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Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Bua G, Daglia M, Arciola CR. Interactions of Neutrophils with the Polymeric Molecular Components of the Biofilm Matrix in the Context of Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17042. [PMID: 38069365 PMCID: PMC10707472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of orthopedic implants, opportunistic pathogens can easily colonize the biomaterial surfaces, forming protective biofilms. Life in biofilm is a central pathogenetic mechanism enabling bacteria to elude the host immune response and survive conventional medical treatments. The formation of mature biofilms is universally recognized as the main cause of septic prosthetic failures. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to be recruited at the site of infection. They are highly efficient in detecting and killing planktonic bacteria. However, the interactions of these fundamental effector cells of the immune system with the biofilm matrix, which is the true interface of a biofilm with the host cells, have only recently started to be unveiled and are still to be fully understood. Biofilm matrix macromolecules consist of exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA. The latter can also be stolen from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by bacteria, who use it to strengthen their biofilms. This paper aims to review the specific interactions that neutrophils develop when they physically encounter the matrix of a biofilm and come to interact with its polymeric molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Gloria Bua
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Long DR, Penewit K, Lo HY, Almazan J, Holmes EA, Bryan AB, Wolter DJ, Lewis JD, Waalkes A, Salipante SJ. In Vitro Selection Identifies Staphylococcus aureus Genes Influencing Biofilm Formation. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0053822. [PMID: 36847490 PMCID: PMC10016075 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00538-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus generates biofilms during many chronic human infections, which contributes to its growth and persistence in the host. Multiple genes and pathways necessary for S. aureus biofilm production have been identified, but knowledge is incomplete, and little is known about spontaneous mutations that increase biofilm formation as infection progresses. Here, we performed in vitro selection of four S. aureus laboratory strains (ATCC 29213, JE2, N315, and Newman) to identify mutations associated with enhanced biofilm production. Biofilm formation increased in passaged isolates from all strains, exhibiting from 1.2- to 5-fold the capacity of parental lines. Whole-genome sequencing identified nonsynonymous mutations affecting 23 candidate genes and a genomic duplication encompassing sigB. Six candidate genes significantly impacted biofilm formation as isogenic transposon knockouts: three were previously reported to impact S. aureus biofilm formation (icaR, spdC, and codY), while the remaining three (manA, narH, and fruB) were newly implicated by this study. Plasmid-mediated genetic complementation of manA, narH, and fruB transposon mutants corrected biofilm deficiencies, with high-level expression of manA and fruB further enhancing biofilm formation over basal levels. This work recognizes genes not previously identified as contributing to biofilm formation in S. aureus and reveals genetic changes able to augment biofilm production by that organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R. Long
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Penewit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jared Almazan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Holmes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew B. Bryan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wolter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janessa D. Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Waalkes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Weng W, Hu Z, Pan Y. Macrophage Extracellular Traps: Current Opinions and the State of Research regarding Various Diseases. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7050807. [PMID: 35036449 PMCID: PMC8759907 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of the human immune system and play a key role in the immune response, which can protect the body against infection and regulate the development of tissue inflammation. Some studies found that macrophages can produce extracellular traps (ETs) under various conditions of stimulation. ETs are web-like structures that consist of proteins and DNA. ETs are thought to immobilize and kill microorganisms, as well as play an important role in tissue damage, inflammatory progression, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, the structure, identification, mechanism, and research progress of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in related diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Weng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zuoyu Hu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Kadam S, Madhusoodhanan V, Dhekane R, Bhide D, Ugale R, Tikhole U, Kaushik KS. Milieu matters: An in vitro wound milieu to recapitulate key features of, and probe new insights into, mixed-species bacterial biofilms. Biofilm 2021; 3:100047. [PMID: 33912828 PMCID: PMC8065265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a major cause of delayed wound healing. Consequently, the study of wound biofilms, particularly in host-relevant conditions, has gained importance. Most in vitro studies employ refined laboratory media to study biofilms, representing conditions that are not relevant to the infection state. To mimic the wound milieu, in vitro biofilm studies often incorporate serum or plasma in growth conditions, or employ clot or matrix-based biofilm models. While incorporating serum or plasma alone is a minimalistic approach, the more complex in vitro wound models are technically demanding, and poorly