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Morales V, González A, Cabello-Verrugio C. Upregulation of CCL5/RANTES Gene Expression in the Diaphragm of Mice with Cholestatic Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1408:201-218. [PMID: 37093429 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are a group of pathologies affecting the liver with high prevalence worldwide. Among them, cholestatic chronic liver diseases (CCLD) are characterized by alterations in liver function and increased plasma bile acids. Secondary to liver disease, under cholestasis, is developed sarcopenia, a skeletal muscle dysfunction with decreased muscle mass, strength, and physical function. CCL5/RANTES is a chemokine involved in the immune and inflammatory response. Indeed, CCL5 is a myokine because it is produced by skeletal muscle. Several studies show that bile acids induce CCL5/RANTES expression in liver cells. However, it is unknown if the expression of CCL5/RANTES is changed in the skeletal muscle of mice with cholestatic liver disease. We used a murine model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia by intake of hepatotoxin 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC diet), in which we detected the mRNA levels for ccl5. We determined that mice fed the DDC diet presented high levels of serum bile acids and developed typical features of sarcopenia. Under these conditions, we detected the ccl5 gene expression in diaphragm muscle showing elevated mRNA levels compared to mice fed with a standard diet (chow diet). Our results collectively suggest an increased ccl5 gene expression in the diaphragm muscle concomitantly with elevated serum bile acids and the development of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Morales
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370146, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Furtado Milão J, Love L, Gourgi G, Derhaschnig L, Svensson JP, Sönnerborg A, van Domselaar R. Natural killer cells induce HIV-1 latency reversal after treatment with pan-caspase inhibitors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1067767. [PMID: 36561752 PMCID: PMC9763267 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a latency reservoir is the major obstacle for a cure of HIV-1. The shock-and-kill strategy aims to reactivate HIV-1 replication in HIV -1 latently infected cells, exposing the HIV-1-infected cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, none of the latency reversal agents (LRAs) tested so far have shown the desired effect in people living with HIV-1. We observed that NK cells stimulated with a pan-caspase inhibitor induced latency reversal in co-cultures with HIV-1 latently infected cells. Synergy in HIV-1 reactivation was observed with LRAs prostratin and JQ1. The supernatants of the pan-caspase inhibitor-treated NK cells activated the HIV-1 LTR promoter, indicating that a secreted factor by NK cells was responsible for the HIV-1 reactivation. Assessing changes in the secreted cytokine profile of pan-caspase inhibitor-treated NK cells revealed increased levels of the HIV-1 suppressor chemokines MIP1α (CCL3), MIP1β (CCL4) and RANTES (CCL5). However, these cytokines individually or together did not induce LTR promoter activation, suggesting that CCL3-5 were not responsible for the observed HIV-1 reactivation. The cytokine profile did indicate that pan-caspase inhibitors induce NK cell activation. Altogether, our approach might be-in combination with other shock-and-kill strategies or LRAs-a strategy for reducing viral latency reservoirs and a step forward towards eradication of functionally active HIV-1 in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Furtado Milão
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Love
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Gourgi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Derhaschnig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Robert van Domselaar,
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Zatterale F, Raciti GA, Prevenzano I, Leone A, Campitelli M, De Rosa V, Beguinot F, Parrillo L. Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Inflammatory Response in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070982. [PMID: 35883538 PMCID: PMC9313117 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past several decades, the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has continued to rise on a global level. The risk contributing to this pandemic implicates both genetic and environmental factors, which are functionally integrated by epigenetic mechanisms. While these conditions are accompanied by major abnormalities in fuel metabolism, evidence indicates that altered immune cell functions also play an important role in shaping of obesity and T2D phenotypes. Interestingly, these events have been shown to be determined by epigenetic mechanisms. Consistently, recent epigenome-wide association studies have demonstrated that immune cells from obese and T2D individuals feature specific epigenetic profiles when compared to those from healthy subjects. In this work, we have reviewed recent literature reporting epigenetic changes affecting the immune cell phenotype and function in obesity and T2D. We will further discuss therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic marks for treating obesity and T2D-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zatterale
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Immacolata Prevenzano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessia Leone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Michele Campitelli
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (L.P.); Tel.: +39-081-746-3248 (F.B.); +39-081-746-3045 (L.P.)
| | - Luca Parrillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.Z.); (G.A.R.); (I.P.); (A.L.); (M.C.)
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (L.P.); Tel.: +39-081-746-3248 (F.B.); +39-081-746-3045 (L.P.)
