testing Tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15926-15937. [PMID: 39190186 PMCID: PMC11393999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the strengths of in vivo molecular staining coupled with automated imaging analysis in Daphnia magna. A multiwell plate protocol was developed to assess mitochondrial membrane potential using the JC-1 dye. The suitability of five common anesthetics was initially tested, and 5% ethanol performed best in terms of anesthetic effects and healthy recovery. The staining conditions were optimized to 30 min staining with 2 μM JC-1 for best J-aggregate formation. The protocol was validated with the model compound carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and used to measure the effect of four environmental contaminants, 2,4-dinitrophenol, triclosan, n-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and ibuprofen, on mitochondrial health. Test organisms were imaged using an automated confocal microscope, and fluorescence intensities were automatically quantified. The effect concentrations for CCCP were lower by a factor of 30 compared with the traditional OECD 202 acute toxicity test. Mitochondrial effects were also detected at lower concentrations for all tested environmental contaminants compared to the OCED 202 test. For 2,4-dinitrophenol, mitochondria effects were detectable after 2 h exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations and predicted organism death was observed after 24 h. The high sensitivity and time efficiency of this novel automated imaging method make it a valuable tool for advancing ecotoxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Abele
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amira Perez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Höglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable Systems (SUCCeSS), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Basu S, Sineva E, Nguyen L, Sikdar N, Park JW, Sinev M, Kunta M, Gupta G. Host-derived chimeric peptides clear the causative bacteria and augment host innate immunity during infection: A case study of HLB in citrus and fire blight in apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:929478. [PMID: 36618616 PMCID: PMC9816411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial diseases cause severe losses in the production and revenue of many fruit crops, including citrus and apple. Huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus and fire blight in apple are two deadly diseases without any cure. In this article, we introduce a novel therapy for HLB and fire blight by enhancing the innate immunity of the host plants. Specifically, we constructed in silico a library of chimeras containing two different host peptides with observed or predicted antibacterial activity. Subsequently, we performed bactericidal and toxicity tests in vitro to select a few non-toxic chimeras with high antibacterial activity. Finally, we conducted ex planta studies to show that not only do the chimeras clear the causative bacteria from citrus leaves with HLB and from apple leaves with fire blight but they also augment the host's innate immunity during infection. This platform technology can be extended to design host-derived chimeras against multiple pathogenic bacteria that cause diseases in plants and animals of agricultural importance and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Basu
- New Mexico Consortium, NMC-Biolab at Santa Fe Business Incubator, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Elena Sineva
- New Mexico Consortium, NMC-Biolab at Santa Fe Business Incubator, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Liza Nguyen
- New Mexico Consortium, NMC-Biolab at Santa Fe Business Incubator, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Narattam Sikdar
- New Mexico Consortium, NMC-Biolab at Santa Fe Business Incubator, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Jong Won Park
- Texas A&M Univ.-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Mikhail Sinev
- New Mexico Consortium, NMC-Biolab at Santa Fe Business Incubator, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Madhurababu Kunta
- Texas A&M Univ.-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, United States
| | - Goutam Gupta
- New Mexico Consortium, NMC-Biolab at Santa Fe Business Incubator, Santa Fe, NM, United States
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Farag MA, Mansour ST, Nouh RA, Khattab AR. Crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and lobster): A comprehensive review of their potential health hazards and detection methods to assure their biosafety. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Somaia T. Mansour
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Roua A. Nouh
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Amira R. Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport Alexandria Egypt
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Zamyatina AV, Rudenko NV, Karatovskaya AP, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Siunov AV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Nagel AS, Salyamov VI, Kolesnikov AS, Brovko FA, Solonin AS. Monoclonal Antibody HlyIIC‑15 to C-End Domain HlyII B. cereus Interacts with the Trombin Recognition Site. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1214-1220. [PMID: 33390685 PMCID: PMC7768993 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the panel of monoclonal antibodies to the recombinant protein HlyIICTD Bacillus cereus an antibody was found capable of forming an immune complex with a thrombin recognition region, the amino acid sequence of which is located inside the recombinant HlyIICTD. Localization of the epitope was carried out using peptide phage display methods, as well as enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting for interaction with recombinant proteins, either containing or not containing individual components HlyIICTD. The identified epitope is located in the region of the thrombin site and retains the ability to interact with the antibody after the proteolyotic attack of the protein by thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Zamyatina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
- Pushchino State Natural Science Institute, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - N. V. Rudenko
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - A. P. Karatovskaya
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - A. O. Shepelyakovskaya
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - A. V. Siunov
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - Zh. I. Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - A. S. Nagel
