1
|
Mohammadi Zonouz A, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. The molecular mechanisms of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) activity in signaling pathways: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155352. [PMID: 38342017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most unique plants that have ever grown on the planet is Ginkgo biloba L., a member of the Ginkgoaceae family with no close living relatives. The existence of several differently structured components of G. biloba has increased the chemical variety of herbal therapy. Numerous studies that investigated the biochemical characteristics of G. biloba suggest this plant as a potential treatment for many illnesses. PURPOSE Review the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of G. biloba activity in varied circumstances and its potential as a novel treatment for various illnesses. METHODS Studies focusing on the molecular processes and signaling pathways of compounds and extracts of G. biloba were found and summarized using the proper keywords and operators from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time restrictions. RESULTS G. biloba exerts its effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, pulmoprotective, renoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, anti-melanogenic, retinoprotective, otoprotective, adipogenic, and anti-adipogenic properties. The most important mechanisms involved in these actions are altering the elevation of ROS formation, inhibiting NADPH oxidases activation, altering the expression of antioxidant enzymes, downregulating MAPKs (p38 MAPK and ERK, and JNK) and AP-1, increasing cAMP, inactivating Stat5, activating the AMPK signaling pathway, affecting Stat3/JAK2, NF-κB, Nrf-2, mTOR, HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways, and changing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of Cyc from mitochondria to cytosol, the protein cleavage of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and MMPs levels. CONCLUSIONS G. biloba and its components have gained attention in recent years for their therapeutic benefits, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and apoptotic effects. By understanding their molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, potential novel medicines might be developed in response to the rising public desire for new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui M, You T, Zhao Y, Liu R, Guan Y, Liu J, Liu X, Wang X, Dong Q. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® improves cognition and overall condition after ischemic stroke: Results from a pilot randomized trial. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1147860. [PMID: 37063270 PMCID: PMC10090660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1147860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients who experienced an ischemic stroke are at risk for cognitive impairment. Quantified Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® has been used to treat cognitive dysfunction, functional impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and dementia.Objectives: To assess the cognitive-related effects of EGb 761® treatment in patients after acute ischemic stroke, as well as the feasibility of patient selection and outcome measures.Methods: We conducted a randomized, multicentric, open-label trial at 7 centers in China. Patients scoring 20 or lower on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale were enrolled between 7 and 14 days after stroke onset and randomly assigned to receive 240 mg per day of EGb 761® or no additional therapy for 24 weeks in a 1:1 ratio. Both groups received standard treatments for the prevention of recurrent stroke during the trial. General cognitive function and a battery of cognitive tests for sub-domains were evaluated at 24 weeks. All patients were monitored for adverse events.Results: 201 patients ≥50 years old were included, with 100 assigned to the EGb 761® group and 101 to the reference group. The mean change from baseline on the global cognitive function as assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 2.92 in the EGb 761® group and 1.33 in the reference group (between-group difference: 1.59 points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51 to 2.67; p < 0.005). For cognitive domains, EGb 761® showed greater effects on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Total Recall (EGb 761® change 1.40 vs. reference −0.49) and Form 1 of the Shape Trail Test (EGb 761® change −38.2 vs. reference −15.6). Potentially EGb 761®-related adverse events occurred in no more than 3% of patients.Conclusion: Over the 24-week period, EGb 761® treatment improved overall cognitive performance among patients with mild to moderate ischemic stroke. Our findings provide valuable recommendations for the design of future trials, including the criteria for patient selection.Clinical Trial Registration:www.isrctn.com, identifier ISRCTN11815543.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyao You
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruozhuo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tong Ji University Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Dong,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung JH, Hwang J, Kim JH, Sim DY, Im E, Park JE, Park WY, Shim BS, Kim B, Kim SH. Phyotochemical candidates repurposing for cancer therapy and their molecular mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:164-174. [PMID: 31883914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though limited success through chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery has been obtained for efficient cancer therapy for modern decades, cancers are still considered high burden to human health worldwide to date. Recently repurposing drugs are attractive with lower cost and shorter time compared to classical drug discovery, just as Metformin from Galega officinalis, originally approved for treating Type 2 diabetes by FDA, is globally valued at millions of US dollars for cancer therapy. As most previous reviews focused on FDA approved drugs and synthetic agents, current review discussed the anticancer