1
|
Lin H, Tang R, Fan L, Wang E. Exogenous Tetranectin Alleviates Pre-formed-fibrils-induced Synucleinopathies in SH-SY5Y Cells by Activating the Plasminogen Activation System. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3192-3201. [PMID: 35895152 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. Previously we identified tetranectin (TN) as a differentially expressed protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients, and we were surprised to find that TN knockout mice developed PD features. However, the specific role of TN in PD has not been clarified. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of exogenous TN on cellular PD models and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We found that exogenous TN could alleviate pre-formed-fibrils (PFFs)-induced synucleinopathies in SH-SY5Y cells and reduce the cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein (SYN). We also found that TN can promote the degradation of SYN by plasmin, which may account for its effect on cellular PD models. Moreover, administration of SYN/PFFs decreased the expression of TN and increased the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in SH-SY5Y cells, thereby reducing plasmin activity. Our findings depict a possible SYN-TN-plasmin interaction in which elevated levels of extracellular SYN monomers and aggregates in PD diminish the production of TN and PAI-1. Such changes lead to a reduced plasmin activity, which in turn reduces the degradation of extracellular SYN, thus forming a vicious cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ri Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ersong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M, Krzystek-Korpacka M. HDL Accessory Proteins in Parkinson’s Disease—Focusing on Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J) in Regard to Its Involvement in Pathology and Diagnostics—A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030524. [PMID: 35326174 PMCID: PMC8944556 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD)—a neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by progressive destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the brain—is associated with the formation of Lewy bodies containing mainly α-synuclein. HDL-related proteins such as paraoxonase 1 and apolipoproteins A1, E, D, and J are implicated in NDDs, including PD. Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ, clusterin) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional protein; besides its engagement in lipid transport, it modulates a variety of other processes such as immune system functionality and cellular death signaling. Furthermore, being an extracellular chaperone, ApoJ interacts with proteins associated with NDD pathogenesis (amyloid β, tau, and α-synuclein), thus modulating their properties. In this review, the association of clusterin with PD is delineated, with respect to its putative involvement in the pathological mechanism and its application in PD prognosis/diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (M.M.); Tel.: +48-71-784-13-92 (I.B.); +48-71-784-13-70 (M.M.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Endres K. Apolipoprotein A1, the neglected relative of Apolipoprotein E and its potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2141-2148. [PMID: 33818485 PMCID: PMC8354123 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are multi-molecule assemblies with the primary function of transportation and processing of lipophilic substances within aqueous bodily fluids (blood, cerebrospinal fluid). Nevertheless, they also exert other physiological functions such as immune regulation. In particular, neurons are both sensitive to uncontrolled responses of the immune system and highly dependent on a controlled and sufficient supply of lipids. For this reason, the role of certain lipoproteins and their protein-component (apolipoproteins, Apo's) in neurological diseases is perceivable. ApoE, for example, is well-accepted as one of the major risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease with a protective allele variant (ε2) and a risk-causing allele variant (ε4). ApoA1, the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins, is responsible for transportation of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. The protein is synthesized in the liver and intestine but also can enter the brain via the choroid plexus and thereby might have an impact on brain lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the role of ApoA1 in Alzheimer's disease and discusses whether its role within this neurodegenerative disorder is specific or represents a general neuroprotective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abbasi DA, Nguyen TTA, Hall DA, Robertson-Dick E, Berry-Kravis E, Cologna SM. Characterization of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome in Patients with Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:86-98. [PMID: 34046842 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), first described in 2001, is a neurodegenerative and movement disorder, caused by a premutation in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. To date, the biological mechanisms causing this condition are still not well understood, as not all premutation carriers develop FXTAS. To further understand this syndrome, we quantitatively compared the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome of FXTAS patients with age-matched controls using mass spectrometry. We identified 415 proteins of which 97 were altered in FXTAS patients. These proteins suggest changes in acute phase response signaling, liver X receptor/ retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/RXR activation, which are the main pathways found to be affected. Additionally, we detected changes in many other proteins including amyloid-like protein 2, contactin-1, afamin, cell adhesion molecule 4, NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2, and cathepsin B, that had been previously noted to hold important roles in other movement disorders. Specific to RXR pathways, several apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOC2, and APOD) showed significant changes in the CSF of FXTAS patients. Lastly, CSF parameters were analyzed to investigate abnormalities in blood brain barrier function. Correlations were observed between patient albumin quotient values, a measure of permeability, and CGG repeat length as well as FXTAS rating scale scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin Robertson-Dick