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - V. I. Salyamov
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - A. S. Kolesnikov
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - F. A. Brovko
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
- Pushchino State Natural Science Institute, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
| | - A. S. Solonin
- Scryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
- Pushchino State Natural Science Institute, Pushchino, Moscow oblast 142290 Russia
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Le VQA, Choi W, Kim T, Woo SM, Kim YH, Min J. In vivo assessment of pathogens toxicity on Daphnia magna using fluorescent dye staining. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:892-899. [PMID: 32728873 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Daphnia has been widely used as an indicator species in aquatic biomonitoring for decades. Traditional toxicity assays based on lethality take a long time to assess, and the effect mode of contaminants is not clear. Because of the translucency of the Daphnia body and the application of fluorescent probes in cell staining, different intoxicated parts can be visualized. In this study, a double-staining method using two fluorescent dyes, Calcein AM (cell-permeant dye) and Propidium Iodide (cell-impermeant dye), was carried out on Daphnia magna exposed to six pathogens: Salmonella spp. (four strains) and Shigella spp. (two strains). The results showed that those bacteria caused different infections on daphnia depending on the age of this organism and bacterial concentrations. In detail, S. dublin and S. sonnei are the most harmful to Daphnia when they cause damage at smaller concentrations at the younger stage (3 weeks old). Interestingly, older Daphnia can give responses to nearly 10 CFU/ml to less than 100 CFU/ml of some bacteria strains. In another experiment, S. sonnei disturbed Daphnia after just 10 min of exposure, and Daphnia adapted to S. choleraesuis, S. typhi, and S. flexneri at the early stage (3 weeks old) after 1 h of exposure. Moreover, the damaged areas of the daphnia body were directly observed via a microscope, contributing to the understanding and the prediction of toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Quynh Anh Le
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Wooil Choi
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Shin Ansan University, 135 Sinansandaehak-Ro, Danwon-Gu, Ansan, 15435, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
| | - Jiho Min
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea.
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea.
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Rudenko NV, Karatovskaya AP, Zamyatina AV, Siunov AV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Nagel AS, Brovko FA, Solonin AS. C-Terminal Domain of Bacillus cereus Hemolysin II Is Able to Interact with Erythrocytes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Samson JS, Choresca CH, Quiazon KMA. Selection and screening of bacteria from African nightcrawler, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867) as potential probiotics in aquaculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:16. [PMID: 31897642 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms are used as an alternative protein source in aquaculture. These organisms serve as an ideal and favorable site for bacterial growth and activity. Hence, in our present study, we isolated and screened potential probiotic bacteria from African nightcrawler (Eudrilus eugeniae). Among 45 bacterial isolates, four (ANSCI9, BFAR9, RM3, and RM10) were selected based on their hydrophobicity, hydrolytic enzyme production, pH and fish bile tolerance, aggregation, and antimicrobial properties. The selected isolates showed good hydrophobicity (≥ 30%) and enzyme production (≥ 10 mm clearing zones), tolerance to pH and fish bile, and inhibitory properties against pathogenic microorganisms. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. RM3 (MH919306), Bacillus sp. RM10 (MH919308), Bacillus sp. ANSCI9 (MH919310) and Bacillus sp. BFAR9 (MH919302). These isolates were individually incorporated in the diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings for 14 days to assess their biosafety. The results showed that the survival rates in all treated groups (98.75 ± 2.5 to 100.00 ± 0.0%) were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group (commercial diet) (96.25 ± 2.5%), suggesting that isolates have no adverse effect on the host. This study revealed the presence of potential probiotic microorganisms in E. eugeniae that are beneficial to the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaypee S Samson
- College of Fisheries, Central Luzon State University, 3120, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. .,Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University, 3120, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
| | - Casiano H Choresca
- National Fisheries Research and Development Institute - Fisheries Biotechnology Center, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - National Freshwater Fisheries Technology Center, Central Luzon State University Compound, 3120, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Karl Marx A Quiazon
- College of Fisheries, Central Luzon State University, 3120, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University, 3120, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
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Rossi GAM, Silva HO, Aguilar CEG, Rochetti AL, Pascoe B, Méric G, Mourkas E, Hitchings MD, Mathias LA, de Azevedo Ruiz VL, Fukumasu H, Sheppard SK, Vidal AMC. Comparative genomic survey of Bacillus cereus sensu stricto isolates from the dairy production chain in Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4780294. [PMID: 29390131 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of 262 Bacillus cereus isolates were analyzed including 69 isolates sampled from equipment, raw milk and dairy products from Brazil. The population structure of isolates showed strains belonging to known phylogenetic groups II, III, IV, V and VI. Almost all the isolates obtained from dairy products belonged to group III. Investigation of specific alleles revealed high numbers of isolates carrying toxin-associated genes including cytK (53.62%), hblA (59.42%), hblC (44.93%), hblD (53.62%), nheA (84.06%), nheB (89.86%) and nheC (84.06%) with isolates belonging to groups IV and V having significant higher prevalence of hblACD and group IV of CytK genes. Strains from dairy products had significantly lower prevalence of CytK and hblACD genes compared to isolates from equipment and raw milk/bulk tanks. Genes related to sucrose metabolism were detected at higher frequency in isolates obtained from raw milk compared to strains from equipment and utensils. The population genomic analysis demonstrated the diversity of strains and variability of putative function among B. cereus group isolates in Brazilian dairy production, with large numbers of strains potentially able to cause foodborne illness. This detailed information will contribute to targeted interventions to reduce milk contamination and spoilage associated with B. cereus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Higor Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Gamero Aguilar