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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Zeng Z, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. CCL5/CCR5 axis in human diseases and related treatments. Genes Dis 2022; 9:12-27. [PMID: 34514075 PMCID: PMC8423937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among them, chemokines act as crucial regulators in defense systems. CCL5/CCR5 combination is known for facilitating inflammatory responses, as well as inducing the adhesion and migration of different T cell subsets in immune responses. In addition, recent studies have shown that the interaction between CCL5 and CCR5 is involved in various pathological processes including inflammation, chronic diseases, cancers as well as the infection of COVID-19. This review focuses on how CCL5/CCR5 axis participates in the pathological processes of different diseases and their relevant signaling pathways for the regulation of the axis. Moreover, we highlighted the gene therapy and chemotherapy studies for treating CCR5-related diseases, including the ongoing clinical trials. The barriers and perspectives for future application and translational research were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Rong Y, Runner K, Johnson H, O'Connor MH, Haddad EK, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine Levels Induced by Substance Abuse Alter Efficacy of Maraviroc and Expression of CCR5 Conformations on Myeloid Cells: Implications for NeuroHIV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663061. [PMID: 34093554 PMCID: PMC8170305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV remains a major public health issue. Even with effective ART many infected individuals still suffer from the constellation of neurological symptoms now known as neuroHIV. These symptoms can be exacerbated by substance abuse, a common comorbidity among HIV-infected individuals. The mechanism(s) by which different types of drugs impact neuroHIV remains unclear, but all drugs of abuse increase central nervous system (CNS) dopamine and elevated dopamine increases HIV infection and inflammation in human myeloid cells including macrophages and microglia, the primary targets for HIV in the brain. Thus, drug-induced increases in CNS dopamine may be a common mechanism by which distinct addictive substances alter neuroHIV. Myeloid cells are generally infected by HIV strains that use the chemokine receptor CCR5 as a co-receptor, and our data indicate that in a subset of individuals, drug-induced levels of dopamine could interfere with the effectiveness of the CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc. CCR5 can adopt distinct conformations that differentially regulate the efficiency of HIV entry and subsequent replication and using qPCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting and high content fluorescent imaging, we show that dopamine alters the expression of specific CCR5 conformations of CCR5 on the surface of human macrophages. These changes are not affected by association with lipid rafts, but do correlate with dopamine receptor gene expression levels, specifically higher levels of D1-like dopamine receptors. These data also demonstrate that dopamine increases HIV replication and alters CCR5 conformations in human microglia similarly to macrophages. These data support the importance of dopamine in the development of neuroHIV and indicate that dopamine signaling pathways should be examined as a target in antiretroviral therapies specifically tailored to HIV-infected drug abusers. Further, these studies show the potential immunomodulatory role of dopamine, suggesting changes in this neurotransmitter may also affect the progression of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Runner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret H O'Connor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Gorabi AM, Penson PE, Banach M, Motallebnezhad M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Epigenetic control of atherosclerosis via DNA methylation: A new therapeutic target? Life Sci 2020; 253:117682. [PMID: 32387418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which lipid-laden plaques are developed inside the vessel walls of arteries. The immune system is activated, resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress. Endothelial cells (ECs) are activated, arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) proliferate, macrophages are activated, and foam cells are developed, leading to dysfunctional ECs. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs are involved in the modulation of genes that play distinct roles in several aspects of cell biology and physiology, hence linking environmental stimuli to gene regulation. Recent research has investigated the involvement of DNA methylation in the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and several studies have documented the role of this mechanism in various aspects of the disease. Regulation of DNA methylation plays a critical role in the integrity of ECs, SMC proliferation and formation of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we seek to clarify the role of DNA methylation in the development of atherosclerosis through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Tabaei S, Tabaee SS. DNA methylation abnormalities in atherosclerosis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2031-2041. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1617724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tabaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Raghuraman S, Donkin I, Versteyhe S, Barrès R, Simar D. The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Inflammation and Immunometabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:782-795. [PMID: 27444065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research developments have shed light on the risk factors contributing to metabolic complications, implicating both genetic and environmental factors, potentially integrated by epigenetic mechanisms. Distinct epigenetic changes in immune cells are frequently observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and these are associated with alterations in the phenotype, function, and trafficking patterns of these cells. The first step in the development of effective therapeutic strategies is the identification of distinct epigenetic signatures associated with metabolic disorders. In this review we provide an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms influencing immune cell phenotype and function, summarize current knowledge about epigenetic changes affecting immune functions in the context of metabolic diseases, and discuss the therapeutic options currently available to counteract epigenetically driven metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Raghuraman
- Inflammation and Infection Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ida Donkin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Soetkin Versteyhe
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romain Barrès
- Inflammation and Infection Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Simar
- Inflammation and Infection Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Silva-Carvalho WHV, de Moura RR, Coelho AVC, Crovella S, Guimarães RL. Frequency of the CCR5-delta32 allele in Brazilian populations: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:101-7. [PMID: 27208805 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 is a chemokine receptor widely expressed by several immune cells that are engaged in inflammatory responses. Some populations have individuals exhibiting a 32bp deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5-delta32) that produces a truncated non-functional protein not expressed on the cell surface. This polymorphism, known to be associated with susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases, such as osteomyelitis, pre-eclampsia, systemic lupus erythematous, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and HIV/AIDS, is more commonly found in European populations with average frequency of 10%. However, it is also possible to observe a significant frequency in other world populations, such as the Brazilian one. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of CCR5-delta32 genetic association studies in Brazilian populations throughout the country to estimate the frequency of this polymorphism. We also compared CCR5-delta32 frequencies across Brazilian regions. The systematic literature reviewed studies involving delta32 allele in Brazilian populations published from 1995 to 2015. Among the reviewed literature, 25 studies including 30 Brazilian populations distributed between the North, Northeast, South and Southeast regions were included in our meta-analysis. We observed an overall allelic frequency of 4% (95%-CI, 0.03-0.05), that was considered moderate and, notably, higher than some European populations, such as Cyprus (2.8%), Italy (3%) and Greece (2.4%). Regarding the regional frequency comparisons between North-Northeast (N-NE) and South-Southeast (S-SE) regions, we observed an allelic frequency of 3% (95%-CI, 0.02-0.04) and 4% (95%-CI, 0.03-0.05), respectively. The populations from S-SE regions had a slightly higher CCR5-delta32 frequency than N-NE regions (OR=1.41, p=0.002). Although there are several studies about the CCR5-delta32 polymorphism and its effect on the immune response of some infectious diseases, this report is the first meta-analysis study that provides a descriptive study of the distribution of CCR5-delta32 allele in Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald Rodrigues de Moura
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antonio Victor Campos Coelho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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11
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Hai Z, Zuo W. Aberrant DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 456:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Benard A, Janssen CM, van den Elsen PJ, van Eggermond MCJA, Hoon DSB, van de Velde CJH, Kuppen PJK. Chromatin status of apoptosis genes correlates with sensitivity to chemo-, immune- and radiation therapy in colorectal cancer cell lines. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1769-78. [PMID: 25292014 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The apoptosis pathway of programmed cell death is frequently deregulated in cancer. An intact apoptosis pathway is required for proper response to anti-cancer treatment. We investigated the chromatin status of key apoptosis genes in the apoptosis pathway in colorectal cancer cell lines in relation to apoptosis induced by chemo-, immune- or radiation therapy. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we measured the presence of transcription-activating histone modifications H3Ac and H3K4me3 and silencing modifications H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 at the gene promoter regions of key apoptosis genes Bax, Bcl2, Caspase-9, Fas (CD95) and p53. Cell lines DLD1, SW620, Colo320, Caco2, Lovo and HT29 were treated with cisplatin, anti-Fas or radiation. The apoptotic response was measured by flow cytometry using propidium iodide and annexin V-FITC. The chromatin status of the apoptosis genes reflected the activation status of the intrinsic (Bax, Bcl2, Caspase-9 and p53) and extrinsic (Fas) pathways. An active intrinsic apoptotic pathway corresponded to sensitivity to cisplatin and radiation treatment of cell lines DLD1, SW620 and Colo320. An active Fas promoter corresponded to an active extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cell line DLD1. mRNA expression data correlated with the chromatin status of the apoptosis genes as measured by ChIP. In conclusion, the results presented in this study indicate that the balance between activating and silencing histone modifications, reflecting the chromatin status of apoptosis genes, can be used to predict the response of tumor cells to different anti-cancer therapies and could provide a novel target to sensitize tumors to obtain adequate treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Benard
- Department of Surgery, K6-R, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li YY, Wang XM, Zhou CW, Xu J, Qian Y. CD14 gene-159C/T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis involving 4467 subjects. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:12149-12160. [PMID: 26550125 PMCID: PMC4612810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) gene-159C/T polymorphism has been implied to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility. However, the separate studies results are still conflicting between each other. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To investigate the relationship between CD14 gene-159C/T polymorphism and CAD, a meta-analysis including 4467 subjects from 7 individual studies was performed. The random or fixed effect models were used to evaluate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS There was a significant association between CD14 gene -159C/T polymorphism and CAD in the whole population under allelic (OR: 1.280, 95% CI: 1.000-1.630, P=0.05), recessive (OR: 1.760, 95% CI: 1.120-2.750, P=0.01), homozygous (OR: 1.693, 95% CI: 1.008-2.843, P=0.046), and additive genetic models (OR: 1.278, 95% CI: 1.000-1.633, P=0.050). No significant association was found between them under dominant (OR: 0.580, 95% CI: 0.310-1.110, P=0.10) and heterozygous genetic models (OR: 1.334, 95% CI: 0.870-2.045, P=0.186). In the subgroup analysis, a significant association was detected in Chinese population (P<0.05), while there was no significant association in the Caucasian subgroup (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS CD14 gene -159C/T polymorphism was significantly associated with CAD susceptibility, particularly in the Chinese population. The person with T allele of CD14 gene -159C/T polymorphism might predispose to CAD. There was no distinct association between them in the Caucasian subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chuan-Wei Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210029, China
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Epigenetic mechanisms, T-cell activation, and CCR5 genetics interact to regulate T-cell expression of CCR5, the major HIV-1 coreceptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4762-71. [PMID: 26307764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423228112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell expression levels of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) are a critical determinant of HIV/AIDS susceptibility, and manifest wide variations (i) between T-cell subsets and among individuals and (ii) in T-cell activation-induced increases in expression levels. We demonstrate that a unifying mechanism for this variation is differences in constitutive and T-cell activation-induced DNA methylation status of CCR5 cis-regulatory regions (cis-regions). Commencing at an evolutionarily conserved CpG (CpG -41), CCR5 cis-regions manifest lower vs. higher methylation in T cells with higher vs. lower CCR5 levels (memory vs. naïve T cells) and in memory T cells with higher vs. lower CCR5 levels. HIV-related and in vitro induced T-cell activation is associated with demethylation of these cis-regions. CCR5 haplotypes associated with increased vs. decreased gene/surface expression levels and HIV/AIDS susceptibility magnify vs. dampen T-cell activation-associated demethylation. Methylation status of CCR5 intron 2 explains a larger proportion of the variation in CCR5 levels than genotype or T-cell activation. The ancestral, protective CCR5-HHA haplotype bears a polymorphism at CpG -41 that is (i) specific to southern Africa, (ii) abrogates binding of the transcription factor CREB1 to this cis-region, and (iii) exhibits a trend for overrepresentation in persons with reduced susceptibility to HIV and disease progression. Genotypes lacking the CCR5-Δ32 mutation but with hypermethylated cis-regions have CCR5 levels similar to genotypes heterozygous for CCR5-Δ32. In HIV-infected individuals, CCR5 cis-regions remain demethylated, despite restoration of CD4+ counts (≥800 cells per mm(3)) with antiretroviral therapy. Thus, methylation content of CCR5 cis-regions is a central epigenetic determinant of T-cell CCR5 levels, and possibly HIV-related outcomes.
