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Thomas OG, Rickinson A, Palendira U. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: moving from questions of association to questions of mechanism. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1451. [PMID: 37206956 PMCID: PMC10191779 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism - or mechanisms - responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Thomas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Alan Rickinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNSWAustralia
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Mosca L, Mantero V, Penco S, La Mantia L, De Benedetti S, Marazzi MR, Spreafico C, Erminio C, Grassi L, Lando G, Zagaria M, Agostoni E, Protti A. HLA-DRB1*15 association with multiple sclerosis is confirmed in a multigenerational Italian family. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 32:83-88. [PMID: 28676141 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2017.32.2.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors seem to play a pathogenetic role in multiple sclerosis (MS). The genetic component is partly suggested by familial aggregation of cases; however, MS families with affected subjects over different generations have rarely been described. The aim of this study was to report clinical and genetic features of a multigenerational MS family and to perform a review of the literature on this topic. We describe a multigenerational Italian family with six individuals affected by MS, showing different clinical and neuroradiological findings. HLA-DRB1* typing revealed the presence of the DRB1*15:01 allele in all the MS cases and in 4/5 non-affected subjects. Reports on six multigenerational MS families have previously been published, giving similar results. The HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele was confirmed to be linked to MS disease in this family; moreover, its presence in non-affected subjects suggests the involvement of other susceptibility factors in the development and expression of the disease, in accordance with the complex disease model now attributed to MS.
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Mazdeh M, Khazaei M, Hashemi-Firouzi N, Ghiasian M. Frequency of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Among Relatives of MS Patients in Hamadan Society, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajnpp-38613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Binzer S, Stenager E, Binzer M, Kyvik KO, Hillert J, Imrell K. Genetic analysis of the isolated Faroe Islands reveals SORCS3 as a potential multiple sclerosis risk gene. Mult Scler 2015; 22:733-40. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515602338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: In search of the missing heritability in multiple sclerosis (MS), additional approaches adding to the genetic discoveries of large genome-wide association studies are warranted. Objective: The objective of this research paper is to search for rare genetic MS risk variants in the genetically homogenous population of the isolated Faroe Islands. Methods: Twenty-nine Faroese MS cases and 28 controls were genotyped with the HumanOmniExpressExome-chip. The individuals make up 1596 pair-combinations in which we searched for identical-by-descent shared segments using the PLINK-program. Results: A segment spanning 63 SNPs with excess case-case-pair sharing was identified (0.00173 < p > 0.00212). A haplotype consisting of 42 of the 63 identified SNPs which spanned the entire the Sortilin-related vacuolar protein sorting 10 domain containing receptor 3 ( SORCS3) gene had a carrier frequency of 0.34 in cases but was not present in any controls ( p = 0.0008). Conclusion: This study revealed an oversharing in case-case-pairs of a segment spanning 63 SNPs and the entire SORCS3. While not previously associated with MS, SORCS3 appears to be important in neuronal plasticity through its binding of neurotrophin factors and involvement in glutamate homeostasis. Although additional work is needed to scrutinise the genetic effect of the SORCS3-covering haplotype, this study suggests that SORCS3 may also be important in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Binzer
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Hospital of Southern Jutland, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/ Torshavn National Hospital, Faroe Islands
| | - E Stenager
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Hospital of Southern Jutland, Denmark/ MS Clinic of Southern Jutland (Sønderborg, Esbjerg, Vejle), Department of Neurology, Denmark
| | - M Binzer
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - KO Kyvik
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - J Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Imrell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Binzer S, Imrell K, Binzer M, Kyvik KO, Hillert J, Stenager E. High inbreeding in the Faroe Islands does not appear to constitute a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 21:996-1002. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514557305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Large population-based genome-wide association studies have identified several multiple sclerosis (MS) genetic risk variants, but the existing missing heritability warrants different strategies. Isolated populations offer an alternative way of searching for rare genetic variants and evaluating the possible role of consanguinity in the development of MS. Studies of consanguinity and MS risk have yielded conflicting results. Objectives: In this study we investigated the role of consanguinity on MS risk in the relatively isolated Faroe Islands, which have a presumed high level of inbreeding. Methods: A total of 29 cases and 28 matched controls were genotyped and assessed for inbreeding coefficients, number of runs of homozygosity (ROH) at different lengths and observed number of homozygotes as measures of relatedness. Parametric and non-parametric statistical models were applied. Results: Both cases and controls exhibited considerable relatedness demonstrated by very high inbreeding coefficients, large number of observed homozygotes and many long ROH. However, apart from the number of ROH ≥ 2.5 mega base pairs, no significant differences between the two groups were observed. Conclusions: Overall, no significant difference between cases and controls were found, indicating that consanguinity in itself does not appear to be an important risk factor for MS in the population of the Faroe Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Binzer
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/MS Clinic of Southern Jutland (Sønderborg, Esbjerg, Vejle), Department of Neurology, Denmark/Torshavn National Hospital, Torshavn, Faroe Islands Odense Patient data explorative network (OPEN)
| | - K Imrell
- Karolinska Institute, Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sweden
| | - M Binzer
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - K. O Kyvik
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - J Hillert
- Karolinska Institute, Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sweden
| | - E Stenager
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark/MS Clinic of Southern Jutland (Sønderborg, Esbjerg, Vejle), Department of Neurology, Denmark
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are classified as either having relapsing onset or progressive onset disease, also known as primary progressive MS (PPMS). Relative to relapsing onset patients, PPMS patients are older at disease onset, are equally likely to be men or women, and have more rapid accumulation of disability that does not respond well to treatments used in relapsing onset MS. Although estimates vary, 5-15% of all MS patients have a PPMS disease course. Genetic variance is a proposed determinant of MS disease course. If distinct genes associated with PPMS were identified study of these genes might lead to an understanding of the biology underlying disease progression and neural degeneration that are the hallmarks of PPMS. These genes and their biological pathways might also represent therapeutic targets. This chapter systematically reviews the PPMS genetic literature. Despite the intuitively appealing notion that differences between PPMS and relapsing onset MS are due to genetics, definite differences associated with these phenotypes at the major histocompatibility complex or elsewhere in the genome have not been found. Recent large-scale genome wide screens identified multiple genes associated with MS susceptibility outside the MHC. The genetic variants identified thus far make only weak individual contributions to MS susceptibility. If the genetic effects that contribute to the differences between PPMS and relapsing MS are similar in magnitude to those that distinguish MS from healthy controls then, given the relative scarcity of the PPMS phenotype, very large datasets will be needed to identify PPMS associated genes. International collaborative efforts could provide the means to identify such genes. Alternately, it is possible that factors other than genetics underlie the differences between these clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A C Cree
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Wallin MT, Kurtzke JF. Comments on familial multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands. Acta Neurol Scand 2010; 121:429-31; author reply 432. [PMID: 20578998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Binzer S, Imrell K, Binzer M, Vang S, Rogvi-Hansen B, Hillert J, Stenager E. Multiple sclerosis in a family on the Faroe Islands. Acta Neurol Scand 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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