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Levetan C. Frederick Banting's observations leading to the potential for islet neogenesis without transplantation. J Diabetes 2022; 14:104-110. [PMID: 34967992 PMCID: PMC9060105 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
On 31 October 1920, Sir Frederick Banting, while preparing for a medical student lecture on diabetes, a topic that he knew little about, learned how pancreatic stones resulted in the formation of new islets of Langerhans. He then scribbled down a potential research study of tying off the ducts of the pancreas and collecting the secretions to improve diabetes. These secretions became known as insulin. A century later, 60 different oral medications and 20 different insulins are available for the treatment of diabetes, yet none stimulate new islet formation. One hundred years later, after the discovery of insulin, more than a dozen research teams from around the world have demonstrated that similar studies to Banting's pancreatic ligation studies have resulted in upregulation of the REG gene. There are now more than 200 publications on the role of Reg gene proteins and shorter Reg peptides in initiating new islet formation islet from exocrine pancreatic ducts and protecting against inflammation to islets resulting in islet death. Human data through Phase 2b in both type 1 and 2 diabetes patients with diabetes for an average of 20 years have demonstrated that the use of a shorter bioactive Reg peptide can generate new endogenous insulin production, resulting in significant reductions in hemoglobin A1C and increases in stimulated C-peptide. The observations of Frederick Banting, one century ago, may now lead to the generation of therapeutics that form new islets without the need for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claresa Levetan
- Fellow with Distinction, American College of Endocrinology, Diplomate, American Board of Internal Medicine, Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGrand View HealthLansdalePennsylvaniaUSA
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Memon B, Younis I, Abubaker F, Abdelalim EM. PDX1 - /NKX6.1 + progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells as a novel source of insulin-secreting cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3400. [PMID: 32857429 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Beta cell replacement strategies are a promising alternative for diabetes treatment. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) serve as a scalable source for producing insulin-secreting cells for transplantation therapy. We recently generated novel hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors, expressing high levels of the transcription factor NKX6.1, in the absence of PDX1 (PDX1- /NKX6.1+ ). Herein, our aim was to characterize this novel population and assess its ability to differentiate into insulin-secreting beta cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three different hPSC lines were differentiated into PDX1- /NKX6.1+ progenitors, which were further differentiated into insulin-secreting cells using two different protocols. The progenitors and beta cells were extensively characterized. Transcriptome analysis was performed at different stages and compared with the profiles of various pancreatic counterparts. RESULTS PDX1- /NKX6.1+ progenitors expressed high levels of nestin, a key marker of pancreatic islet-derived progenitors, in the absence of E-cadherin, similar to pancreatic mesenchymal stem cells. At progenitor stage, comparison of the two populations showed downregulation of pancreatic epithelial genes and upregulation of neuronal development genes in PDX1- /NKX6.1+ cells in comparison to the PDX1+ /NKX6.1+ cells. Interestingly, on further differentiation, PDX1- /NKX6.1+ cells generated mono-hormonal insulin+ cells and activated pancreatic key genes, such as PDX1. The transcriptome profile of PDX1- /NKX6.1+ -derived beta (3D-beta) was closely similar to those of human pancreatic islets and purified hPSC-derived beta cells. Also, the 3D-beta cells secreted C-peptide in response to increased glucose concentrations indicating their functionality. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel source of insulin-secreting cells that can be used for beta cell therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Memon
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, PO Box 34110,, Qatar
| | - Ihab Younis
- Biological Sciences Program, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadhil Abubaker
- Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, PO Box 34110,, Qatar
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Characterization and Differentiation of Sorted Human Fetal Pancreatic ALDHhi and ALDHhi/CD133+ Cells Toward Insulin-Expressing Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:275-286. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Sionov RV, Finesilver G, Sapozhnikov L, Soroker A, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Saad Y, Kahana M, Bodaker M, Alpert E, Mitrani E. Beta Cells Secrete Significant and Regulated Levels of Insulin for Long Periods when Seeded onto Acellular Micro-Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 21:2691-702. [PMID: 26416226 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to obtain significant and regulated insulin secretion from human beta cells ex vivo. Long-term culture of human pancreatic islets and attempts at expanding human islet cells normally result in loss of beta-cell phenotype. We propose that to obtain proper ex vivo beta cell function, there is a need to develop three-dimensional structures that mimic the natural islet tissue microenvironment. We here describe the preparation of endocrine micro-pancreata (EMPs) that are made up of acellular organ-derived micro-scaffolds seeded with human intact or enzymatically dissociated islets. We show that EMPs constructed by seeding whole islets, freshly enzymatically-dissociated islets or even dissociated islets grown first in standard monolayer cultures express high levels of key beta-cell specific genes and secrete quantities of insulin per cell similar to freshly isolated human islets in a glucose-regulated manner for more than 3 months in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gershon Finesilver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Sapozhnikov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avigail Soroker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yocheved Saad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meygal Kahana