compatible with standard biofilm assays. Based on previous reports of clinical wound fluid composition, we have developed an in vitro wound milieu (IVWM) that includes, in addition to serum (to recapitulate wound fluid), matrix elements and biochemical factors. With Luria-Bertani broth and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) for comparison, the IVWM was used to study planktonic growth, biofilm features, and interspecies interactions, of common wound pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We demonstrate that the IVWM recapitulates widely reported in vivo biofilm features such as biomass formation, metabolic activity, increased antibiotic tolerance, 3D structure, and interspecies interactions for monospecies and mixed-species biofilms. Further, the IVWM is simple to formulate, uses laboratory-grade components, and is compatible with standard biofilm assays. Given this, it holds potential as a tractable approach to study wound biofilms under host-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Kadam
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Vandana Madhusoodhanan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Radhika Dhekane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Devyani Bhide
- MES Abasaheb Garware College of Arts and Science, Pune, India
| | - Rutuja Ugale
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Utkarsha Tikhole
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Karishma S. Kaushik
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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The Corynebacterium diphtheriae HbpA hemoglobin-binding protein contains a domain that is critical for hemoprotein-binding, cellular localization and function. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0019621. [PMID: 34370560 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00196-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of hemin-iron from hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) by Corynebacterium diphtheriae requires the iron-regulated surface proteins HtaA, ChtA, ChtC, and the recently identified Hb-Hp binding protein HbpA. We previously showed that a purified form of HbpA (HbpA-S), lacking the C-terminal region, was able to bind Hb-Hp. In this study, we show that the C-terminal region of HbpA significantly enhances binding to Hb-Hp. A purified form of HbpA that includes the C-terminal domain (HbpA-FL) exhibits much stronger binding to Hb-Hp than HbpA-S. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed that HbpA-FL as well as HtaA-FL, ChtA-FL, and ChtC-FL exist as high molecular weight complexes, while HbpA-S is present as a monomer, indicating that the C-terminal region is required for formation of large aggregates. Growth studies showed that expression of HbpA-FL in the ΔhbpA mutant restored wild-type levels of growth in low-iron medium that contained Hb-Hp as the sole iron source, while HbpA-S failed to complement the ΔhbpA mutant. Protein localization studies in C. diphtheriae showed that HbpA-FL is present in both in the supernatant and in the membrane fractions, and that the C-terminal region is required for membrane anchoring. Purified HbpA-FL was able to enhance growth of the ΔhbpA mutant when added to culture medium that contained Hb-Hp as a sole iron source, suggesting that secreted HbpA is involved in the use of hemin-iron from Hb-Hp. These studies extend our understanding of this novel Hb-Hp binding protein in this important human pathogen. IMPORTANCE Hemoproteins, such as Hb, are an abundant source of iron in humans and are proposed to be required by numerous pathogens to cause disease. In this report, we expand on our previous studies in further defining the role of HbpA in hemin-iron acquisition in C. diphtheriae. HbpA is unique to C. diphtheriae, and appears to function unlike any previously described bacterial iron-regulated Hb- or Hb-Hp-binding protein. HbpA is both secreted and present in the membrane, and exists as a large aggregate that enhances its ability to bind Hb-Hp and promote hemin-iron uptake. Current studies with HbpA will increase our understanding of iron transport systems in C. diphtheriae.
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Revealing Candida glabrata biofilm matrix proteome: global characterization and pH response. Biochem J 2021; 478:961-974. [PMID: 33555340 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a clinically relevant human pathogen with the ability to form high recalcitrant biofilms that contribute to the establishment and persistence of infection. A defining trait of biofilms is the auto-produced matrix, which is suggested to have structural, virulent and protective roles. Thus, elucidation of matrix components, their function and modulation by the host environment is crucial to disclose their role in C. glabrata pathogenesis. As a major step toward this end, this study aimed to reveal, for the first time, the matrix proteome of C. glabrata biofilms, to characterize it with bioinformatic tools and to study its modulation by the environmental pH (acidic and neutral). The results showed the presence of several pH-specific matrix proteins (51 acidic- and 206 neutral-specific) and also proteins commonly found at both pH conditions (236). Of note, several proteins related to mannan and β-glucan metabolism, which have a potential role in the delivery/organization of carbohydrates in the matrix, were found in both pH conditions but in much higher quantity under the neutral environment. Additionally, several virulence-related proteins, including epithelial adhesins, yapsins and moonlighting enzymes, were found among matrix proteins. Importantly, several proteins seem to have a non-canonical secretion pathway and Pdr1 was found to be a potential regulator of matrix proteome. Overall, this study indicates a relevant impact of environmental cues in the matrix proteome and provides a unique resource for further functional investigation of matrix proteins, contributing to the identification of potential targets for the development of new therapies against C. glabrata biofilms.