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15
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Wierda RJ, Goedhart M, van Eggermond MC, Muggen AF, Miggelbrink XM, Geutskens SB, van Zwet E, Haasnoot GW, van den Elsen PJ. A role for KMT1c in monocyte to dendritic cell differentiation. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:431-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Herlihy N, Dogrusöz M, van Essen TH, Harbour JW, van der Velden PA, van Eggermond MCJA, Haasnoot GW, van den Elsen PJ, Jager MJ. Skewed expression of the genes encoding epigenetic modifiers in high-risk uveal melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1447-58. [PMID: 25593028 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Monosomy 3 (M3) or the presence of a specific RNA expression profile, known as class 2, is strongly associated with death from uveal melanoma (UM). Given the important role of epigenetic processes in cancer development and progression, we compared the transcriptional profiles of a selection of epigenetic regulators between primary UM with a good and a bad prognosis. METHODS Transcriptional levels of 59 epigenetic regulator genes were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 20 UM, 12 with monosomy of chromosome 3 (M3) and 8 with disomy of chromosome 3 (D3). Validation was performed in an independent cohort. Expression levels were compared to clinicopathological characteristics, including class type. Bisulfite sequencing was used to evaluate the role of DNA methylation in gene silencing. RESULTS In the first set of tumors, general downregulation of transcription of the genes encoding epigenetic regulatory enzymes was seen in association with M3. The 10 genes with the highest differential expression between M3 and D3 were selected and were analyzed in a second set of tumors. In the validation set, significantly lower levels of KAT2B (P = 0.008), HDAC11 (P = 0.009), KMT1C (P = 0.05), KDM4B (P = 0.003), KDM6B (P = 0.04), and BMI-1 (P = 0.001) transcripts were found in tumors with M3/class 2. Methylation of C-phosphate-G (CpG) residues was not observed on the putative regulatory regions of KAT2B, KDM4B, or KDM6B. CONCLUSIONS Expression levels of a number of histone-modifying genes and polycomb family members are significantly lower in uveal melanoma with monosomy 3/class 2, supporting a general dysregulation of epigenetic modifiers in UM with a bad prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoimh Herlihy
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Dogrusöz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Huibertus van Essen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marja C J A van Eggermond
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert W Haasnoot
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Ward ST, Li KK, Hepburn E, Weston CJ, Curbishley SM, Reynolds GM, Hejmadi RK, Bicknell R, Eksteen B, Ismail T, Rot A, Adams DH. The effects of CCR5 inhibition on regulatory T-cell recruitment to colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:319-28. [PMID: 25405854 PMCID: PMC4301825 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Treg) are enriched in human colorectal cancer (CRC) where they suppress anti-tumour immunity. The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been implicated in the recruitment of Treg from blood into CRC and tumour growth is delayed in CCR5-/- mice, associated with reduced tumour Treg infiltration. METHODS Tissue and blood samples were obtained from patients undergoing resection of CRC. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were phenotyped for chemokine receptors using flow cytometry. The presence of tissue chemokines was assessed. Standard chemotaxis and suppression assays were performed and the effects of CCR5 blockade were tested in murine tumour models. RESULTS Functional CCR5 was highly expressed by human CRC infiltrating Treg and CCR5(high) Treg were more suppressive than their CCR5(low) Treg counterparts. Human CRC-Treg were more proliferative and activated than other T cells suggesting that local proliferation could provide an alternative explanation for the observed tumour Treg enrichment. Pharmacological inhibition of CCR5 failed to reduce tumour Treg infiltration in murine tumour models although it did result in delayed tumour growth. CONCLUSIONS CCR5 inhibition does not mediate anti-tumour effects as a consequence of inhibiting Treg recruitment. Other mechanisms must be found to explain this effect. This has important implications for anti-CCR5 therapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ward
- Centre for Liver Research & NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Unit, Level 5 Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K K Li
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - E Hepburn
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - C J Weston
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - S M Curbishley
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - G M Reynolds
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - R K Hejmadi
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WW, UK
| | - R Bicknell
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - B Eksteen
- Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - T Ismail
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2WW, UK
| | - A Rot
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - D H Adams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Medeiros MCD, Frasnelli SCT, Bastos ADS, Orrico SRP, Rossa C. Modulation of cell proliferation, survival and gene expression by RAGE and TLR signaling in cells of the innate and adaptive immune response: role of p38 MAPK and NF-KB. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:185-93. [PMID: 25025559 PMCID: PMC4072269 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible synergism between AGE-RAGE and
TLR4 signaling and the role of p38 MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways on the
modulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation of cells
from the innate and adaptive immune response. Material and Methods T lymphocyte (JM) and monocyte (U937) cell lines were stimulated with LPS and
AGE-BSA independently and associated, both in the presence and absence of p38 MAPK
and NF-kB inhibitors. Proliferation was assessed by direct counting and viability
was assessed by a biochemical assay of mitochondrial function. Cytokine gene
expression for RAGe, CCL3, CCR5, IL-6 and TNF-α was studied by RT-PCR and
RT-qPCR. Results RAGE mRNA expression was detected in both cell lines. LPS and AGE-BSA did not
influence cell proliferation and viability of either cell line up to 72 hours. LPS
and LPS associated with AGE induced expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in monocytes and
T cells, respectively. Conclusions There is no synergistic effect between RAGE and TLR signaling on the expression of
IL-6, TNF-α , RAGE, CCR5 and CCL3 by monocytes and lymphocytes. Activation of RAGE
associated or not with TLR signaling also had no effect on cell proliferation and
survival of these cell types.