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matan Bodaker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evgenia Alpert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eduardo Mitrani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
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Dave S. Mesenchymal stem cells derived in vitro transdifferentiated insulin-producing cells: A new approach to treat type 1 diabetes. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:266. [PMID: 25625105 PMCID: PMC4298883 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.148247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is largely related to an innate defect in the immune system culminating in a loss of self-tolerance and destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. Currently, there is no definitive cure for T1DM. Insulin injection does not mimic the precise regulation of β-cells on glucose homeostasis, leading long term to the development of complications. Stem cell therapy is a promising approach and specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising possibility that deserves to be explored further. MSCs are multipotent, nonhematopoietic progenitors. They have been explored as an treatment option in tissue regeneration as well as potential of in vitro transdifferentiation into insulin-secreting cells. Thus, the major therapeutic goals for T1DM have been achieved in this way. The regenerative capabilities of MSCs have been a driving force to initiate studies testing their therapeutic effectiveness; their immunomodulatory properties have been equally exciting; which would appear capable of disabling immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction in T1DM. Furthermore, MSCs can be cultured under specially defined conditions, their transdifferentiation can be directed toward the β-cell phenotype, and the formation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) can be targeted. To date, the role of MSCs-derived IPC in T1DM–a unique approach with some positive findings–have been unexplored, but it is still in its very early phase. In this study, a new approach of MSCs-derived IPCs, as a potential therapeutic benefit for T1DM in experimental animal models as well as in humans has been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Dave
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, Stem Cell Lab and Transplant Biology Research Centre, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre-Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Hiram-Bab S, Katz LS, Shapira H, Sandbank J, Gershengorn MC, Oron Y. Platelet-derived growth factor BB mimics serum-induced dispersal of pancreatic epithelial cell clusters. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:743-51. [PMID: 24129818 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that proliferating human islet-derived de-differentiated cells (DIDs) exhibit many characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells. Dispersed DIDs can be induced by serum deprivation to undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and aggregate into epithelial cell clusters (ECCs). Conversely, ECCs can be induced to disperse and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by re-addition of mammalian sera. In this study, we show that platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) mimics and mediates serum-induced ECCs' dispersal accompanied by accumulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin and a decrease in the levels of insulin and glucagon mRNAs. Moreover, we show that PDGF-BB-induced dispersal of ECCs is a more general phenomenon that occurs also with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs). In DIDs, BM-MSCs, and DFs, PDGF decreased the levels of DKK1 mRNA, suggesting involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway. PDGF-BB stimulated a significant increase in S473 phosphorylation of Akt and the PI3K specific inhibitor (PIP828) partially inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ECC dispersal. Lastly, the PDGF-receptor (PDGF-R) antagonist JNJ-10198409 inhibited both PDGF-BB--and serum-induced ECC dispersal. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which shares most of the PDGF signaling pathway, did not induce dispersal and only weakly stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Our data suggest that PDGF-BB mediates serum-induced DIDs dispersal, correlated with the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Seeberger KL, Anderson SJ, Ellis CE, Yeung TY, Korbutt GS. Identification and differentiation of PDX1 β-cell progenitors within the human pancreatic epithelium. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:59-68. [PMID: 24567802 PMCID: PMC3932428 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To minimize the expansion of pancreatic mesenchymal cells in vitro and confirm that β-cell progenitors reside within the pancreatic epithelium.