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Colagiorgi A, Festa R, Di Ciccio PA, Gogliettino M, Balestrieri M, Palmieri G, Anastasio A, Ianieri A. Rapid biofilm eradication of the antimicrobial peptide 1018-K6 against Staphylococcus aureus: A new potential tool to fight bacterial biofilms. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Redundant and Distinct Roles of Secreted Protein Eap and Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasG in Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2019. [PMID: 30670553 DOI: 10.1128/iai00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and fatal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are sometimes associated with biofilm formation. Secreted proteins and cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) are important for the development of polysaccharide-independent biofilms, but functional relationships between these proteins are unclear. In the present study, we report the roles of the extracellular adherence protein Eap and the surface CWAP SasG in S. aureus MR23, a clinical methicillin-resistant isolate that forms a robust protein-dependent biofilm and accumulates a large amount of Eap in the extracellular matrix. Double deletion of eap and sasG, but not single eap or sasG deletion, reduced the biomass of the formed biofilm. Mutational analysis demonstrated that cell wall anchorage is essential for the role of SasG in biofilm formation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MR23 formed a rugged and thick biofilm; deletion of both eap and sasG reduced biofilm ruggedness and thickness. Although sasG deletion did not affect either of these features, eap deletion reduced the ruggedness but not the thickness of the biofilm. This indicated that Eap contributes to the rough irregular surface structure of the MR23 biofilm and that both Eap and SasG play roles in biofilm thickness. The level of pathogenicity of the Δeap ΔsasG strain in a silkworm larval infection model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the wild type and single-deletion mutants. Collectively, these findings highlight the redundant and distinct roles of a secreted protein and a CWAP in biofilm formation and pathogenicity of S. aureus and may inform new strategies to control staphylococcal biofilm infections.
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9
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Redundant and Distinct Roles of Secreted Protein Eap and Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasG in Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00894-18. [PMID: 30670553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and fatal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are sometimes associated with biofilm formation. Secreted proteins and cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) are important for the development of polysaccharide-independent biofilms, but functional relationships between these proteins are unclear. In the present study, we report the roles of the extracellular adherence protein Eap and the surface CWAP SasG in S. aureus MR23, a clinical methicillin-resistant isolate that forms a robust protein-dependent biofilm and accumulates a large amount of Eap in the extracellular matrix. Double deletion of eap and sasG, but not single eap or sasG deletion, reduced the biomass of the formed biofilm. Mutational analysis demonstrated that cell wall anchorage is essential for the role of SasG in biofilm formation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MR23 formed a rugged and thick biofilm; deletion of both eap and sasG reduced biofilm ruggedness and thickness. Although sasG deletion did not affect either of these features, eap deletion reduced the ruggedness but not the thickness of the biofilm. This indicated that Eap contributes to the rough irregular surface structure of the MR23 biofilm and that both Eap and SasG play roles in biofilm thickness. The level of pathogenicity of the Δeap ΔsasG strain in a silkworm larval infection model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the wild type and single-deletion mutants. Collectively, these findings highlight the redundant and distinct roles of a secreted protein and a CWAP in biofilm formation and pathogenicity of S. aureus and may inform new strategies to control staphylococcal biofilm infections.
