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Host–Pathogen Interactions of Marine Gram-Positive Bacteria. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091316. [PMID: 36138795 PMCID: PMC9495620 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Complex interactions between marine Gram-positive pathogens and fish hosts in the marine environment can result in diseases of economically important finfish, which cause economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Understanding how these pathogens interact with the fish host and generate disease will contribute to efficient prophylactic measures and treatments. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews on marine Gram-positive pathogens. Therefore, here we reviewed the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens from the pathogen-centric and host-centric points of view. Abstract Marine Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including Renibacterium salmoninarum, Mycobacterium marinum, Nocardia seriolae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Streptococcus spp. cause economic losses in marine fish aquaculture worldwide. Comprehensive information on these pathogens and their dynamic interactions with their respective fish–host systems are critical to developing effective prophylactic measures and treatments. While much is known about bacterial virulence and fish immune response, it is necessary to synthesize the knowledge in terms of host–pathogen interactions as a centerpiece to establish a crucial connection between the intricate details of marine Gram-positive pathogens and their fish hosts. Therefore, this review provides a holistic view and discusses the different stages of the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens. Gram-positive pathogens can invade fish tissues, evade the fish defenses, proliferate in the host system, and modulate the fish immune response. Marine Gram-positive pathogens have a unique set of virulence factors that facilitate adhesion (e.g., adhesins, hemagglutination activity, sortase, and capsules), invasion (e.g., toxins, hemolysins/cytolysins, the type VII secretion system, and immune-suppressive proteins), evasion (e.g., free radical quenching, actin-based motility, and the inhibition of phagolysosomal fusion), and proliferation and survival (e.g., heme utilization and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems) in the fish host. After infection, the fish host initiates specific innate and adaptive immune responses according to the extracellular or intracellular mechanism of infection. Although efforts have continued to be made in understanding the complex interplay at the host–pathogen interface, integrated omics-based investigations targeting host–pathogen–marine environment interactions hold promise for future research.
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Alves-Barroco C, Botelho AMN, Américo MA, Fracalanzza SEL, de Matos APA, Guimaraes MA, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Figueiredo AMS, Fernandes AR. Assessing in vivo and in vitro biofilm development by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae using a murine model of catheter-associated biofilm and human keratinocyte cell. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:874694. [PMID: 35928206 PMCID: PMC9343579 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.874694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (SDSD) is an important agent of bovine mastitis. This infection causes an inflammatory reaction in udder tissue, being the most important disease-causing significant impact on the dairy industry. Therefore, it leads to an increase in dairy farming to meet commercial demands. As a result, there is a major impact on both the dairy industry and the environment including global warming. Recurrent mastitis is often attributed to the development of bacterial biofilms, which promote survival of sessile cells in hostile environments, and resistance to the immune system defense and antimicrobial therapy. Recently, we described the in vitro biofilm development on abiotic surfaces by bovine SDSD. In that work we integrated microbiology, imaging, and computational methods to evaluate the biofilm production capability of SDSD isolates on abiotic surfaces. Additionally, we reported that bovine SDSD can adhere and internalize human cells, including human epidermal keratinocyte (HEK) cells. We showed that the adherence and internalization rates of bovine SDSD isolates in HEK cells are higher than those of a SDSD DB49998-05 isolated from humans. In vivo, bovine SDSD can cause invasive infections leading to zebrafish morbidity and mortality. In the present work, we investigated for the first time the capability of bovine SDSD to develop biofilm in vivo using a murine animal model and ex-vivo on human HEK cells. Bovine SDSD isolates were selected based on their ability to form weak, moderate, or strong biofilms on glass surfaces. Our results showed that SDSD isolates displayed an increased ability to form biofilms on the surface of catheters implanted in mice when compared to in vitro biofilm formation on abiotic surface. A greater ability to form biofilm in vitro after animal passage was observed for the VSD45 isolate, but not for the other isolates tested. Besides that, in vitro scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that SDSD biofilm development was visible after 4 hours of SDSD adhesion to HEK cells. Cell viability tests showed an important reduction in the number of HEK cells after the formation of SDSD biofilms. In this study, the expression of genes encoding BrpA-like (biofilm regulatory protein), FbpA (fibronectin-binding protein A), HtrA (serine protease), and SagA (streptolysin S precursor) was higher for biofilm grown in vivo than in vitro, suggesting a potential role for these virulence determinants in the biofilm-development, host colonization, and SDSD infections. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SDSD can develop biofilms in vivo and on the surface of HEK cells causing important cellular damages. As SDSD infections are considered zoonotic diseases, our data contribute to a better understanding of the role of biofilm accumulation during SDSD colonization and pathogenesis not only in bovine mastitis, but they also shed some lights on the mechanisms of prosthesis-associated infection and cellulitis caused by SDSD in humans, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Alves-Barroco
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Dept. Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal
- i4HB, Associate Laboratory - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Nunes Botelho
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Américo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - António P. Alves de Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Quinta da Granja, Portugal
| | - Márcia Aparecida Guimaraes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Alexandra R. Fernandes, ; Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo,
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Dept. Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal
