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Huynh H, Ng WH, Soo KC. Everolimus Acts in Synergy with Vinorelbine to Suppress the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:17. [PMID: 38203186 PMCID: PMC10779360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging cancer to treat, as traditional chemotherapies have shown limited effectiveness. The mammalian target of rapamycin/sirolimus (mTOR) and microtubules are prominent druggable targets for HCC. In this study, we demonstrated that co-targeting mTOR using mTOR inhibitors (everolimus and sirolimus) along with the microtubule inhibitor vinorelbine yielded results superior to those of the monotherapies in HCC PDX models. Our research showed that the vinorelbine arrests cells at the mitotic phase, induces apoptosis, and normalizes tumor blood vessels but upregulates survivin and activates the mTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1 pathway. The addition of the everolimus significantly improved the tumor response to the vinorelbine, leading to improved overall survival (OS) in most tested orthotopic HCC PDX models. The mechanistic investigation revealed that this marked antitumor effect was accompanied by the downregulations of mTOR targets (p-p70S6K, p-4EBP1, and p-S6K); several key cell-cycle regulators; and the antiapoptotic protein survivin. These effects did not compromise the normalization of the blood vessels observed in response to the vinorelbine in the vinorelbine-sensitive PDX models or to the everolimus in the everolimus-sensitive PDX models. The combination of the everolimus and vinorelbine (everolimus/vinorelbine) also promoted apoptosis with minimal toxicity. Given the cost-effectiveness and established effectiveness of everolimus, and especially sirolimus, this strategy warrants further investigation in early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore;
| | - Wai Har Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore;
| | - Khee Chee Soo
- Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore
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Tahiri A, Puco K, Naji F, Kristensen VN, Alfsen GC, Farkas L, Nilsen FS, Müller S, Oldenburg J, Geisler J. Kinase activity profiling in renal cell carcinoma, benign renal tissue and in response to four different tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncotarget 2022; 13:970-981. [PMID: 36093296 PMCID: PMC9450987 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase activity is frequently altered in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are part of the standard treatment strategy in patients with metastatic disease. However, there are still no established biomarkers to predict clinical benefits of a specific TKI. Here, we performed protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) profiling using PamChip® technology. The aim of this study was to identify differences in PTK activity between normal and malignant kidney tissue obtained from the same patient, and to investigate the inhibitory effects of TKIs frequently used in the clinics: sunitinib, pazopanib, cabozantinib and tivozanib. Briefly, our results showed that 36 kinase substrates differs (FDR < 0.05) between normal and cancer kidney tissue, where members of the Src family kinases and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway exhibit high activity in renal cancer. Furthermore, ex vivo treatment of clear cell RCC with TKIs revealed that pathways such as Rap1, Ras and PI3K pathways were strongly inhibited, whereas the neurotrophin pathway had increased activity upon TKI addition. In our assay, tivozanib and cabozantinib exhibited greater inhibitory effects on PTK activity compared to sunitinib and pazopanib, implying they might be better suitable as TKIs for selected RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andliena Tahiri
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Katarina Puco
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Faris Naji
- Pamgene International BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Vessela N. Kristensen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway
| | - Glenny Cecilie Alfsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Lorant Farkas
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Frode S. Nilsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Urology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Stig Müller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Urology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jan Oldenburg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Pal K, Madamsetty VS, Dutta SK, Mukhopadhyay D. Co-delivery of everolimus and vinorelbine via a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in RCC. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5109-5123. [PMID: 31371950 PMCID: PMC6636461 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s204221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is notorious for its resistance towards chemotherapy and radiation therapy in general. Combination therapy is often helpful in alleviating the resistance mechanisms by targeting multiple signaling pathways but is usually more toxic than monotherapy. Co-encapsulation of multiple therapeutic agents in a tumor-targeted drug delivery platform is a promising strategy to mitigate these limitations. Methods A tumor-targeted liposomal formulation was prepared using phospholipids, cholesterol, DSPE-(PEG)2000-OMe and a proprietary tumor-targeting-peptide (TTP)-conjugated lipopeptide. An efficient method was optimized to encapsulate everolimus and vinorelbine in this liposomal formulation. Single drug-loaded liposomes were also prepared for comparison. Finally, the drug-loaded liposomes were tested in vitro and in vivo in two different RCC cell lines. Results The tumor-targeted liposomal formulation demonstrated excellent tumor-specific uptake. The dual drug-loaded liposomes exhibited significantly higher growth inhibition in vitro compared to the single drug-loaded liposomes in two different RCC cell lines. Similarly, the dual drug-loaded liposomes demonstrated significantly higher suppression of tumor growth compared to the single drug-loaded liposomes in two different subcutaneous RCC xenografts. In addition, the dual drug-loaded liposomes instigated significant reduction in lung metastasis in those experiments. Conclusion Taken together, this study demonstrates that co-delivery of everolimus and vinorelbine with a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation is an effective approach to achieve improved therapeutic outcome in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shamit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Yang L, Kwon J, Popov Y, Gajdos GB, Ordog T, Brekken RA, Mukhopadhyay D, Schuppan D, Bi Y, Simonetto D, Shah VH. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes fibrosis resolution and repair in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1339-50.e1. [PMID: 24503129 PMCID: PMC4001704 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis is implicated in fibrogenesis and portal hypertension. However, the function of VEGF in fibrosis resolution has not been explored. METHODS We developed a cholecystojejunostomy procedure to reconstruct biliary flow after bile duct ligation in C57BL/6 mice to generate a model of fibrosis resolution. These mice were then given injections of VEGF-neutralizing (mcr84) or control antibodies, and other mice received an adenovirus that expressed mouse VEGF or a control vector. The procedure was also performed on macrophage fas-induced apoptosis mice, in which macrophages can be selectively depleted. Liver and blood samples were collected and analyzed in immunohistochemical, morphometric, vascular permeability, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry assays. RESULTS VEGF-neutralizing antibodies prevented development of fibrosis but also disrupted hepatic tissue repair and fibrosis resolution. During fibrosis resolution, VEGF inhibition impaired liver sinusoidal permeability, which was associated with reduced monocyte migration, adhesion, and infiltration of fibrotic liver. Scar-associated macrophages contributed to this process by producing the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) and matrix metalloproteinase 13. Resolution of fibrosis was impaired in macrophage fas-induced apoptosis mice but increased after overexpression of CXCL9. CONCLUSIONS In a mouse model of liver fibrosis resolution, VEGF promoted fibrogenesis, but was also required for hepatic tissue repair and fibrosis resolution. We observed that VEGF regulates vascular permeability, monocyte infiltration, and scar-associated macrophages function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Junghee Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yury Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriella B. Gajdos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Bi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Simonetto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Rajendran R, Huang W, Tang AMY, Liang JM, Choo S, Reese T, Hentze H, van Boxtel S, Cliffe A, Rogers K, Henry B, Chuang KH. Early detection of antiangiogenic treatment responses in a mouse xenograft tumor model using quantitative perfusion MRI. Cancer Med 2014; 3:47-60. [PMID: 24403176 PMCID: PMC3930389 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a major role in tumor growth and metastasis, with tumor perfusion regarded as a marker for angiogenesis. To evaluate antiangiogenic treatment response in vivo, we investigated arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure tumor perfusion quantitatively. Chronic and 24-h acute treatment responses to bevacizumab were assessed by ASL and dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI in the A498 xenograft mouse model. After the MRI, tumor vasculature was assessed by CD34 staining. After 39 days of chronic treatment, tumor perfusion decreased to 44.8 ± 16.1 mL/100 g/min (P < 0.05), compared to 92.6 ± 42.9 mL/100 g/min in the control group. In the acute treatment study, tumor perfusion in the treated group decreased from 107.2 ± 32.7 to 73.7 ± 27.8 mL/100 g/min (P < 0.01; two-way analysis of variance), as well as compared with control group post dosing. A significant reduction in vessel density and vessel size was observed after the chronic treatment, while only vessel size was reduced 24 h after acute treatment. The tumor perfusion correlated with vessel size (r = 0.66; P < 0.005) after chronic, but not after acute treatment. The results from DCE-MRI also detected a significant change between treated and control groups in both chronic and acute treatment studies, but not between 0 and 24 h in the acute treatment group. These results indicate that tumor perfusion measured by MRI can detect early vascular responses to antiangiogenic treatment. With its noninvasive and quantitative nature, ASL MRI would be valuable for longitudinal assessment of tumor perfusion and in translation from animal models to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Rajendran
- MRI Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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Sinha S, Mondal G, Hwang EJ, Han DW, Dutta SK, Iyer S, Karumanchi SA, Kim KI, Couch FJ, Mukhopadhyay D. Von Hippel-Lindau gene product directs cytokinesis: a new tumor suppressor function. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2132-42. [PMID: 21652636 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis is that the failure of cell division results in genetically unstable, multinucleated cells. Here we show that pVHL, a tumor suppressor protein that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), plays an important role in regulation of cytokinesis. We found that pVHL-deficient RCC 786-O cells were multinucleated and polyploid. Reintroduction of wild-type pVHL into these cells rescued the diploid cell population, whereas the mutant pVHL-K171G failed to do so. We demonstrate that lysine 171 of pVHL is important for the final step of cytokinesis: the midbody abscission. The pVHL-K171G caused failure to localize the ESCRT-1 interacting protein Alix and the v-SNARE complex component Endobrevin to the midbody in 786-O cells, leading to defective cytokinesis. Moreover, SUMOylation of pVHL at lysine 171 might modulate its function as a cytokinesis regulator. pVHL tumor suppressor function was also disrupted by the K171G mutation, as evidenced by the xenograft tumor formation when 786-O clones expressing pVHL-K171G were injected into mice. Most RCC cell lines show a polyploid chromosome complement and consistent heterogeneity in chromosome number. Thus, this study offers a way to explain the chromosome instability in RCC and reveals a new direction for the tumor suppressor function of pVHL, which is independent of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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