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Palankar R, Binsker U, Haracska B, Wesche J, Greinacher A, Hammerschmidt S. Interaction between the Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein Eap and its subdomains with platelets. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:683-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Eisenbeis J, Saffarzadeh M, Peisker H, Jung P, Thewes N, Preissner KT, Herrmann M, Molle V, Geisbrecht BV, Jacobs K, Bischoff M. The Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Adherence Protein Eap Is a DNA Binding Protein Capable of Blocking Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:235. [PMID: 30038902 PMCID: PMC6047304 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus is a secreted protein known to exert a number of adhesive and immunomodulatory properties. Here we describe the intrinsic DNA binding activity of this multifunctional secretory factor. By using atomic force microscopy, we provide evidence that Eap can bind and aggregate DNA. While the origin of the DNA substrate (e.g., eukaryotic, bacterial, phage, and artificial DNA) seems to not be of major importance, the DNA structure (e.g., linear or circular) plays a critical role with respect to the ability of Eap to bind and condense DNA. Further functional assays corroborated the nature of Eap as a DNA binding protein, since Eap suppressed the formation of "neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs), composed of DNA-histone scaffolds, which are thought to function as a neutrophil-mediated extracellular trapping mechanism. The DNA binding and aggregation activity of Eap may thereby protect S. aureus against a specific anti-microbial defense reaction from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik Peisker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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12
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Lin MH, Li CC, Shu JC, Chu HW, Liu CC, Wu CC. Exoproteome Profiling Reveals the Involvement of the Foldase PrsA in the Cell Surface Properties and Pathogenesis ofStaphylococcus aureus. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700195. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Jwu-Ching Shu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Chu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center; Chang Gung University; Tao-Yuan Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Tao-Yuan Taiwan
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13
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Contribution of Streptococcus mutans Strains with Collagen-Binding Proteins in the Presence of Serum to the Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00401-17. [PMID: 28947650 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00401-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, is considered one of the causative agents of infective endocarditis (IE). Recently, bacterial DNA encoding 120-kDa cell surface collagen-binding proteins (CBPs) has frequently been detected from S. mutans-positive IE patients. In addition, some of the CBP-positive S. mutans strains lacked a 190-kDa protein antigen (PA), whose absence strengthened the adhesion to and invasion of endothelial cells. The interaction between pathogenic bacteria and serum or plasma is considered an important virulence factor in developing systemic diseases; thus, we decided to analyze the pathogenesis of IE induced by S. mutans strains with different patterns of CBP and PA expression by focusing on the interaction with serum or plasma. CBP-positive (CBP+)/PA-negative (PA-) strains showed prominent aggregation in the presence of human serum or plasma, which was significantly greater than that with CBP+/PA-positive (PA+) and CBP-negative (CBP-)/PA+ strains. Aggregation of CBP+/PA- strains was also observed in the presence of a high concentration of type IV collagen, a major extracellular matrix protein in serum. In addition, aggregation of CBP+/PA- strains was drastically reduced when serum complement was inactivated. Furthermore, an ex vivo adherence model and an in vivo rat model of IE showed that extirpated heart valves infected with CBP+/PA- strains displayed prominent bacterial mass formation, which was not observed following infection with CBP+/PA+ and CBP-/PA+ strains. These results suggest that CBP+/PA-S. mutans strains utilize serum to contribute to their pathogenicity in IE.
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14
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O'Gara JP. Into the storm: Chasing the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus from skin colonisation to life-threatening infections. Environ Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28631399 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colonisation of the human skin by Staphylococcus aureus is a precursor for a variety of infections ranging from boils to sepsis and pneumonia. The rapid emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus following the clinical introduction of this antimicrobial drug and reports of resistance to all currently used anti-staphylococcal drugs has added to its formidable reputation. S. aureus survival on the skin and in vivo virulence is underpinned by a remarkable environmental adaptability, made possible by highly orchestrated regulation of gene expression and a capacity to undertake genome remodelling. Depending on the ecological or infection niche, controlled expression of a variety of adhesins can be initiated to facilitate adherence to extracellular matrix proteins, survival against desiccation or biofilm accumulation on implanted medical devices and host tissue. These adherence mechanisms complement toxin and enzyme production, immune evasion strategies, and antibiotic resistance and tolerance to collectively thwart efforts to develop reliable antimicrobial drug regimens and an effective S. aureus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P O'Gara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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15
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The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus acts as a proliferation and migration repressing factor that alters the cell morphology of keratinocytes. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Withycombe C, Purdy K, Maddocks S. Micro-management: curbing chronic wound infection. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:263-274. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Withycombe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cardiff School of Health Sciences; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