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois At Chicago, 845 W Taylor Street, Room 4500, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Virreira Winter S, Karayel O, Strauss MT, Padmanabhan S, Surface M, Merchant K, Alcalay RN, Mann M. Urinary proteome profiling for stratifying patients with familial Parkinson's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13257. [PMID: 33481347 PMCID: PMC7933820 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing but the development of novel treatment strategies and therapeutics altering the course of the disease would benefit from specific, sensitive, and non-invasive biomarkers to detect PD early. Here, we describe a scalable and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic workflow for urinary proteome profiling. Our workflow enabled the reproducible quantification of more than 2,000 proteins in more than 200 urine samples using minimal volumes from two independent patient cohorts. The urinary proteome was significantly different between PD patients and healthy controls, as well as between LRRK2 G2019S carriers and non-carriers in both cohorts. Interestingly, our data revealed lysosomal dysregulation in individuals with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. When combined with machine learning, the urinary proteome data alone were sufficient to classify mutation status and disease manifestation in mutation carriers remarkably well, identifying VGF, ENPEP, and other PD-associated proteins as the most discriminating features. Taken together, our results validate urinary proteomics as a valuable strategy for biomarker discovery and patient stratification in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Virreira Winter
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
OmicEra Diagnostics GmbHPlaneggGermany
| | - Ozge Karayel
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Maximilian T Strauss
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | | | | | | | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal TransductionMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kolicheski A, Walton RL, Soto-Beasley AI, Heckman MG, Uitti RJ, Parfitt F, Graff-Radford MR, Wszolek ZK, Graff-Radford NR, Ross OA. CLEC3B p.S106G Mutant in a Caucasian Population of Successful Neurological Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1618-1623. [PMID: 31570938 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of efforts are underway to better understand the role of genetic variation in successful aging and longevity. However, to date, only two genes have been consistently associated with longevity in humans: APOE and FOXO3, with the APOE ɛ2 allele also protective against dementia. Recently, using an exome-wide SNP array approach, a missense variant CLEC3B c.316G>A (rs13963 p.S106G) was reported to associate with longevity in two independent cohorts of Japanese and Chinese participants. Interestingly, CLEC3B p.S106G is more frequent in Caucasian populations. Herein, we examined the frequency of CLEC3B p.S106G in a Caucasian series of 1,483 neurologically healthy individuals with a specific subset >80 years of age. Although our findings do not support an association between CLEC3B p.S106G and aging without neurological disease (p = .89), we confirmed the association between the APOE ε2 allele and better survival without neurological disease (p = .001). Further assessment of healthy aged cohorts that retain intact neurological function will be critical to understand the etiology of neurodegenerative disease and the role of age at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, Florida.,Neuroscience Track, Mayo Graduate School, Jacksonville, Florida.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stoye NM, Jung P, Guilherme MDS, Lotz J, Fellgiebel A, Endres K. Apolipoprotein A1 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Insufficient to Distinguish Alzheimer's Disease from Other Dementias in a Naturalistic, Clinical Setting. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:15-19. [PMID: 32206754 PMCID: PMC7081088 DOI: 10.3233/adr-190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the major protein component of the high-density lipoprotein and involved in cholesterol transport. Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis has been identified as a contributing factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, polymorphisms of ApoA1 have been associated with higher risk of disease onset and cognitive decline. Therefore, ApoA1 has been suggested as a biomarker in AD. Here, we tested a small cohort of AD and non-AD dementia patients and measured levels of ApoA1 in cerebrospinal fluid. Our results indicate that ApoA1 might not be applicable to distinguish AD from other forms of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Maximilian Stoye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Jung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malena Dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Lotz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Fellgiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bahrami A, Barreto GE, Lombardi G, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. Emerging roles for high-density lipoproteins in neurodegenerative disorders. Biofactors 2019; 45:725-739. [PMID: 31301192 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are the complexes of different lipids and proteins, which are devoted to the transport and clearance of lipids or lipid-related molecules in the circulation. Lipoproteins have been found to play a crucial role in brain function and may influence myelination process. Among lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and their major protein component, apoA-I, are directly involved in cholesterol efflux in the brain. It has been suggested that inadequate or dysfunctional brain HDLs may contribute to cerebrovascular dysfunctions, neurodegeneration, or neurovascular instability. HDL deficiency could also promote cognitive decline through impacting on atherosclerotic risk. The focus of this review is to discuss knowledge on HDL dysregulation in neurological disorders. A better understanding on how changes in cellular HDL and apolipoprotein homeostasis affect central nervous system function may provide promising novel avenues for the treatment of specific HDL-related neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gemma Lombardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Emamzadeh FN, Surguchov A. Parkinson's Disease: Biomarkers, Treatment, and Risk Factors. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:612. [PMID: 30214392 PMCID: PMC6125353 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused mainly by lack of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, memory, and other functions; its level is decreased in PD brain as a result of dopaminergic cell death. Dopamine loss in PD brain is a cause of motor deficiency and, possibly, a reason of the cognitive deficit observed in some PD patients. PD is mostly not recognized in its early stage because of a long latency between the first damage to dopaminergic cells and the onset of clinical symptoms. Therefore, it is very important to find reliable molecular biomarkers that can distinguish PD from other conditions, monitor its progression, or give an indication of a positive response to a therapeutic intervention. PD biomarkers can be subdivided into four main types: clinical, imaging, biochemical, and genetic. For a long time protein biomarkers, dopamine metabolites, amino acids, etc. in blood, serum, cerebrospinal liquid (CSF) were considered the most promising. Among the candidate biomarkers that have been tested, various forms of α-synuclein (α-syn), i.e., soluble, aggregated, post-translationally modified, etc. were considered potentially the most efficient. However, the encouraging recent results suggest that microRNA-based analysis may bring considerable progress, especially if it is combined with α-syn data. Another promising analysis is the advanced metabolite profiling of body fluids, called "metabolomics" which may uncover metabolic fingerprints specific for various stages of PD. Conventional pharmacological treatment of PD is based on the replacement of dopamine using dopamine precursors (levodopa, L-DOPA, L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine), dopamine agonists (amantadine, apomorphine) and MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline), which can be used alone or in combination with each other. Potential risk factors include environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular damage, and genomic defects. This review covers molecules that might act as the biomarkers of PD. Then, PD risk factors (including genetics and non-genetic factors) and PD treatment options are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh N. Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei Surguchov
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peripheral Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2256-2277. [PMID: 30008073 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are found to be influencing the peripheral tissues outside CNS. Recent developments in biomarkers for CNS have emerged with various diagnostic and therapeutic shortcomings. The role of central biomarkers including CSF-based and molecular imaging-based probes are still unclear for early diagnosis of major neurological diseases. Current trends show that early detection of neurodegenerative diseases with non-invasive methods is a major focus of researchers, and the development of biomarkers aiming peripheral tissues is in demand. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are known for the progressive loss in neural structures or functions, including the neural death. Various dysfunctions of metabolic and biochemical pathways are associated with early occurrence of neuro-disorders in peripheral tissues including skin, blood cells, and eyes. This article reviews the peripheral biomarkers explored for early detection of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases including blood cells, skin fibroblast, proteomics, saliva, olfactory, stomach and colon, heart and peripheral nervous system, and others. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li L, Liu MS, Li GQ, Tang J, Liao Y, Zheng Y, Guo TL, Kang X, Yuan MT. Relationship between Apolipoprotein Superfamily and Parkinson's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2616-2623. [PMID: 29067960 PMCID: PMC5678263 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.217092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is featured with motor disorder and nonmotor manifestations including psychological symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and paresthesia, which results in great inconvenience to the patients’ life. The apolipoprotein (Apo) superfamily, as a group of potentially modifiable biomarkers in clinical practice, is of increasing significance in the diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis of PD. The present review summarized the current understanding and emerging findings of the relationship between Apo superfamily and PD. Data Sources: All literatures were identified by systematically searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases with terms “Parkinson disease,” “apolipoprotein,” and their synonyms until May 2017. Study Selection: We have thoroughly examined titles and abstracts of all the literatures that met our search strategy and the full text if the research is identified or not so definite. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also scrutinized for additional relevant studies. Results: The levels of plasma ApoA1 are inversely correlated with the risk of PD and the lower levels of ApoA1 trend toward association with poorer motor performance. Higher ApoD expression in neurons represents more puissant protection against PD, which is critical in delaying the neurodegeneration process of PD. It is suggested that APOE alleles are related to development and progression of cognitive decline and age of PD onset, but conclusions are not completely identical, which may be attributed to different ApoE isoforms. APOJ gene expressions are upregulated in PD patients and it is possible that high ApoJ level is an indicator of PD dementia and correlates with specific phenotypic variations in PD. Conclusions: The Apo superfamily has been proved to be closely involved in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of PD. Apos and their genes are of great value in predicting the susceptibility of PD and hopeful to become the target of medical intervention to prevent the onset of PD or slow down the progress. Therefore, further large-scale studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of Apos in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ming-Su Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guang-Qin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tong-Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mao-Ting Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie XF, Chu HJ, Xu YF, Hua L, Wang ZP, Huang P, Jia HL, Zhang L. Proteomics study of serum exosomes in Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery aneurysms. Cardiol J 2018; 26:584-593. [PMID: 29611167 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2018.