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Do T, Murphy G, Earl LA, Del Prete GQ, Grandinetti G, Li GH, Estes JD, Rao P, Trubey CM, Thomas J, Spector J, Bliss D, Nath A, Lifson JD, Subramaniam S. Three-dimensional imaging of HIV-1 virological synapses reveals membrane architectures involved in virus transmission. J Virol 2014; 88:10327-39. [PMID: 24965444 PMCID: PMC4178837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00788-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV transmission efficiency is greatly increased when viruses are transmitted at virological synapses formed between infected and uninfected cells. We have previously shown that virological synapses formed between HIV-pulsed mature dendritic cells (DCs) and uninfected T cells contain interdigitated membrane surfaces, with T cell filopodia extending toward virions sequestered deep inside invaginations formed on the DC membrane. To explore membrane structural changes relevant to HIV transmission across other types of intercellular conjugates, we used a combination of light and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to determine the three-dimensional (3D) architectures of contact regions between HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells and either uninfected human CD4(+) T cells or human fetal astrocytes. We present evidence that in each case, membrane extensions that originate from the uninfected cells, either as membrane sheets or filopodial bridges, are present and may be involved in HIV transmission from infected to uninfected cells. We show that individual virions are distributed along the length of astrocyte filopodia, suggesting that virus transfer to the astrocytes is mediated, at least in part, by processes originating from the astrocyte itself. Mechanisms that selectively disrupt the polarization and formation of such membrane extensions could thus represent a possible target for reducing viral spread. IMPORTANCE Our findings lead to new insights into unique aspects of HIV transmission in the brain and at T cell-T cell synapses, which are thought to be a predominant mode of rapid HIV transmission early in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Do
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gavin Murphy
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lesley A Earl
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanna Grandinetti
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guan-Han Li
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Prashant Rao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles M Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Thomas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Spector
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald Bliss
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Targeting CCR5 for anti-HIV research. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1881-7. [PMID: 25027072 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the only approach for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection treatment at present. Although HAART is effective in controlling the progression of infection, it is impossible to eradicate the virus from patients. The patients have to live with the virus. Alternative ways for the cure of HIV infection have been investigated. As the major co-receptor for HIV-1 infection, C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is naturally an ideal target for anti-HIV research. The first CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc, has been approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Several other CCR5 antagonists are in clinical trials. CCR5 delta32 is a natural genotype, conferring resistance to CCR5 using HIV-1 strains. Gene therapy research targeting this mutant has been conducted for HIV infection treatment. A Berlin patient has been cured of HIV infection by the transplantation of stem cells from a CCR5 delta32 genotype donor. The infusion of an engineered zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)-modified autologous cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells has been proved to be a promising direction recently. In this study, the anti-HIV research targeting CCR5 is summarized, including CCR5 antagonist development, stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy.
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CC chemokine receptor 5: the interface of host immunity and cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:126954. [PMID: 24591756 PMCID: PMC3925608 DOI: 10.1155/2014/126954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors are embedded in a stromal microenvironment consisting of immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, as well as nonimmune cells, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Chemokines are a type of small secreted chemotactic cytokine and together with their receptors play key roles in the immune defense. Critically, they regulate cancer cellular migration and also contribute to their proliferation and survival. The CCR5 chemokine receptor is involved in leucocytes chemotaxis to sites of inflammation and plays an important role in the macrophages, T cells, and monocytes recruitment. Additionally, CCR5 may have an indirect effect on cancer progression by controlling the antitumor immune response, since it has been demonstrated that its expression could promote tumor growth and contribute to tumor metastasis, in different types of malignant tumors. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a CCR5 antagonist may inhibit tumor growth, consisting of a possible therapeutic target. In this context, the present review focuses on the establishment of CCR5 within the interface of host immunity, tumor microenvironment, and its potential as a targeting to immunotherapy.
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Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of CCR5 Transcription. BIOLOGY 2012; 1:869-79. [PMID: 24832521 PMCID: PMC4009821 DOI: 10.3390/biology1030869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 regulates trafficking of immune cells of the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage (such as monocytes, macrophages and immature dendritic cells) and microglia. Because of this, there is an increasing recognition of the important role of CCR5 in the pathology of (neuro-) inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Expression of CCR5 is under the control of a complexly organized promoter region upstream of the gene. The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) transactivates the CCR5 P1 promoter. The cell-specific expression of CCR5 however is realized by using various epigenetic marks providing a multivalent chromatin state particularly in monocytes. Here we discuss the transcriptional regulation of CCR5 with a focus on the epigenetic peculiarities of CCR5 transcription.
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