| | - K.J. Purdy
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - S.E. Maddocks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cardiff School of Health Sciences; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff UK
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McCarthy H, Waters EM, Bose JL, Foster S, Bayles KW, O'Neill E, Fey PD, O'Gara JP. The major autolysin is redundant for Staphylococcus aureus USA300 LAC JE2 virulence in a murine device-related infection model. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw087. [PMID: 27044299 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The major Staphylococcus aureus autolysin, Atl, has been implicated in attachment to surfaces and release of extracellular DNA during biofilm formation under laboratory conditions. Consistent with this, polyclonal antibodies to the amidase and glucosaminidase domains of Atl inhibited in vitro biofilm formation. However, in a murine model of device-related infection the community-associated S. aureus strain USA300 LAC JE2 established a successful infection in the absence of atl These data indicate that Atl activity is not required for biofilm production in this infection model and reveal the importance of characterizing the contribution of biofilm phenotypes to virulence under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Staphylococcal Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bose
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Staphylococcal Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Simon Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Staphylococcal Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Eoghan O'Neill
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Paul D Fey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Staphylococcal Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - James P O'Gara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Shen F, Tang X, Cheng W, Wang Y, Wang C, Shi X, An Y, Zhang Q, Liu M, Liu B, Yu L. Fosfomycin enhances phagocyte-mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus by extracellular traps and reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19262. [PMID: 26778774 PMCID: PMC4726045 DOI: 10.1038/srep19262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of bacterial infections is the achievement of a synergy between the host's immune defences and antibiotics. Here, we examined whether fosfomycin (FOM) could improve the bactericidal effect of phagocytes, and investigated the potential mechanisms. FOM enhanced the phagocytosis and extra- or intracellular killing of S. aureus by phagocytes. And FOM enhanced the extracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophage (MФ) and in neutrophils mediated by extracellular traps (ETs). ET production was related to NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, FOM increased the intracellular killing of S. aureus in phagocytes, which was mediated by ROS through the oxidative burst process. Our results also showed that FOM alone induced S. aureus producing hydroxyl radicals in order to kill the bacterial cells in vitro. In a mouse peritonitis model, FOM treatment increased the bactericidal extra- and intracellular activity in vivo, and FOM strengthened ROS and ET production from peritoneal lavage fluid ex vivo. An IVIS imaging system assay further verified the observed in vivo bactericidal effect of the FOM treatment. This work may provide a deeper understanding of the role of the host's immune defences and antibiotic interactions in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Senneby E, Eriksson B, Fagerholm E, Rasmussen M. Bacteremia with Aerococcus sanguinicola: Case Series with Characterization of Virulence Properties. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu025. [PMID: 25734098 PMCID: PMC4324188 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the clinical presentation of eleven cases with Aerococcus sanguinicola bacteremia. All patients were elderly men and a majority of them had urinary tract abnormalities. All isolates formed biofilm and a majority induced platelet aggregation – two potential virulence mechanisms. Background. Since Aerococcus sanguinicola was designated as a species in 2001, only a few cases of bacteremia have been reported. The aim with this study was to describe the clinical presentation of A sanguinicola bacteremia and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and the capacity of the bacteria to form biofilm and to induce platelet aggregation. Methods. Isolates of A sanguinicola from blood cultures were retrospectively identified from 2 clinical microbiology laboratories for 2006 to 2012. Species identity was confirmed through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The medical charts of patients were reviewed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for relevant antibiotics was determined. Biofilm formation was measured as the amount of crystal violet absorbed. Platelet aggregation was determined by aggregometry. Results. Eleven cases of A sanguinicola bacteremia were identified. All patients were male and the median age was 82 years (range 67–93). Nine patients fulfilled criteria for severe sepsis, and 2 patients died at hospital. Two patients were diagnosed with infective endocarditis. Most patients had underlying urinary tract diseases or an indwelling urinary tract catheter. Five patients suffered from dementia. None of the patients was treated with immunosuppressive medications. The MIC values of the isolates were in line with previous reports, with low MICs for penicillin, cefotaxime, and vancomycin. All 11 isolates produced biofilms but not all could induce platelet aggregation. Conclusions. A sanguinicola can cause severe infections in elderly men with urinary tract abnormalities and the bacteria possess potential virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Senneby
- Clinical Microbiology , University and Regional Laboratories , Region Skåne, Lund , Sweden ; Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Birger Eriksson
- Clinical Microbiology , University and Regional Laboratories , Region Skåne, Lund , Sweden
| | - Erik Fagerholm