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arina Lázaro Rochetti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | | | - Luis Antonio Mathias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de acesso Paulo Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Letticie de Azevedo Ruiz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, 4 South, Lab 0.39, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ana Maria Centola Vidal
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kholodkov OA, Budarina ZI, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Siunov AV, Solonin AS. Effect of Bacillus cereus hemolysin II on hepatocyte cells. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381502009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Tran SL, Ramarao N. Bacillus cereus immune escape: a journey within macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 347:1-6. [PMID: 23827020 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial infection, professional phagocytes are attracted to the site of infection, where they constitute a first line of host cell defense. Their function is to engulf and destroy the pathogens. Thus, bacteria must withstand the bactericidal activity of professional phagocytes, including macrophages to counteract the host immune system. Bacillus cereus infections are characterized by bacteremia despite the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of infection. This implies that the bacteria have developed means of resisting the host immune system. Bacillus cereus spores survive, germinate, and multiply in contact with macrophages, eventually producing toxins that kill these cells. However, the exact mechanism by which B. cereus evades immune attack remains unclear. This review addresses the interaction between B. cereus and macrophages, highlighting, in particular, the ways in which the bacteria escape the microbicidal activities of professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- INRA, Unité MICALIS, AgroParisTech, UMR-1319, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
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The pore-forming haemolysins of bacillus cereus: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1119-39. [PMID: 23748204 PMCID: PMC3717773 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus sensu lato group contains diverse Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal diseases and severe eye infections in humans. They have also been incriminated in a multitude of other severe, and frequently fatal, clinical infections, such as osteomyelitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, liver abscess and meningitis, particularly in immuno-compromised patients and preterm neonates. The pathogenic properties of this organism are mediated by the synergistic effects of a number of virulence products that promote intestinal cell destruction and/or resistance to the host immune system. This review focuses on the pore-forming haemolysins produced by B. cereus: haemolysin I (cereolysin O), haemolysin II, haemolysin III and haemolysin IV (CytK). Haemolysin I belongs to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family whose best known members are listeriolysin O and perfringolysin O, produced by L. monocytogenes and C. perfringens respectively. HlyII and CytK are oligomeric ß-barrel pore-forming toxins related to the α-toxin of S. aureus or the ß-toxin of C. perfringens. The structure of haemolysin III, the least characterized haemolytic toxin from the B. cereus, group has not yet been determined.
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Iron regulates Bacillus thuringiensis haemolysin hlyII gene expression during insect infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 113:205-8. [PMID: 23598183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore-forming entomopathogen broadly used in agriculture crop. The haemolysin HlyII is an important Bt virulence factor responsible for insect death. In this work, we focused on the regulation of the hlyII gene throughout the bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo during insect infection. We show that hlyII regulation depends on the global regulator Fur. This regulation occurs independently of HlyIIR, the other known regulator of hlyII gene expression. Moreover, we show that hlyII is highly expressed when iron is depleted in vivo. As HlyII induces haemocyte and macrophage death, which are involved in the sequestration of iron upon infection, HlyII may induce host cell death to allow bacteria to gain access to iron.
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Glucose 6P binds and activates HlyIIR to repress Bacillus cereus haemolysin hlyII gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55085. [PMID: 23405113 PMCID: PMC3566180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium causing food poisoning and serious opportunistic infections. These infections are characterized by bacterial accumulation despite the recruitment of phagocytic cells. We have previously shown that B. cereus Haemolysin II (HlyII) induces macrophage cell death by apoptosis. In this work, we investigated the regulation of the hlyII gene. We show that HlyIIR, the negative regulator of hlyII expression in B. cereus, is especially active during the early bacterial growth phase. We demonstrate that glucose 6P directly binds to HlyIIR and enhances its activity at a post-transcriptional level. Glucose 6P activates HlyIIR, increasing its capacity to bind to its DNA-box located upstream of the hlyII gene, inhibiting its expression. Thus, hlyII expression is modulated by the availability of glucose. As HlyII induces haemocyte and macrophage death, two cell types that play a role in the sequestration of nutrients upon infection, HlyII may induce host cell death to allow the bacteria to gain access to carbon sources that are essential components for bacterial growth.