- i4HB, Associate Laboratory - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Alexandra R. Fernandes, ; Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo,
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Alves-Barroco C, Caço J, Roma-Rodrigues C, Fernandes AR, Bexiga R, Oliveira M, Chambel L, Tenreiro R, Mato R, Santos-Sanches I. New Insights on Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae Isolates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686413. [PMID: 34335512 PMCID: PMC8319831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (SDSD) has been considered a strict animal pathogen. Nevertheless, the recent reports of human infections suggest a niche expansion for this subspecies, which may be a consequence of the virulence gene acquisition that increases its pathogenicity. Previous studies reported the presence of virulence genes of Streptococcus pyogenes phages among bovine SDSD (collected in 2002-2003); however, the identity of these mobile genetic elements remains to be clarified. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the SDSD isolates collected in 2011-2013 and compare them with SDSD isolates collected in 2002-2003 and pyogenic streptococcus genomes available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, including human SDSD and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) strains to track temporal shifts on bovine SDSD genotypes. The very close genetic relationships between humans SDSD and SDSE were evident from the analysis of housekeeping genes, while bovine SDSD isolates seem more divergent. The results showed that all bovine SDSD harbor Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas IIA system. The widespread presence of this system among bovine SDSD isolates, high conservation of repeat sequences, and the polymorphism observed in spacer can be considered indicators of the system activity. Overall, comparative analysis shows that bovine SDSD isolates carry speK, speC, speL, speM, spd1, and sdn virulence genes of S. pyogenes prophages. Our data suggest that these genes are maintained over time and seem to be exclusively a property of bovine SDSD strains. Although the bovine SDSD genomes characterized in the present study were not sequenced, the data set, including the high homology of superantigens (SAgs) genes between bovine SDSD and S. pyogenes strains, may indicate that events of horizontal genetic transfer occurred before habitat separation. All bovine SDSD isolates were negative for genes of operon encoding streptolysin S, except for sagA gene, while the presence of this operon was detected in all SDSE and human SDSD strains. The data set of this study suggests that the separation between the subspecies "dysgalactiae" and "equisimilis" should be reconsidered. However, a study including the most comprehensive collection of strains from different environments would be required for definitive conclusions regarding the two taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Alves-Barroco
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology/FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Caço
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology/FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology/FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology/FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lélia Chambel
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício TecLabs, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rogério Tenreiro
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício TecLabs, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rosario Mato
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology/FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ilda Santos-Sanches
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology/FCT NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Santos VL, Silva LG, Martini CL, Anjos IHV, Maia MM, Genteluci GL, Sant'Anna V, Ferreira AMA, Couceiro JNSS, Figueiredo AMS, Ferreira-Carvalho BT. Low lineage diversity and increased virulence of group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:576-586. [PMID: 32125264 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. In some species, the population structure of pathogenic bacteria is clonal. However, the mechanisms that determine the predominance and persistence of specific bacterial lineages of group C Streptococcus remain poorly understood. In Brazil, a previous study revealed the predominance of two main lineages of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE).Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the virulence and fitness advantages that might explain the predominance of these SDSE lineages for a long period of time.Methodology. emm typing was determined by DNA sequencing. Adhesion and invasion tests were performed using human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-). Biofilm formation was tested on glass surfaces and the presence of virulence genes was assessed by PCR. Additionally, virulence was studied using Caenorhabditis elegans models and competitive fitness was analysed in murine models.Results. The predominant lineages A and B were mostly typed as emm stC839 and stC6979, respectively. Notably, these lineages exhibited a superior ability to adhere and invade airway cells. Furthermore, the dominant lineages were more prone to induce aversive olfactory learning and more likely to kill C. elegans. In the competitive fitness assays, they also showed increased adaptability. Consistent with the increased virulence observed in the ex vivo and in vivo models, the predominant lineages A and B showed a higher number of virulence-associated genes and a superior ability to accumulate biofilm.Conclusion. These results suggest strongly that this predominance did not occur randomly but rather was due to adaptive mechanisms that culminated in increased colonization and other bacterial properties that might confer increased bacteria-host adaptability to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lima Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ligia Guedes Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lopes Martini
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isis Hazelman V Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Masello Maia
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle L Genteluci
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sant'Anna