- Clinical Microbiology , University and Regional Laboratories , Region Skåne, Lund , Sweden
| | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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21
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Fischer A, Kambara K, Meyer H, Stenz L, Bonetti EJ, Girard M, Lalk M, Francois P, Schrenzel J. GdpS contributes to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation by regulation of eDNA release. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:284-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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22
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Chen C, Krishnan V, Macon K, Manne K, Narayana SVL, Schneewind O. Secreted proteases control autolysin-mediated biofilm growth of Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29440-52. [PMID: 23970550 PMCID: PMC3795244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.502039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal of humans, secretes Esp protease to prevent Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and colonization. Blocking S. aureus colonization may reduce the incidence of invasive infectious diseases; however, the mechanism whereby Esp disrupts biofilms is unknown. We show here that Esp cleaves autolysin (Atl)-derived murein hydrolases and prevents staphylococcal release of DNA, which serves as extracellular matrix in biofilms. The three-dimensional structure of Esp was revealed by x-ray crystallography and shown to be highly similar to that of S. aureus V8 (SspA). Both atl and sspA are necessary for biofilm formation, and purified SspA cleaves Atl-derived murein hydrolases. Thus, S. aureus biofilms are formed via the controlled secretion and proteolysis of autolysin, and this developmental program appears to be perturbed by the Esp protease of S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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23
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Sugimoto S, Iwamoto T, Takada K, Okuda KI, Tajima A, Iwase T, Mizunoe Y. Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp degrades specific proteins associated with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and host-pathogen interaction. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1645-55. [PMID: 23316041 PMCID: PMC3624567 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01672-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus exhibits a strong capacity to attach to abiotic or biotic surfaces and form biofilms, which lead to chronic infections. We have recently shown that Esp, a serine protease secreted by commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis, disassembles preformed biofilms of S. aureus and inhibits its colonization. Esp was expected to degrade protein determinants of the adhesive and cohesive strength of S. aureus biofilms. The aim of this study was to elucidate the substrate specificity and target proteins of Esp and thereby determine the mechanism by which Esp disassembles S. aureus biofilms. We used a mutant Esp protein (Esp(S235A)) with defective proteolytic activity; this protein did not disassemble the biofilm formed by a clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain, thereby indicating that the proteolytic activity of Esp is essential for biofilm disassembly. Esp degraded specific proteins in the biofilm matrix and cell wall fractions, in contrast to proteinase K, which is frequently used for testing biofilm robustness and showed no preference for proteolysis. Proteomic and immunological analyses showed that Esp degrades at least 75 proteins, including 11 biofilm formation- and colonization-associated proteins, such as the extracellular adherence protein, the extracellular matrix protein-binding protein, fibronectin-binding protein A, and protein A. In addition, Esp selectively degraded several human receptor proteins of S. aureus (e.g., fibronectin, fibrinogen, and vitronectin) that are involved in its colonization or infection. These results suggest that Esp inhibits S. aureus colonization and biofilm formation by degrading specific proteins that are crucial for biofilm construction and host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Takada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Bur S, Preissner KT, Herrmann M, Bischoff M. The Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein promotes bacterial internalization by keratinocytes independent of fibronectin-binding proteins. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2004-12. [PMID: 23446985 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, the leading causal pathogen of skin infections, is strongly associated with skin atopy, and a number of bacterial adhesins allow the microbe to adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells. One of these adhesive molecules is the multifunctional extracellular adherence protein (Eap), which is overexpressed in situ in authentic human wounds and was shown to delay wound healing in experimental models. Yet, its role during invasion of keratinocytes is not clearly defined. By using a gentamicin/lysostaphin protection assay we demonstrate here that preincubation of HaCaT cells or primary keratinocytes with Eap results in a concentration-dependent significant increase in staphylococcal adhesion, followed by an even more pronounced internalization of bacteria by eukaryotic cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that Eap increased both the number of infected eukaryotic cells and the bacterial load per infected cell. Moreover, treatment of keratinocytes with Eap strongly enhanced the internalization of coagulase-negative staphylococci, as well as of E. coli, and markedly promoted staphylococcal invasion into extended-culture keratinocytes, displaying expression of keratin 10 and involucrin as differentiation markers. Thus, wound-related staphylococcal Eap may provide a major cellular invasin function, thereby enhancing the pathogen's ability to hide from the host immune system during acute and chronic skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bur
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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25
