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Xu Y, Hu L, Li L, Zhang Y, Sun B, Meng X, Zhu T, Sun Z, Hong G, Chen Y, Yan F, Yang J, Li J, Chen J. Ribotypes of Polymyxa graminis in Wheat Samples Infected with Soilborne Wheat Viruses in China. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:948-954. [PMID: 30673393 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1394-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxa graminis is an obligate parasite and important vector of more than 14 soilborne plant viruses that pose a significant threat to cereal crops in Europe, North America, and Asia. Different ribotypes or formae speciales of P. graminis have been recognized and these may be associated with different cereal hosts or with transmission of different viruses. Two soilborne viruses infecting winter wheat in China have been reported and well studied (Wheat yellow mosaic virus [WYMV, genus Bymovirus] and Chinese wheat mosaic virus [CWMV, genus Furovirus]) but there has been no reported characterization of P. graminis isolates associated with them. In this study, the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of P. graminis were examined from 63 wheat samples with apparent virus symptoms obtained from 16 sites within six Chinese provinces. Their associations with soilborne viruses were investigated. Ribotype I (P. graminis f. sp. temperata) and ribotype II (P. graminis f. sp. tepida) were confirmed in winter wheat regions of China for the first time. All 63 wheat root samples were infected with ribotype I of P. graminis and 11 were also infected with ribotype II. There was no obvious association between the ribotypes and infection by either WYMV or CWMV (or double infection). Phylogenetic analysis of the P. graminis ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences revealed that ribotype I in China belongs to previously reported subgroup Ib, whereas ribotype II belongs to IIa. There was considerable sequence variation (pairwise distances from 0.0219 to 0.0319) between Chinese ribotype I isolates of different regions and previously reported ribotype I isolate Ken5 (accession number HE860055.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China; and The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; and College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linying Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Yan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Bingjian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhumadian, China
| | - Tongquan Zhu
- Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhumadian, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Gaojie Hong
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Yang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jian Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Junmin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jianping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S. Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1029-1044. [PMID: 29024322 PMCID: PMC5772912 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, nematodes and oomycetes belong to the most prominent eukaryotic plant pathogenic organisms. Unicellular organisms from other eukaryotic lineages, commonly addressed as protists, also infect plants. This review provides an introduction to plant pathogenic protists, including algae infecting oomycetes, and their current state of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCentre, Linnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala SE‐75007Sweden
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Simon Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Desoignies
- Applied Plant Ecophysiology, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut‐CondorcetAth 7800Belgium
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Richard E. Falloon
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
| | - Anne Legreve
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐Neuve 1348Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchTorontoOntario M5G 1Z8Canada
| | - Ueli Merz
- Plant PathologyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092Switzerland
| | - Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
- Present address:
Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS – UPMC, UMR7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff CedexFrance
| | - Brooke K. Sullivan
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010Australia
- School of BiosciencesVictorian Marine Science ConsortiumQueenscliffVic. 3225Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
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Bass D, van der Gast C, Thomson S, Neuhauser S, Hilton S, Bending GD. Plant Rhizosphere Selection of Plasmodiophorid Lineages from Bulk Soil: The Importance of "Hidden" Diversity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:168. [PMID: 29503632 PMCID: PMC5825890 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities closely associated with the rhizosphere can have strong positive and negative impacts on plant health and growth. We used a group-specific amplicon approach to investigate local scale drivers in the diversity and distribution of plasmodiophorids in rhizosphere/root and bulk soil samples from oilseed rape (OSR) and wheat agri-systems. Plasmodiophorids are plant- and stramenopile-associated protists including well known plant pathogens as well as symptomless endobiotic species. We detected 28 plasmodiophorid lineages (OTUs), many of them novel, and showed that plasmodiophorid communities were highly dissimilar and significantly divergent between wheat and OSR rhizospheres and between rhizosphere and bulk soil samples. Bulk soil communities were not significantly different between OSR and wheat systems. Wheat and OSR rhizospheres selected for different plasmodiophorid lineages. An OTU corresponding to Spongospora nasturtii was positively selected in the OSR rhizosphere, as were two genetically distinct OTUs. Two novel lineages related to Sorosphaerula veronicae were significantly associated with wheat rhizosphere samples, indicating unknown plant-protist relationships. We show that group-targeted eDNA approaches to microbial symbiont-host ecology reveal significant novel diversity and enable inference of differential activity and potential interactions between sequence types, as well as their presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bass