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the protein profile of the serum exosomes of patients with coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) caused by Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to identify proteins from the exosomes of serum obtained from children with CAA caused by KD, as well as healthy controls. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/timeof-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) analysis. RESULTS Thirty two differentially expressed proteins were identified (18 up-regulated and 14 downregulated) from serum exosomes of children with CAA and were compared to healthy controls. The expression levels of 4 proteins (TN, RBP4, LRG1, and APOA4) were validated using Western blotting. Classification analysis and protein-protein network analysis showed that they are associated with multiple functional groups, including host immune response, inflammation, apoptotic process, developmental process, and biological adhesion process. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a comprehensive proteomic profile of serum exosomes from children with CAA caused by KD, and provide additional insights into the mechanisms of CAA caused by KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Xie
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Juan Chu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, 510630 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fen Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Hua
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou-Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ling Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang G, Zhang Y, Sun X. The relationship between the expression of TN and the efficiency of posterior spinal V osteotomy in patients with traumatic kyphosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9555. [PMID: 29384840 PMCID: PMC5805412 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the relationship between Tetranectin (TN) and efficiency of posterior spinal V osteotomy in patients with traumatic kyphosis. METHODS Ninety-two patients with traumatic kyphosis admitted in our hospital from February 2014 to June 2016 were included whose serum TN levels were examined by ELISA. Using the mean level of TN as cut-off value, patients were classified into TN high level group (group I) and TN low level group (group II). The observation indexes, including operation time, intra-operational loss of blood, Cobb angle, postoperative complications and recurrence rate of kyphosis within post-operational 6 months were recorded for comparison. RESULTS TN level was significantly higher in group I [(6.19 ± 0.33) μmol/L] than that in group II [(5.29 ± 0.34) μmol/L] (P < .05). There was no significant difference in average age, sex, lesion site and average time from injury to operation between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Compared to group II, operation time in group I was significantly shortened (5.02 ± 1.15 VS 4.58 ± 0.53, P = .023), the intra-operational loss of blood decreased (2418.56 ± 362.06 VS 2235.84 ± 325.63, P = .013), post-operational Cobb angle decreased (11.10 ± 1.31 VS 6.93 ± 1.04, P = .000), and the incidence of postoperative complications (nail-breaking, rod-breaking and looseness) and recurrence rate decreased (18.8% VS 4.5%, P = .036; 10.4% VS 0.0%, P = .028). CONCLUSION Serum TN level is proved to be related to the efficiency of posterior spinal V osteotomy in patients with traumatic kyphosis, and may serve as a possible indicator for clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province
| | - Yinshun Zhang
- Spine Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Xianjie Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen H, Li H, Zhao J, Peng P, Shao M, Wu H, Wang X, Chen L, Zhang Q, Ruan Y, Liu F, Sun Y. High Intratumoral Expression of Tetranectin Associates with Poor Prognosis of Patients with Gastric Cancer after Gastrectomy. J Cancer 2017; 8:3623-3630. [PMID: 29151948 PMCID: PMC5687179 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetranectin, encoded by the clec3b gene, is a plasminogen kringle-4 binding protein that can be detected in the plasma and the extracellular matrix. In malignancies, tetranectin is thought to enhance proteolytic processes enabling tumor cells to invade and metastasize. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of tetranectin in gastric cancer remains elusive. In this study, we found the expression of tetranectin was decreased in gastric cancer. High intratumoral tetranectin level was positively associated with tumor invasion (P = 0.013), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.005), advanced TNM stage (P = 0.003) and shorter overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001) for patients with gastric cancer. Tetranectin expression was identified as an independent prognostic factor for poor OS, and combining tetranectin expression with other independent prognostic factors generated a predictive nomogram, which showed better prognostic efficiency for OS in patients with gastric cancer. In summary, our study suggests that intratumoral tetranectin is a potential independent unfavorable prognostic biomarker for OS of patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haojie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peike Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neural cell death in the substantia nigra of the brain and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in Lewy bodies. α-Syn can be detected in blood and is a potential biomarker for PD. It has been shown recently that α-syn can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanism is not yet understood. We hypothesized that α-syn could interact with lipoproteins, and in association with these particles, could pass through the BBB. Here, we show that apoE, apoJ, and apoA1, but not apoB, were co-immunocaptured along with α-syn from human blood plasma, suggesting that α-syn is associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). This association was also supported by experiments involving western blotting of plasma fractions separated by gel filtration, which revealed that α-syn was found in fractions identified as HDL. Interestingly, we could also detect α-syn and ApoJ in the intermediate fraction between HDL and LDL, referred to as lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism. Overall, the results provide best support for the hypothesis that α-syn interacts with HDL, and this has potential implications for transport of α-syn from the brain to peripheral blood, across the BBB.