METHODS: Due to mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) expansion and overgrowth, progenitor cells within the pancreatic epithelium cannot be characterized in vitro, though β-cell dedifferentiation and expansion of MSC intermediates via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may generate β-cell progenitors. Pancreatic epithelial cells from endocrine and non-endocrine tissue were expanded and differentiated in a novel pancreatic epithelial expansion medium supplemented with growth factors known to support epithelial cell growth (dexamethasone, epidermal growth factor, 3,5,3’-triiodo-l-thyronine, bovine brain extract). Cells were also infected with a single and dual lentiviral reporter prior to cell differentiation. Enhanced green fluorescent protein was controlled by the rat Insulin 1 promoter and the monomeric red fluorescent protein was controlled by the mouse PDX1 promoter. In combination with lentiviral tracing, cells expanded and differentiated in the pancreatic medium were characterized by flow cytometry (BD fluorescence activated cell sorting), immunostaining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (7900HT Fast Realtime PCR System).
RESULTS: In the presence of 10% serum MSCs rapidly expand in vitro while the epithelial cell population declines. The percentage of vimentin+ cells increased from 22% ± 5.83% to 80.43% ± 3.24% (14 d) and 99.00% ± 0.0% (21 d), and the percentage of epithelial cells decreased from 74.71% ± 8.34% to 26.57% ± 9.75% (14 d) and 4.00% ± 1.53% (21 d), P < 0.01 for all time points. Our novel pancreatic epithelial expansion medium preserved the epithelial cell phenotype and minimized epithelial cell dedifferentiation and EMT. Cells expanded in our epithelial medium contained significantly less mesenchymal cells (vimentin+) compared to controls (44.87% ± 4.93% vs 95.67% ± 1.36%; P < 0.01). During cell differentiation lentiviral reporting demonstrated that, PDX1+ and insulin+ cells were localized within adherent epithelial cell aggregates compared to controls. Compared to starting islets differentiated cells had at least two fold higher gene expression of PDX1, insulin, PAX4 and RFX (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: PDX1+ cells were confined to adherent epithelial cell aggregates and not vimentin+ cells (mesenchymal), suggesting that EMT is not a mechanism for generating pancreatic progenitor cells.
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Chen S, Shimoda M, Chen J, Matsumoto S, Grayburn PA. Transient overexpression of cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP1 genes induces proliferation and differentiation of adult pancreatic progenitors and mediates islet regeneration. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:695-705. [PMID: 22373529 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.4.19120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of β-cell regeneration remains poorly understood. Cyclin D2/CDK4 expresses in normal β cells and maintains adult β-cell growth. We hypothesized that gene therapy with cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP-1 plasmids targeted to the pancreas of STZ-treated rats by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) would force cell cycle re-entry of residual G(0)-phase islet cells into G(1)/S phase to regenerate β cells. A single UTMD treatment induced β-cell regeneration with reversal of diabetes for 6 mo without evidence of toxicity. We observed that this β-cell regeneration was not mediated by self-replication of pre-existing β cells. Instead, cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP-1 initiated robust proliferation of adult pancreatic progenitor cells that exist within islets and terminally differentiate to mature islets with β cells and α cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Chen
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Chen S, Shimoda M, Chen J, Matsumoto S, Grayburn PA. Ectopic transgenic expression of NKX2.2 induces differentiation of adult pancreatic progenitors and mediates islet regeneration. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1544-53. [PMID: 22433950 DOI: 10.4161/cc.19928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To pursue islet regeneration in situ in adult pancreas with a diabetic animal model, we used ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) to deliver islet transcription factor genes to the pancreas of STZ-treated rats, specifically using a piggyBac transposon gene delivery system for long-term transgene expression of Nkx2.2 in STZ rat pancreas. Our results show that Nkx2.2 gene induced robust proliferation and differentiation of adult pancreatic progenitors. Our high-resolution confocal images precisely displayed how one single pancreatic progenitor cell differentiated into islets-like clusters and, further, into mature islets with normal morphology in situ in postnatal pancreas. Nkx2.2 targeted to the pancreas by UTMD induces pancreatic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation with subsequent islet regeneration and cure of STZ-induced diabetes for three months.
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