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Ruggeri J, Salogni C, Giovannini S, Vitale N, Boniotti MB, Corradi A, Pozzi P, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Association Between Infectious Agents and Lesions in Post-Weaned Piglets and Fattening Heavy Pigs With Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:636. [PMID: 33024748 PMCID: PMC7516008 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial syndrome that causes health problems in growing pigs and economic losses to farmers. The etiological factors involved can be bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. However, environmental stressors associated with farm management can influence the status of the animal's health. The role and impact of different microorganisms in the development of the disease can be complex, and these are not fully understood. The severity of lesions are a consequence of synergism and combination of different factors. The aim of this study was to systematically analyse samples, conferred to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (IZSLER, Brescia), with a standardized diagnostic protocol in case of suspected PRDC. During necropsy, the lungs and carcasses were analyzed to determine the severity and extension of lesions. Gross lung lesions were classified according to a pre-established scheme adapted from literature. Furthermore, pulmonary, pleural, and nasal lesions were scored to determine their severity and extension. Finally, the presence of infectious agents was investigated to identify the microorganisms involved in the cases studied. During the years 2014–2016, 1,658 samples of lungs and carcasses with PRDC from 863 farms were analyzed; among them 931 and 727 samples were from weaned piglets and fattening pigs, respectively. The most frequently observed lesions were characteristic of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, and pleuritis. Some pathogens identified were correlated to specific lesions, whereas other pathogens to various lesions. These underline the need for the establishment of control and treatment programmes for individual farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
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Park BS, Lee N. A bivalent fusion vaccine composed of recombinant Apx proteins shows strong protection against Actinobacillus pleuroneumoniae serovar 1 and 2 in a mouse model. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5426212. [PMID: 30939190 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) causes porcine pleuropneumoniae, resulting in severe economic losses in the swine industry. Since there are diverse serotypes of APP, it is necessary for vaccines to induce cross-protection. In this report, we developed a bivalent fusion vaccine, the L vaccine composed of ApxIA and ApxIIA fragments. According to the experimental results of the L vaccine, recombinant protein specific-IgG antibody level increased significantly as well as Apx toxin specific-IgG antibody, suggesting toxin-neutralizing effect. Also, the production of both IgG1 and IgG2a indicates this fusion vaccine induces Th1 and Th2 immune reactions. In addition, lymphocytes were proliferated and immune related-cytokines of TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-5 were detected in the serum after the vaccination. The L vaccine showed a perfect cross-protection against APP serovar 1 and 2 that each secrete different Apx exotoxins. These findings reveal that the fusion L vaccine induces specific humoral and cellular immunity, leading to a perfect cross-protection against A. pleuropneumoniae infections in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Park
- Technology Institute, KBNP, Inc., Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Nakhyung Lee
- Technology Institute, KBNP, Inc., Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Ito H, Ogawa T, Fukamizu D, Morinaga Y, Kusumoto M. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a DNA region involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis reveals the molecular basis of the nontypeability of two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:632-637. [PMID: 27694188 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716656026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to reveal the molecular basis of the serologic nontypeability of 2 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates. Nine field strains of A. pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, were isolated from pigs raised on the same farm and sent to our diagnostic laboratory for serotyping. Seven of the 9 strains were identified as serovar 15 strains by immunodiffusion tests. However, 2 strains, designated FH24-2 and FH24-5, could not be serotyped with antiserum prepared against serovars 1-15. Strain FH24-5 showed positive results in 2 serovar 15-specific PCR tests, whereas strain FH24-2 was only positive in 1 of the 2 PCR tests. The nucleotide sequence analysis of gene clusters involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of the 2 nontypeable strains revealed that both had been rendered nontypeable by the action of ISApl1, a transposable element of A. pleuropneumoniae belonging to the IS30 family. The results showed that ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae can interfere with both the serologic and molecular typing methods, and that nucleotide sequence analysis across the capsular gene clusters is the best means of determining the cause of serologic nontypeability in A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Torata Ogawa
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Dai Fukamizu
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Yuiko Morinaga
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
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Xiao L, Zhou L, Sun C, Feng X, Du C, Gao Y, Ji Q, Yang S, Wang Y, Han W, PR L, Lei L. Apa is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeresponsible for autoagglutination and host cell adherence. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:598-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Genomic differences between Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 5b and 3 and their distribution and transcription among 15 serotypes. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:327-31. [PMID: 21773838 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of serotyping-based diagnostic methods and multivalent vaccines has been significantly hampered due to the limited information available on the genetic differences among the 15 currently known serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In this study, using the GenomeComp informatics software, differential genes were screened and identified between the complete genome sequences of the serotypes 5b (L20 strain, highly virulent) and 3 (JL03 strain, weakly virulent), 84 presented uniquely in strain L20, while 57 were only found in JL03 strain. Of these, 75 encode putative proteins and 66 encode hypothetical proteins, including phage-related proteins, Apx toxin, capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, Clp-like proteases, fimbrial protein (Flp), various glycosyltransferases, methylases, integrases, and other proteins related to virulence. To confirm and further characterize the differential genes, we carefully selected 34 proven or putative virulence genes which were extremely useful on researching into detection and vaccine of A. pleuropneumoniae, and investigated the distribution and transcription of these genes among the 15 serotypes through polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, and different distribution and transcription patterns of the differential genes in each serotype were first found and described. These information of these differential genes among the 15 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae may greatly serve as an indicator for future research on the pathogenic mechanisms of different serotypes, serotyping-based diagnostic methods, and multivalent vaccines.
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Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen that causes highly contagious respiratory infection in pigs and has a serious impact on the production economy and animal welfare. As clear differences in virulence between serotypes have been observed, the genetic basis should be investigated at the genomic level. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of the A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2 (strain 4226) and 6 (strain Femo).
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