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Serena Thomson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sally Hilton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Gary D. Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Cox BA, Luo H, Jones RAC. Polymyxa graminis Isolates from Australia: Identification in Wheat Roots and Soil, Molecular Characterization, and Wide Genetic Diversity. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1567-1575. [PMID: 30699794 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-14-0128-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxa graminis is an obligate parasite of roots and an important vector of viruses that damage cereal crops in different parts of the world. In 2011 and 2012, P. graminis was identified infecting 11 wheat root samples from three widely dispersed locations in southwest Australia. Its presence was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by DNA sequencing of the transcribed regions of its ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) and observing sporosori of characteristic morphology and size in stained wheat roots. Also, when soil samples were collected from two locations where P. graminis was found and wheat bait plants grown in them, P. graminis was detected in their roots by PCR. Ribosomal DNA sequences of six southwest Australian isolates were obtained from wheat roots, and one northeast Australian isolate from barley roots. When these seven P. graminis sequences were compared with others from GenBank by phylogenetic analysis, three southwest Australian isolates were classified as P. graminis f. sp. temperata (ribotypes Ia and Ib), and three as f. sp. tepida (ribotypes IIa and IIb). P. graminis f. sp. temperata and tepida both occur in temperate growing regions of other continents and are associated with transmission of soil-borne viruses to cereal crops. The P. graminis isolate from northeast Australia was sufficiently distinct from the five existing sequence groups for it to be placed into a newly proposed grouping, ribotype VI, which also included an isolate from tropical West Africa. However, when randomly collected wheat leaf samples from 39 field crops from 27 widely dispersed locations, 21 individual wheat plant samples collected from low lying areas within 21 fields at 11 locations, and wheat bait plants growing in five soil samples from two locations were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for the presence of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus, Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus, Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, and furoviruses in general, no virus infection was detected. These findings suggest at least three P. graminis introductions into Australia, and the occurrence of f. sp. temperata (ribotype I) and f. sp. tepida (ribotype II) suggests that, if not already present, soil-borne cereal viruses are likely to become established should they become introduced to the continent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Cox
- Crop Protection Branch, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Locked Bag No. 4, Bentley Delivery Centre, Perth, WA 6983, Australia, and School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - H Luo
- Crop Protection Branch, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA 6983, Australia
| | - R A C Jones
- Crop Protection Branch, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, and School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia
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Smith MJ, Adams MJ, Ward E. Ribosomal DNA analyses reveal greater sequence variation in Polymyxa species than previously thought and indicate the possibility of new ribotype-host-virus associations. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 5:143-150. [PMID: 23757143 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxa species transmit viruses to many important crops. They are poorly understood obligate parasites occupying a distinct position in the Tree of Life. To better understand the potential for spread of Polymyxa-vectored diseases, ribosomal DNA was analysed from isolates covering a wide range of geographical locations, virus associations and hosts. Internal transcribed spacer 2 structure analysis indicated that Polymyxa graminis isolates could represent many species and there was more sequence variation within the known subgroups (ribotypes) than previously described. In cereal crops and soils from temperate climates Polymyxa isolates were usually ribotype I or II, but their host specificities or preferences were unclear. For the first time, there was evidence that ribotype I (in addition to ribotype II) could transmit SBWMV/SBCMV. Different ribotypes often occurred together in the same soil or plant. New hosts were identified for particular ribotypes, including the first detection of the sugar beet-infecting Polymyxa betae, in wheat. Unexpectedly, ribotype III-like sequences, usually restricted to crops in the tropics, were found in wheat from the USA. P. betae isolates showed limited variation (≤ 2%) and the recent change in susceptibility of sugar beet varieties to BNYVV in the USA is unlikely to be due to changes in P. betae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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