potential of phytochemicals originally approved for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infectious diarrhea, depression and malaria with their molecular mechanisms and efficacies and suggested future research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yi Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu Z, Lin L, Liu S, Qin M, He S, Zhu L, Huang J. Ginkgo Biloba Extract Inhibits Metastasis and ERK/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) Signaling Pathway in Gastric Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6836-6845. [PMID: 31509521 PMCID: PMC6753842 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761), a standard extract of the Chinese traditional medicine Ginkgo biloba, plays an anti-tumor role in various cancers. However, whether EGb761 is involved in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer remains unclear. Material/Methods In the current study, cell viability assay, Western blotting, wound-healing assay, Transwell invasion assay, and orthotopic transplantation model were performed to explore the effects of EGb761 on gastric cancer. Results In vitro, the results showed that EGb761 suppressed the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the migration and invasiveness were weakened and the protein levels of p-ERK1/2, NF-κB P65, NF-κB p-P65, and MMP2 were decreased by EGb761 or U0126 (an inhibitor of ERK signaling pathway) exposure in gastric cancer cells. Moreover, the combined treatment with EGb761 and U0126 significantly inhibited ERK, NF-κB signaling pathway, and the expression of MMP2 than those of single drug. In vivo, EGb761 inhibited the tumor growth and hepatic metastasis of gastric cancer in the mouse model. Results of immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression of ERK1/2, NF-κB P65 and MMP2 were decreased by EGb761 in the tumor tissues. Conclusions EGb761 plays a vital role in the suppression of metastasis and ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Shiquan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Mengbin Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Siwei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Liye Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jiean Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Czauderna C, Palestino-Dominguez M, Castven D, Becker D, Zanon-Rodriguez L, Hajduk J, Mahn FL, Herr M, Strand D, Strand S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Wörns MA, Galle PR, Marquardt JU. Ginkgo biloba induces different gene expression signatures and oncogenic pathways in malignant and non-malignant cells of the liver. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209067. [PMID: 30576355 PMCID: PMC6303069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) is a widely used botanical drug. Several reports indicate that EGb761 confers preventive as well as anti-tumorigenic properties in a variety of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We here evaluate functional effects and molecular alterations induced by EGb761 in hepatoma cells and non-malignant hepatocytes. Hepatoma cell lines, primary human HCC cells and immortalized human hepatocytes (IH) were exposed to various concentrations (0–1000 μg/ml) of EGb761. Apoptosis and proliferation were evaluated after 72h of EGb761 exposure. Response to oxidative stress, tumorigenic properties and molecular changes were further investigated. While anti-oxidant effects were detected in all cell lines, EGb761 promoted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects mainly in hepatoma cells. Consistently, EGb761 treatment caused a significant reduction in colony and sphere forming ability in hepatoma cells and no mentionable changes in IH. Transcriptomic changes involved oxidative stress response as well as key oncogenic pathways resembling Nrf2- and mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, EGb761 induces differential effects in non-transformed and cancer cells. While treatment confers protective effects in non-malignant cells, EGb761 significantly impairs tumorigenic properties in cancer cells by affecting key oncogenic pathways. Results provide the rational for clinical testing of EGb761 in preventive and therapeutic strategies in human liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Czauderna
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mayrel Palestino-Dominguez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Darko Castven
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Becker
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luis Zanon-Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jovana Hajduk
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Friederike L. Mahn
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Herr
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Strand
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Department of Genomics of Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis E. Gomez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Marcus A. Wörns
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens U. Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Lichtenberg Research Group “Molecular Hepatocarcinogenesis”, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar M, Dhatwalia SK, Dhawan DK. Role of angiogenic factors of herbal origin in regulation of molecular pathways that control tumor angiogenesis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14341-14354. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
7
|