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria A Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Nelson S S Couceiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nishiki I, Yoshida T, Fujiwara A. Complete genome sequence and characterization of virulence genes in Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from farmed amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:243-250. [PMID: 31136000 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae causes infections in farmed fish. Here, the genome of S. dysgalactiae strain kdys0611, isolated from farmed amberjack (Seriola dumerili) was sequenced. The complete genome sequence of kdys0611 consists of a single chromosome and five plasmids. The chromosome is 2,142,780 bp long and has a GC content of 40%. It possesses 2061 coding sequences and 67 tRNA and 6 rRNA operons. One clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat, 125 insertion sequences, and four predicted prophage elements were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on 126 core genes suggested that the kdys0611 strain is more closely related to S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae than to S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. The genome of kdys0611 harbors 87 genes with sequence similarity to putative virulence-associated genes identified in other bacteria, of which 57 exhibit amino acid identity (>52%) to genes of the S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis GGS124 human clinical isolate. Four putative virulence genes, emm5 (FGCSD_0256), spg_2 (FGCSD_1961), skc (FGCSD_1012), and cna (FGCSD_0159), in kdys0611 did not show significant homology with any deposited S. dysgalactiae genes. The chromosomal sequence of kdys0611 has been deposited in GenBank under Accession No. AP018726. This is the first report of the complete genome sequence of S. dysgalactiae isolated from fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Nishiki
- Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biosciences, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Atushi Fujiwara
- Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biosciences, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Mishra A, Nam GH, Gim JA, Lee HE, Jo A, Kim HS. Current Challenges of Streptococcus Infection and Effective Molecular, Cellular, and Environmental Control Methods in Aquaculture. Mol Cells 2018; 41:495-505. [PMID: 29754470 PMCID: PMC6030242 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial etiological agents of streptococcal disease have been associated with fish mortality and serious global economic loss. Bacterial identification based on biochemical, molecular, and phenotypic methods has been routinely used, along with assessment of morphological analyses. Among these, the molecular method of 16S rRNA sequencing is reliable, but presently, advanced genomics are preferred over other traditional identification methodologies. This review highlights the geographical variation in strains, their relatedness, as well as the complexity of diagnosis, pathogenesis, and various control methods of streptococcal infections. Several limitations, from diagnosis to control, have been reported, which make prevention and containment of streptococcal disease difficult. In this review, we discuss the challenges in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and control methods and suggest appropriate molecular (comparative genomics), cellular, and environmental solutions from among the best available possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Gyu-Hwi Nam
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- The Genomics Institute, Life Sciences Department, UNIST, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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Wang X, Zhang X, Zong Z. Genome sequence and virulence factors of a group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strain with a new element carrying erm(B). Sci Rep 2016; 6:20389. [PMID: 26843282 PMCID: PMC4740735 DOI: 10.1038/srep20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) strain WCHSDSE-1, which caused an outbreak of tonsillopharyngitis among healthcare workers in China, was subjected to genome sequencing and analysis. WCHSDSE-1 belongs to the Lancefield group G, emm type stG211.1 and sequence type 44. WCHSDSE-1 has virulence factors for adherence, impairing the recruitment of neutrophils to infection sites and toxins including streptolysins O and S and exotoxin G. WCHSDSE-1 has a 45.4-kb element resembling a conjugative transposon. This element is absent from other known SDSE genomes and contains the macrolide-resistant gene erm(B). Conjugative transfer of erm(B) was not successful in mating experiments, suggesting that the element might have lost its ability of conjugation. An almost identical element, which contains the tetracycline-resistant gene tet(M) instead of erm(B), is present on the genome of Filifactor alocis ATCC 35896. The boundaries and insertion sites of the two elements were identified and both were flanked by a 3-bp direct repeat, which is characteristic of transposition. In conclusion, the spectrum of virulence factors of WCHSDSE-1 is similar to other SDSE strains causing invasive diseases. WCHSDSE-1 possesses a new transposable element encoding macrolide resistance, which could pick up different resistance genes and could be transferred across species in oral microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyong Zong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Department of Infection Control, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abdelsalam M, Fujino M, Eissa A, Chen S, Warda M. Expression, genetic localization and phylogenic analysis of NAPlr in piscine Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae isolates and their patterns of adherence. J Adv Res 2014; 6:747-55. [PMID: 26425363 PMCID: PMC4563591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae, the long recognized mammalian pathogen, has currently received a major concern regarding fish bacterial infection. Adhesion to host epithelial cells and the presence of wall-associated plasminogen binding proteins are prerequisites to Streptococcus infection. This is the first study of the occurrence of nephritis-associated plasminogen-binding receptor (NAPlr) and α-enolase genes in piscine S. dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae (SDSD) isolates. Further characterization of surface localized NAPlr of fish SDSD revealed a similar immune-reactive band of 43 KDa as that from porcine S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that NAPlr of fish SDSD is more associated with those of mammalian SDSE and Streptococcus pyogenes rather than of other streptococci. Our findings warrant public attention to the possible implication of these virulence genes in dissemination of SDSD to different tissues of infected hosts and to get advantage to new niches. The SDSD adherence patterns were also studied to better understand their pathogenicity. The patterns of adherence of SDSD on two different cell lines showed a different pattern of adherence. Such difference gives an insight about the variance in host susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdelsalam
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +20 2 1122671243, +2 2 35720399; fax: +20 2 35725240, +20 2 35710305.
| | - M. Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A.E. Eissa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Departments of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - S.C. Chen
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - M. Warda
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Center for Services and Researches, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +20 2 1122671243, +2 2 35720399; fax: +20 2 35725240, +20 2 35710305.