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Zecconi A, Scali F. Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in evasion from innate immune defenses in human and animal diseases. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:12-22. [PMID: 23376548 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, Staphylococcus aureus acquired a dramatic relevance in human and veterinary medicine for different reasons, one of them represented by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains. However, antibiotic resistance is not the only weapon in the arsenal of S. aureus. Indeed, these bacteria have plenty of virulence factors, including a vast ability to evade host immune defenses. The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This system consists of three major effector mechanisms: antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, the complement system and phagocytes. In this review, we focused on S. aureus virulence factors involved in the immune evasion in the first phases of infection: TLR recognition avoidance, adhesins affecting immune response and resistance to host defenses peptides and polypeptides. Studies of innate immune defenses and their role against S. aureus are important in human and veterinary medicine given the problems related to S. aureus antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, due to the pathogen ability to manipulate the immune response, these data are needed to develop efficacious vaccines or molecules against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dip. Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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26
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Involvement of iron in biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34388. [PMID: 22479621 PMCID: PMC3313993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that forms biofilm on catheters and medical implants. The authors' earlier study established that 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) inhibits biofilm formation by S. aureus by preventing the initial attachment of the cells to a solid surface and reducing the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA). Our cDNA microarray and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric studies demonstrate that PGG treatment causes the expression of genes and proteins that are normally expressed under iron-limiting conditions. A chemical assay using ferrozine verifies that PGG is a strong iron chelator that depletes iron from the culture medium. This study finds that adding FeSO4 to a medium that contains PGG restores the biofilm formation and the production of PIA by S. aureus SA113. The requirement of iron for biofilm formation by S. aureus SA113 can also be verified using a semi-defined medium, BM, that contains an iron chelating agent, 2, 2′-dipyridyl (2-DP). Similar to the effect of PGG, the addition of 2-DP to BM medium inhibits biofilm formation and adding FeSO4 to BM medium that contains 2-DP restores biofilm formation. This study reveals an important mechanism of biofilm formation by S. aureus SA113.
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27
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Joost I, Jacob S, Utermöhlen O, Schubert U, Patti JM, Ong MF, Gross J, Justinger C, Renno JH, Preissner KT, Bischoff M, Herrmann M. Antibody response to the extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy and infected individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:23-31. [PMID: 21251089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) from Staphylococcus aureus has been suggested as a vaccine candidate and for therapeutic use due to its immunomodulating and antiangiogenic properties; however, little is known about anti-Eap antibodies in humans. We determined anti-Eap antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot and measured serum samples from 92 patients with proven S. aureus infections and 93 healthy controls. The functionality of antibodies was assessed by a phagocytosis assay using Eap-coated fluorescent microspheres. Antibodies were detected in all human samples, but not in mice. Patients showed significantly higher titers than controls [immunoglobulin M (IgM), P=0.007; IgG, P<0.0001]. Patients with deep or severe infections showed higher titers than those with superficial or mild disease. Eap alone was sufficient to promote phagocytosis by peripheral blood mononuclear cell and granulocytes that was moderately enhanced in the presence of human serum, but no correlation was found with the levels of anti-Eap antibodies. Anti-Eap antibodies are prevalent in all tested humans and correlate with the severity of S. aureus infection; however, they do not seem to provide protection against invasive infections. Before considering Eap for therapy or as a vaccine candidate, further studies are warranted to assess the impact of the interference between Eap and its specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Joost
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
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28
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A low molecular weight component of serum inhibits biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2010; 49:388-91. [PMID: 20673798 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has a variety of genes that can influence the process of biofilm formation. The ability to establish a biofilm is an important virulence factor for this pathogen, and yet, the regulation of this process in vivo is not well understood. S. aureus can form biofilms on intravenous catheters and this process plays a key role in the pathogenesis of catheter infections. In order to investigate whether or not serum is conducive to the process of biofilm formation, we grew S. aureus in serum and analyzed biofilm thickness and expression of biofilm-related genes. Whereas serum supported planktonic bacterial growth, it was a potent inhibitor of biofilm formation. The inhibitory serum component had a molecular weight less than 3000 kDa. The component was protease-resistant and heat stable. The serum component induced a significant increase in the transcription of the intercellular adhesin gene icaA and the fibronectin binding protein gene fnbA. Transcription of other biofilm-related genes was affected in a strain-dependent manner. These results reveal that serum inhibits biofilm formation despite the fact that biofilms form on intravenous catheters. This may suggest that in vivo, biofilm formation is "selected for" by the force of blood flow and/or immune pressure rather than "induced" by serum.
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