Proteomics in Traditional Chinese Medicine with an Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:393510. [PMID: 26557146 PMCID: PMC4628675 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This increasing demand for TCM needs to be accompanied by a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of TCM-based therapy. However, TCM is often described as a concept of Chinese philosophy, which is incomprehensible for Western medical society, thereby creating a gap between TCM and Western medicine (WM). In order to meet this challenge, TCM research has applied proteomics technologies for exploring the mechanisms of action of TCM treatment. Proteomics enables TCM researchers to oversee various pathways that are affected by treatment, as well as the dynamics of their interactions with one another. This review discusses the utility of comparative proteomics to better understand how TCM treatment may be used as a complementary therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, we review the data from comparative AD-related TCM proteomics studies and establish the relevance of the data with available AD hypotheses, most notably regarding the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye L, Jia Y, Ji KE, Sanders AJ, Xue K, Ji J, Mason MD, Jiang WG. Traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1240-1250. [PMID: 26622657 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been a major part of healthcare in China, and has extensively affected medicine and healthcare in surrounding countries over a long period of time. In the fight against cancer, certain anticancer remedies using herbs or herbal formulas derived from TCM have been developed for the management of malignancies. Furthermore, there are clinical trials registered for the use of herbal remedies in cancer management. Herbal medicine has been used as part of combined therapies to reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy, including bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting. Herbal remedies have also been used as chemopreventive therapies to treat precancerous conditions in order to reduce the incidence of cancer in high-risk populations. Emerging evidence has revealed that herbal remedies can regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion and migration of cancer cells. In addition to this direct effect upon cancer cells, a number of herbal remedies have been identified to suppress angiogenesis and therefore reduce tumour growth. The inhibition of tumour growth may also be due to modifications of the host immune system by the herbal treatment. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of herbal remedies remain poorly understood and are yet to be fully elucidated. The present study aims to summarize the current literature and clinical trial results of herbal remedies for cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the recent findings and development of the Yangzheng Xiaoji capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Yongning Jia
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - K E Ji
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Malcolm D Mason
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK ; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu SQ, Xu CY, Qin MB, Tan L, Zhuge CF, Mao YB, Lai MY, Huang JA. Ginkgo biloba extract enhances chemotherapy sensitivity and reverses chemoresistance through suppression of the KSR1-mediated ERK1/2 pathway in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2871-82. [PMID: 25962735 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) is a scaffold protein that modulates the activation of the oncogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) 761 has been demonstrated to possess antitumor activity that may be related to the KSR1-mediated ERK signaling pathway. However, the roles and its underlying mechanism in gastric cancer are unclear. In the present study, 62 gastric cancer and matched normal tissues were exploited for immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR detection. Results of the immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 was correlated to the expression of KSR1 and p-KSR1 in the gastric cancer tissues, and the overexpression of KSR1, p-KSR1, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 was significantly associated with histological grade, TNM stage, lymph node and distant metastasis. Compared with the normal tissues, the relative mRNA copy values of KSR1, ERK1 and ERK2 in the cancer tissues were 2.43 ± 0.49, 2.10 ± 0.44 and 3.65 ± 0.94. In addition, the expression of KSR1, p-KSR1, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 in human gastric cancer multidrug resistant SGC-7901/CDDP cells was higher than that in the SGC-7901 cells as detected by the methods of immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis. EGb 761 not only suppressed expression of these proteins induced by cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide in SGC-7901 cells, but also inhibited expression of these proteins in the SGC-7901/CDDP cells. Meanwhile, the proliferation-suppressing and apoptosis-inducing capacities of CDDP and etoposide were enhanced following combined treatment with EGb 761. Moreover, EGb 761 reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the tumor cells. These results confirmed that activation of the KSR1-mediated ERK1/2 signaling pathway may contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance of human gastric cancer. EGb 761 enhanced the chemotherapy sensitivity and reversed the chemoresistance through suppression of the KSR1-mediated ERK1/2 pathway in gastric cancer cells, and the underlying mechanism may be related to its antioxidative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Quan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Bin Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Feng Zhuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Bo Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jie-An Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oh JH, Oh J, Togloom A, Kim SW, Huh K. Effects of GinkgobilobaExtract on Cultured Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells under Chemical Hypoxia. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:1072-82. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.804093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
11
|
