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Zhou CQ, Li A, Ri K, Sultan AS, Ren H. Anti-HDGF Antibody Targets EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Tolerant Cells in NSCLC Patient-Derived Xenografts. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:2308-2319. [PMID: 39041204 PMCID: PMC11370239 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Constitutively active mutant EGFR is one of the major oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Targeted therapy using EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is a first-line option in patients that have metastatic or recurring disease. However, despite the high response rate to TKI, most patients have a partial response, and the disease eventually progresses in 10 to 19 months. It is believed that drug-tolerant cells that survive TKI exposure during the progression-free period facilitate the emergence of acquired resistance. Thus, targeting the drug-tolerant cells could improve the treatment of NSCLC with EGFR mutations. We demonstrated here that EGFR-mutant patient-derived xenograft tumors responded partially to osimertinib despite near-complete inhibition of EGFR activation. Signaling in AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways could be reactivated shortly after initial inhibition. As a result, many tumor cells escaped drug killing and regained growth following about 35 days of continuous osimertinib dosing. However, when an antibody to hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was given concurrently with osimertinib, tumors showed complete or near-complete responses. There was significant prolongation of progression-free survival of tumor-bearing mice as well. IHC and Western blot analysis of tumors collected in the early stages of treatment suggest that increased suppression of the AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways could be a mechanism that results in enhanced efficacy of osimertinib when it is combined with an anti-HDGF antibody. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that HDGF could be critically involved in promoting tolerance to TKI in patient-derived xenografts of NSCLC tumors. Blocking HDGF signaling could be a potential means to enhance EGFR-targeted therapy of NSCLC that warrants further advanced preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Q. Zhou
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ariel Li
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Kaoru Ri
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Hening Ren
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Blocking Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Attenuates Vasospasm and Neuron Cell Apoptosis in Rats Subjected to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:300-310. [PMID: 34227049 PMCID: PMC8918468 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important subcategory of stroke due to its unacceptably high mortality rate as well as the severe complications it causes, such as cerebral vasospasm, neurological deficits, and cardiopulmonary abnormality. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a growth factor related to normal development and is involved in liver development and regeneration. This study explored the relationship between SAH and HDGF. Sixty rats were divided into five groups (n = 12/group): (A) control group; (B) rHDGF ab only group [normal animals treated with 50 µM recombinant HDGF antibodies (rHDGF ab)]; (C) SAH group; (D) SAH + pre-rHDGF ab group (SAH animals pre-treated with 50 µM rHDGF ab into the subarachnoid space within 24 h before SAH); and (E) SAH + post-rHDGF ab group (SAH animals post-treated with 50 µM rHDGF ab into the subarachnoid space within 24 h after SAH). At 48 h after SAH, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected to measure the levels of pro-inflammatory factors by ELISA, and rat cortex tissues were used to measure protein levels by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining for Iba-1, GFAP, TUNEL, and NeuN was detected proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and apoptosis of neuron cells. Neurological outcome was assessed by ambulation and placing/stepping reflex responses. Morphology assay showed that pre-treatment and post-treatment with rHDGF ab attenuated vasospasm after SAH. SAH up-regulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both the CSF and serum samples, and both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab inhibited the up-regulation of these pro-inflammatory factors, except for the serum IL-6 levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SAH up-regulated pro-BDNF and NFκB protein levels, and both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab significantly reduced the up-regulation. The result from immunofluorescence staining showed that SAH induced proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and apoptosis of neuron cells. Both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab significantly attenuated proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and inhibited apoptosis of neuron cells. Furthermore, treatment with rHDGF ab significantly improved neurological outcome. Blocking HDGF attenuates neuron cell apoptosis and vasospasm through inhibiting inflammation in brain tissue at early phase after SAH.