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Kataev AA, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Solonin AS, Ternovsky VI. Bacillus cereus can attack the cell membranes of the alga Chara corallina by means of HlyII. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Iron regulates expression of Bacillus cereus hemolysin II via global regulator Fur. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3327-35. [PMID: 22522892 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00199-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of pathogens to respond to environmental signals, such as iron concentration, is key to bacterial survival and establishment of a successful infection. Bacillus cereus is a widely distributed bacterium with distinct pathogenic properties. Hemolysin II (HlyII) is one of its pore-forming cytotoxins and has been shown to be involved in bacterial pathogenicity in a number of cell and animal models. Unlike many other B. cereus pathogenicity factors, HlyII is not regulated by pleiotropic transcriptional regulator PlcR but is controlled by its own regulator, HlyIIR. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques, we show that hlyII expression is also negatively regulated by iron by the global regulator Fur via direct interaction with the hlyII promoter. DNase I footprinting and in vitro transcription experiments indicate that Fur prevents RNA polymerase binding to the hlyII promoter. HlyII expression profiles demonstrate that both HlyIIR and Fur regulate HlyII expression in a concerted fashion, with the effect of Fur being maximal in the early stages of bacterial growth. In sum, these results show that Fur serves as a transcriptional repressor for hlyII expression.
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Sequence Analysis of Inducible Prophage phIS3501 Integrated into the Haemolysin II Gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis ATCC35646. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:543286. [PMID: 22567391 PMCID: PMC3335513 DOI: 10.1155/2012/543286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheic food poisoning by bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group is mostly due to several toxins encoded in the genomes. One of them, cytotoxin K, was recently identified as responsible for severe necrotic syndromes. Cytotoxin K is similar to a class of proteins encoded by genes usually annotated as haemolysin II (hlyII) in the majority of genomes of the B. cereus group. The partially sequenced genome of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis ATCC35646 contains several potentially induced prophages, one of them integrated into the hlyII gene. We determined the complete sequence and established the genomic organization of this prophage-designated phIS3501. During induction of excision of this prophage with mitomycin C, intact hlyII gene is formed, thus providing to cells a genetic ability to synthesize the active toxin. Therefore, this prophage, upon its excision, can be implicated in the regulation of synthesis of the active toxin and thus in the virulence of bacterial host. A generality of selection for such systems in bacterial pathogens is indicated by the similarity of this genetic arrangement to that of Staphylococcus aureus β-haemolysin.
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Abstract
We show that Daphnia magna can be used to assess acute virulence of pathogens relevant to human health, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Photorhabdus asymbiotica. Analysis of bacterial mutants suggests that P. aeruginosa uses similar mechanisms to infect Daphnia and other hosts.
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Tran SL, Guillemet E, Ngo-Camus M, Clybouw C, Puhar A, Moris A, Gohar M, Lereclus D, Ramarao N. Haemolysin II is a Bacillus cereus virulence factor that induces apoptosis of macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:92-108. [PMID: 20731668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium causing food poisoning and serious opportunistic infections. These infections are characterized by bacterial accumulation despite the recruitment of phagocytic cells. The precise mechanisms and the bacterial factors allowing B. cereus to circumvent host immune responses remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that B. cereus induces macrophage cell death by an unknown mechanism. Here we identified the toxic component from the B. cereus supernatant. We report that Haemolysin II (HlyII) provokes macrophage cell death by apoptosis through its pore-forming activity. The HlyII-induced apoptotic pathway is caspase 3 and 8 dependent, thus most likely mediated by the death receptor pathway. Using insects and mice as in vivo models, we show that deletion of hlyII strongly reduces virulence. In addition, we show that after infection of Bombyx mori larvae, the immune cells are apoptotic, demonstrating that HlyII induces apoptosis of phagocytic cells in vivo. Altogether, our results clearly unravel HlyII as a novel virulence protein that induces apoptosis in phagocytic cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- INRA, Unité MICALIS, UMR 1319, équipe GME, La Minière, 78285 Guyancourt, France
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Tran SL, Guillemet E, Ngo-Camus M, Clybouw C, Puhar A, Moris A, Gohar M, Lereclus D, Ramarao N. Haemolysin II is a Bacillus cereus virulence factor that induces apoptosis of macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.001522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Teplova VV, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Sineva EV, Solonin AS. Quick assessment of cytotoxins effect on Daphnia magna using in vivo fluorescence microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:1345-1348. [PMID: 20821578 DOI: 10.1002/etc.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to contaminant toxicity screening is proposed. The use of fluorescent microscopy with fluorescent dyes allows for assessing intoxication of Daphnia magna tissues, at various stages of exposure, to contaminants present in water. As shown, D. magna may not only be used as a test species in toxicity tests based on its lethality, but due to its translucency and application of fluorescent probes, separate steps of its intoxication and dying can be visualized. Using a variety of fluorescent probes, the present study also contributes to a better understanding of the toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Teplova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
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