Weingaertner IR, Koutnik S, Ammer H. Chronic morphine treatment attenuates cell growth of human BT474 breast cancer cells by rearrangement of the ErbB signalling network. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53510. [PMID: 23308242 PMCID: PMC3538590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that opioid analgesics may interfere with tumour growth. It is currently thought that these effects are mediated by transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-controlled ERK1/2 and Akt signalling. The growth of many breast cancer cells is dependent on hyperactive ErbB receptor networks and one of the most successful approaches in antineoplastic therapy during the last decade was the development of ErbB-targeted therapies. However, the response rates of single therapies are often poor and resistance mechanisms evolve rapidly. To date there is no information about the ability of opioid analgesics to interfere with the growth of ErbB-driven cancers. Methods and Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that ErbB2 overexpressing BT474 human breast cancer cells carry fully functional endogenous µ-opioid receptors. Most interestingly, the acute opioid effects on basal and Heregulin-stimulated ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation changed considerably during chronic Morphine treatment. Investigation of the underlying mechanism by the use of protein kinase inhibitors and co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that chronic Morphine treatment results in rearrangement of the ErbB signalling network leading to dissociation of ERK1/2 from Akt signalling and a switch from ErbB1/ErbB3 to ErbB1/ErbB2-dependent cell growth. In chronically Morphine-treated cells Heregulin-stimulated ERK1/2 signalling is redirected via a newly established PI3K- and metalloproteinase-dependent feedback loop. Together, these alterations result in apoptosis of BT474 cells. A similar switch in Heregulin-stimulated ERK1/2 signalling from an ErbB2-independent to an ErbB2-, PI3K- and metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism was also observed in κ-opioid receptor expressing SKBR3 human mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Conclusions and Significance The present data demonstrate that the ErbB receptor network of human breast cancer cells represents a target for chronic Morphine treatment. Rearrangement of ErbB signalling by chronic Morphine may provide a promising strategy to enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to ErbB-directed therapies and to prevent the development of escape mechanisms.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Neuregulin-1/genetics
- Neuregulin-1/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inka Regine Weingaertner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Koutnik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann Ammer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang W, Cong Q, Wang Y, Ye B, Xu C. Ginkgo May Sensitize Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cisplatin: Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Ginkgolide B on Ovarian Cancer Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 13:NP10-7. [PMID: 22505596 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411433833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide B (GB), the primary active component ofGinkgo bilobaextracts, may have antitumor properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects and possible mechanisms of GB in ovarian cancer cells. In this study, human ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and CAOV3) were treated with different concentrations of GB alone or in combination with Cis-diaminodichloroplatinum (CDDP). An MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to determine cell viability. The apoptosis rates of cells were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The expression of apoptosis-associated and proliferation-associated proteins was detected by Western blot. The cytotoxicity of GB was analyzed using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. Treatment with 100 µM GB for 3 days significantly inhibited SKOV3 and CAOV3 cell proliferation by 57.3% and 63.1% compared with control cells, respectively, as determined by MTT assay. Similarly, the apoptotic cell population was increased when treated with GB in a dose-dependent manner both in SKOV3 and CAOV3 cells. These effects were characterized by the upregulation of p21, p27, cleaved capase-3, and cleaved caspase-8 and downregulation of cyclin D1. In addition, a combined treatment of low concentrations of GB and CDDP showed an additive effect on the inhibition of SKOV3 cell proliferation. Furthermore, GB had significantly less cytotoxicity than CDDP in normal human ovarian surface epithelial cells. This study suggests that GB can be proposed as an effective antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing agent with interesting translational application in ovarian cancers, used in addition to conventional chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Cong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bin Ye
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology and Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China Municipal Key Laboratory for Diseases Related to Women's Reproductive and Endocrine Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
El Mesallamy HO, Metwally NS, Soliman MS, Ahmed KA, Abdel Moaty MM. The chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba and Silybum marianum extracts on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:38. [PMID: 22040519 PMCID: PMC3225333 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective This study was designed to evaluate the potential chemopreventive activities of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) and Silybum marianum extract (silymarin) against hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in rats. Methods Rats were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 served as normal control rats. Group 2 animals were intragastrically administrated NDEA at a dose of 10 mg/kg five times a week for 12 weeks to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Groups 3 and 4 animals were pretreated with silymarin and EGb respectively. Groups 5 and 6 animals were posttreated with silymarin and EGb respectively. The investigated parameters in serum are alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The investigated parameters in liver tissue are malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and comet assay parameters. Results In NDEA group, MDA level was elevated with subsequent