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Limandjaja GC, Niessen FB, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S. The Keloid Disorder: Heterogeneity, Histopathology, Mechanisms and Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:360. [PMID: 32528951 PMCID: PMC7264387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids constitute an abnormal fibroproliferative wound healing response in which raised scar tissue grows excessively and invasively beyond the original wound borders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several important themes in keloid research: namely keloid histopathology, heterogeneity, pathogenesis, and model systems. Although keloidal collagen versus nodules and α-SMA-immunoreactivity have been considered pathognomonic for keloids versus hypertrophic scars, conflicting results have been reported which will be discussed together with other histopathological keloid characteristics. Importantly, histopathological keloid abnormalities are also present in the keloid epidermis. Heterogeneity between and within keloids exists which is often not considered when interpreting results and may explain discrepancies between studies. At least two distinct keloid phenotypes exist, the superficial-spreading/flat keloids and the bulging/raised keloids. Within keloids, the periphery is often seen as the actively growing margin compared to the more quiescent center, although the opposite has also been reported. Interestingly, the normal skin directly surrounding keloids also shows partial keloid characteristics. Keloids are most likely to occur after an inciting stimulus such as (minor and disproportionate) dermal injury or an inflammatory process (environmental factors) at a keloid-prone anatomical site (topological factors) in a genetically predisposed individual (patient-related factors). The specific cellular abnormalities these various patient, topological and environmental factors generate to ultimately result in keloid scar formation are discussed. Existing keloid models can largely be divided into in vivo and in vitro systems including a number of subdivisions: human/animal, explant/culture, homotypic/heterotypic culture, direct/indirect co-culture, and 3D/monolayer culture. As skin physiology, immunology and wound healing is markedly different in animals and since keloids are exclusive to humans, there is a need for relevant human in vitro models. Of these, the direct co-culture systems that generate full thickness keloid equivalents appear the most promising and will be key to further advance keloid research on its pathogenesis and thereby ultimately advance keloid treatment. Finally, the recent change in keloid nomenclature will be discussed, which has moved away from identifying keloids solely as abnormal scars with a purely cosmetic association toward understanding keloids for the fibroproliferative disorder that they are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. Limandjaja
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank B. Niessen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik J. Scheper
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Chen YT, Chen FW, Chang TH, Wang TW, Hsu TP, Chi JY, Hsiao YW, Li CF, Wang JM. Hepatoma-derived growth factor supports the antiapoptosis and profibrosis of pancreatic stellate cells. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:180-190. [PMID: 31078734 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is refractory and is characterized by extensively surrounding and intratumor fibrotic reactions that are contributed by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Herein, we show that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (CEBPD) responds to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) through reciprocal loop regulation and that activated hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) further contributes to the upregulation of the hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) gene. Secreted HDGF contributes to the antiapoptosis of PSCs and consequently leads to the synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins for stabilizing PSC/pancreatic cancer cell (PCC) tumor foci. This result agrees with the observation that severe stromal growth positively correlated with stromal HDGF and CEBPD expression in pancreatic cancer specimens. Collectively, the identification of the TGF-β1-activated CEBPD/HIF-1α/HDGF axis provides new insights into novel discoveries of HDGF in the antiapoptosis and profibrosis of PSCs and the outgrowth of PCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Medical Research Department, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Wei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hao Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Wen Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Po Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Ying Chi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Hsiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Medical Research Department, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Nüße J, Blumrich EM, Mirastschijski U, Kappelmann L, Kelm S, Dietz F. Intra- or extra-exosomal secretion of HDGF isoforms: the extraordinary function of the HDGF-A N-terminal peptide. Biol Chem 2017; 398:793-811. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a protein with diverse intracellular functions. Moreover, after non-conventional secretion, extracellular HDGF is able to influence different signaling pathways, leading for example to induction of processes like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration. Intriguingly, in recent proteome studies, HDGF was also found secreted by special microvesicles called exosomes. Recently, we demonstrated the existence of two new HDGF isoforms (B and C). These isoforms are involved in different cellular processes than HDGF-A. Along this line, in the present study we discovered that full length HDGF-A clearly is located inside of exosomes, whereas the isoforms HDGF-B and HDGF-C are found exclusively on the outer surface. Furthermore, while HDGF-B and HDGF-C seem to use exosomes mediated pathway exclusively, HDGF-A was found also as unbound protein in the conditioned media. The new finding of an intra- or extra-exosomal localisation of protein splice variants opens a fascinating new perspective concerning functional diversity of HDGF isoforms. Dysregulation of HDGF expression during cancer development and tumor progression is a commonly known fact. With our new findings, unraveling the potential functional impact according to physiological versus pathophysiologically altered levels and compositions of intra- and extra-exosomal HDGF has to be addressed in future studies.
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Expression Profile of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Earlobe Keloids: A Microarray Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5893481. [PMID: 28101509 PMCID: PMC5215475 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5893481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in a wide range of biological processes and their deregulation results in human disease, including keloids. Earlobe keloid is a type of pathological skin scar, and the molecular pathogenesis of this disease remains largely unknown. Methods. In this study, microarray analysis was used to determine the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs between 3 pairs of earlobe keloid and normal specimens. Gene Ontology (GO) categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to identify the main functions of the differentially expressed genes and earlobe keloid-related pathways. Results. A total of 2068 lncRNAs and 1511 mRNAs were differentially expressed between earlobe keloid and normal tissues. Among them, 1290 lncRNAs and 1092 mRNAs were upregulated, and 778 lncRNAs and 419 mRNAs were downregulated. Pathway analysis revealed that 24 pathways were correlated to the upregulated transcripts, while 11 pathways were associated with the downregulated transcripts. Conclusion. We characterized the expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA in earlobe keloids and suggest that lncRNAs may serve as diagnostic biomarkers for the therapy of earlobe keloid.