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Abdelsalam M, Eissa AE, Chen SC. Genetic diversity of geographically distinct Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from fish. J Adv Res 2013; 6:233-8. [PMID: 25750757 PMCID: PMC4348444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae is an emerging pathogen of fish. Clinically, infection is characterized by the development of necrotic lesions at the caudal peduncle of infected fishes. The pathogen has been recently isolated from different fish species in many countries. Twenty S. dysgalactiae isolates collected from Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia were molecularly characterized by biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE) using SmaI enzyme, and tuf gene sequencing analysis. DNA sequencing of ten S. dysgalactiae revealed no genetic variation in the tuf amplicons, except for three strains. The restriction patterns of chromosomal DNA measured by BSFGE were differentiated into six distinct types and one subtype among collected strains. To our knowledge, this report gives the first snapshot of S. dysgalactiae isolates collected from different countries that are localized geographically and differed on a multinational level. This genetic unrelatedness among different isolates might suggest a high recombination rate and low genetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdelsalam
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A E Eissa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ; Departments of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - S-C Chen
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan ; Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Virulence gene pool detected in bovine group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae isolates by use of a group A S. pyogenes virulence microarray. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2470-9. [PMID: 21525223 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00008-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A custom-designed microarray containing 220 virulence genes of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]) was used to test group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (GCS) field strains causing bovine mastitis and group C or group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (GCS/GGS) isolates from human infections, with the latter being used for comparative purposes, for the presence of virulence genes. All bovine and all human isolates carried a fraction of the 220 genes (23% and 39%, respectively). The virulence genes encoding streptolysin S, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the plasminogen-binding M-like protein PAM, and the collagen-like protein SclB were detected in the majority of both bovine and human isolates (94 to 100%). Virulence factors, usually carried by human beta-hemolytic streptococcal pathogens, such as streptokinase, laminin-binding protein, and the C5a peptidase precursor, were detected in all human isolates but not in bovine isolates. Additionally, GAS bacteriophage-associated virulence genes encoding superantigens, DNase, and/or streptodornase were detected in bovine isolates (72%) but not in the human isolates. Determinants located in non-bacteriophage-related mobile elements, such as the gene encoding R28, were detected in all bovine and human isolates. Several virulence genes, including genes of bacteriophage origin, were shown to be expressed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis of superantigen gene sequences revealed a high level (>98%) of identity among genes of bovine GCS, of the horse pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and of the human pathogen GAS. Our findings indicate that alpha-hemolytic bovine GCS, an important mastitis pathogen and considered to be a nonhuman pathogen, carries important virulence factors responsible for virulence and pathogenesis in humans.
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Suzuki H, Lefébure T, Hubisz MJ, Pavinski Bitar P, Lang P, Siepel A, Stanhope MJ. Comparative genomic analysis of the Streptococcus dysgalactiae species group: gene content, molecular adaptation, and promoter evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 3:168-85. [PMID: 21282711 PMCID: PMC3056289 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics of closely related bacterial species with different pathogenesis and host preference can provide a means of identifying the specifics of adaptive differences. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (SD) is comprised of two subspecies: S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis is both a human commensal organism and a human pathogen, and S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae is strictly an animal pathogen. Here, we present complete genome sequences for both taxa, with analyses involving other species of Streptococcus but focusing on adaptation in the SD species group. We found little evidence for enrichment in biochemical categories of genes carried by each SD strain, however, differences in the virulence gene repertoire were apparent. Some of the differences could be ascribed to prophage and integrative conjugative elements. We identified approximately 9% of the nonrecombinant core genome to be under positive selection, some of which involved known virulence factors in other bacteria. Analyses of proteomes by pooling data across genes, by biochemical category, clade, or branch, provided evidence for increased rates of evolution in several gene categories, as well as external branches of the tree. Promoters were primarily evolving under purifying selection but with certain categories of genes evolving faster. Many of these fast-evolving categories were the same as those associated with rapid evolution in proteins. Overall, these results suggest that adaptation to changing environments and new hosts in the SD species group has involved the acquisition of key virulence genes along with selection of orthologous protein-coding loci and operon promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Suzuki
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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