decrease in GSH level and SOD, GPx and GR activities. In addition, NDEA group revealed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST and GGT activities and VEGF level. Furthermore, NDEA administrated animals showed a marked increase in comet assay parameters. These biochemical alterations induced by NDEA were confirmed by the histopathological examination of rat livers intoxicated with NDEA that showed an obvious cellular damage and well differentiated HCC. In contrast, silymarin+NDEA treated groups (3&5) and EGb+NDEA treated groups (4&6) showed a significant decrease in MDA level and a significant increase in GSH content and SOD, GPx and GR activities compared to NDEA group. Silymarin and EGb also beneficially down-regulated the increase in serum ALT, AST, GGT activities and VEGF level induced by NDEA. In addition, silymarin and EGb significantly decreased comet assay parameters. Histopathological examination of rat livers treated with either silymarin or EGb exhibited an improvement in the liver architecture compared to NDEA group. Conclusions The obtained findings suggested that silymarin and EGb may have beneficial chemopreventive roles against hepatocarcinogenesis through their antioxidant, antiangiogenic and antigenotoxic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala O El Mesallamy
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Tahrir st,, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bubik MF, Willer EA, Bihari P, Jürgenliemk G, Ammer H, Krombach F, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Fürst R. A novel approach to prevent endothelial hyperpermeability: the Crataegus extract WS® 1442 targets the cAMP/Rap1 pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:196-205. [PMID: 22085704 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability followed by edema formation is a hallmark of many severe disorders. Effective drugs directly targeting endothelial barrier function are widely lacking. We hypothesized that the hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) extract WS® 1442, a proven multi-component drug against moderate forms of heart failure, would prevent vascular leakage by affecting endothelial barrier-regulating systems. In vivo, WS® 1442 inhibited the histamine-evoked extravasation of FITC-dextran from mouse cremaster muscle venules. In cultured human endothelial cells, WS® 1442 blocked the thrombin-induced FITC-dextran permeability. By applying biochemical and microscopic techniques, we revealed that WS® 1442 abrogates detrimental effects of thrombin on adherens junctions (vascular endothelial-cadherin), the F-actin cytoskeleton, and the contractile apparatus (myosin light chain). Mechanistically, WS® 1442 inhibited the thrombin-induced rise of intracellular calcium (ratiometric measurement), followed by an inactivation of PKC and RhoA (pulldown assay). Moreover, WS® 1442 increased endothelial cAMP levels (ELISA), which consequently activated PKA and Rap1 (pulldown assay). Utilizing pharmacological inhibitors or siRNA, we found that PKA is not involved in barrier protection, whereas Epac1, Rap1, and Rac1 play a crucial role in the WS® 1442-induced activation of cortactin, which triggers a strong cortical actin rearrangement. In summary, WS® 1442 effectively protects against endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. It specifically interacts with endothelial permeability-regulating systems by blocking the Ca(2+)/PKC/RhoA and activating the cAMP/Epac1/Rap1 pathway. As a proven safe herbal drug, WS® 1442 opens a novel pharmacological approach to treat hyperpermeability-associated diseases. This in-depth mechanistic work contributes to a better acceptance of this herbal remedy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Bubik
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liebl J, Krystof V, Vereb G, Takács L, Strnad M, Pechan P, Havlicek L, Zatloukal M, Fürst R, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Anti-angiogenic effects of purine inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases. Angiogenesis 2011; 14:281-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
16
|
Shah ZA, Nada SE, Doré S. Heme oxygenase 1, beneficial role in permanent ischemic stroke and in Gingko biloba (EGb 761) neuroprotection. Neuroscience 2011; 180:248-55. [PMID: 21334424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, a popular and standardized natural extract, contains 24% ginkgo-flavonol glycosides and 6% terpene lactones. EGb 761 is used worldwide to treat many ailments, and although a number of studies have shown its neuroprotective properties, the mechanisms of action have not been elucidated fully. We hypothesize that EGb 761 and some of its bioactive components [Bilobalide (BB), Ginkgolide A (GA), Ginkgolide B (GB), and Terpene Free Material (TFM)] could provide neuroprotection in ischemic conditions through heme oxygenase 1 (HO1). Mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and survived for 7 days. HO1 knockout (HO1⁻/⁻) mice showed significantly higher (P<0.05) infarct volume and Neurologic Deficit Scores (NDS) as compared to their wildtype (WT) counterparts. In another cohort, WT mice subjected to pMCAO and treated at 4 h of pMCAO with 100 mg/kg EGb 761, 6 mg/kg BB, GA, GB, or 10 mg/kg TFM showed significantly lower (P<0.05) infarct volumes (BB; 29.0±3.9%, GA; 31.3±4.0%, GB; 32.0±3.8%, TFM; 32.5±3.5%, and EGb 761; 27.4±4.5%) than those in the vehicle-treated mice (46.0±3.7%). Similarly, NDS were lower in BB; 7.1±1.8, GA; 7.4±2.1, GB; 7.9±1.8, TFM; 7.7±1.7, and EGb 761; 6.8±2.0 groups as compared with the vehicle-treated group (13.8±1.5). Interestingly, the protective effect of EGb 761 was essentially lost when HO1 knockout mice were treated with EGb 761. In another cohort, HO1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels in the brain cortices appeared to be higher in EGb 761 and BB but not in GA, GB and TFM treated groups. Together, these results suggest that HO1 plays, at least in part, an important role in the neuroprotective mechanism of EGb 761 and in delayed ischemia. Targeting this pathway could lead to neuroprotective agents against ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|