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Giri K, Pabelick CM, Mukherjee P, Prakash YS. Hepatoma derived growth factor (HDGF) dynamics in ovarian cancer cells. Apoptosis 2016; 21:329-39. [PMID: 26612514 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a leading cause of cancer death among women, identification of pathophysiologically-relevant biomarkers for ovarian cancer is important. The heparin binding, hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines and may have prognostic value, but the mechanism by which this predominantly nuclear protein is secreted or functions is unknown. In this study, we focused on the circumstances under which HDGF is released by cells and the functional relevance of extracellular HDGF in the context of ovarian cancer. Immunofluorescence imaging showed nuclear localization of HDGF in ovarian cells, but unlike what is reported for other cell types, HDGF was minimally secreted into the media. However, HDGF was passively released by necrotic and late apoptotic cells. Extracellular HDGF was functionally relevant as it stimulated phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and P38 in both non-cancer and ovarian cancer cells, and enhanced cellular migration. Overall, our study uncovers a novel function of HDGF as a messenger of cellular condition (alarmin) which in-turn modulates cellular function-aspects that could be used as a biomarker for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Giri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 4-184 W Jos SMH, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 N Lindsay Ave, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 4-184 W Jos SMH, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Bao C, Wang J, Ma W, Wang X, Cheng Y. HDGF: a novel jack-of-all-trades in cancer. Future Oncol 2015; 10:2675-85. [PMID: 25236340 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HDGF is an important regulator of a broad range of cancer cell activities and plays important roles in cancer cell transformation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Such a divergent influence of HDGF on cancer cell activities derives from its multiple inter- and sub-cellular localizations where it interacts with a range of different binding partners. Interestingly, high levels of HDGF could be detected in patients' serum of some cancers. This review is focused on the role of HDGF in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and provides insight for application in clinical cancer therapy as well as its clinical implications as a prognostic marker in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Bao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China
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Liu Y, Sun J, Yang G, Liu Z, Guo S, Zhao R, Xu K, Wu X, Zhang Z. Downregulation of the expression of HDGF attenuates malignant biological behaviors of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4713-4719. [PMID: 26081074 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) has been reported to be a potential predictive and prognostic marker for several types of cancer and important in malignant biological behaviors. However, its role in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains to be elucidated. Our previous study demonstrated that high expression levels of HDGF in hilar cholangiocarcinoma tissues correlates with tumor progression and patient outcome. The present study aimed to elucidate the detailed functions of the HDGF protein. This was performed by downregulating the protein expression of HDGF in the FRH0201 hilar cholangiocarcinoma cell line by RNA interference (RNAi) in vitro, and revealed that downregulation of the HDGF protein significantly inhibited the malignant biological behavior of the FRH0201 cells. In addition, further investigation revealed that downregulation of the protein expression of HDGF significantly decreased the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, which may be the mechanism partially responsible for the inhibition of malignant biological behaviors. These findings demonstrated that HDGF is important in promoting malignant biological behaviors, including proliferation, migration and invasion of hilar cholangiocarcinoma FRH0201 cells. Inhibition of the expression of HDGF downregulated the malignant biological behaviors, suggesting that downregulation of the protein expression of HDGF by RNAi may be a novel therapeutic approach to inhibit the progression of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Guangyun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Kesen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Hepatoma-derived growth factor: a novel prognostic biomarker in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:353-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Identification of Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor as a Potential Prognostic and Diagnostic Marker for Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 2013; 37:2419-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-2132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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The role of R-spondin2 in keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening in keloid scarring. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:644-54. [PMID: 21160497 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are found only in humans and the underlying biochemical mechanisms of their pathogenesis remain unknown. R-spondins (Rspos) are a relatively new group of secreted proteins known to be Wnt/β-catenin signaling agonists, but their role in keloids has yet to be elucidated. We investigated the expression levels of R-spondin2 (Rspo2) in cell lysates and conditioned media of monocultures and co-cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes derived from keloids and normal skin. In this study we found increased protein expression and secretion of Rspo2 in respective monocultures of keloid fibroblasts and keratinocytes when compared with their normal counterparts. Double-chamber co-culture experiments implicated the role of keloid keratinocytes (KKs) in the induction of Rspo2 secretion from fibroblasts because of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Addition of recombinant human Rspo2 in culture increased the proliferation of keratinocytes and it acted synergistically with Wnt3a through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overexpression of Rspo2 in normal fibroblasts brought about thicker epidermis when compared with control fibroblasts in a skin organotypic culture model. This observation coincides with the hyperproliferative phenotype of thickened epidermis seen in keloids. Taken together, the results suggest the possible double paracrine action of KKs in inducing higher expression of Rspo2 in fibroblasts that promotes keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickening.
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Liu YF, Zhao R, Guo S, Wang XQ, Lian PL, Chen YG, Xu KS. Expression and Clinical Significance of Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor as a Prognostic Factor in Human Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:872-9. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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