Collapse
|
16
|
Emamzadeh FN. Role of Apolipoproteins and α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:344-355. [PMID: 28695482 PMCID: PMC5541107 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive brain disorder that interferes with activities of normal life. The main pathological feature of this disease is the loss of more than 80% of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Dopaminergic neuronal cell death occurs when intraneuronal, insoluble, aggregated proteins start to form Lewy bodies (LBs), the most important component of which is a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn). α-Syn structurally contains hexameric repeats of 11 amino acids, which are characteristic of apolipoproteins and thus α-syn can also be considered an apolipoprotein. Moreover, apolipoproteins seem to be involved in the incidence and development of PD. Some apolipoproteins such as ApoD have a neuroprotective role in the brain. In PD, apoD levels increase in glial cells surrounding dopaminergic cells. However, elevated levels of some other apolipoproteins such as ApaA1 and ApoE are reported as a vulnerability factor of PD. At present, when a clinical diagnosis of PD is made, based on symptoms such as shaking, stiff muscles and slow movement, serious damage has already been done to nerve cells of the SN. The diagnosis of PD in its earlier stages, before this irreversible damage, would be of enormous benefit for future treatment strategies designed to slow or halt the progression of PD. This review presents the roles of apolipoproteins and α-syn in PD and how some of them could potentially be used as biomarkers for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tetranectin as a Potential Biomarker for Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17632. [PMID: 26621497 PMCID: PMC4665081 DOI: 10.1038/srep17632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study tested the hypothesis that decreased serum levels of tetranectin (TN), a regulator of the fibrinolysis and proteolytic system, is associated with the presence and severity of CAD. We conducted a systematic serological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to respectively compare the TN levels in serum and artery samples in CAD patients and healthy controls. Our results showed that serum levels of TN were significantly lower in patients with CAD than in healthy controls. Further analysis via trend tests revealed that serum TN levels correlated with the number of diseased arteries. Besides, the multivariate logistic regression model revealed TN as an independent factor associated with the presence of CAD. Additionally, IHC analysis showed that TN expression was significantly higher in atherosclerotic arteries as compared to healthy control tissues. In conclusion, our study suggests that increased serum TN level is associated with the presence and severity of diseased coronary arteries in patients with stable CAD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Westhoff D, Witlox J, van Aalst C, Scholtens RM, de Rooij SE, van Munster BC, de Jonghe JFM, Houdijk APJ, Eikelenboom P, van Westerloo DJ, van de Beek D, van Gool WA, Koenderman L. Preoperative protein profiles in cerebrospinal fluid in elderly hip fracture patients at risk for delirium: A proteomics and validation study. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 4:115-22. [PMID: 26675981 PMCID: PMC4661734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A neuroinflammatory response is suggested to play an important role in delirium, a common complication in older hospitalized patients. We examined whether hip fracture patients who develop postoperative delirium have a different proteome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to surgery. METHODS Patients (≥ 75 years) were admitted for hip fracture surgery. CSF was collected during spinal anaesthesia; proteins were separated using gel electrophoresis and identified with mass spectrometry. We compared the proteome of patients with and without postoperative delirium. Findings were validated in an independent, comparable cohort using immuno-assays. RESULTS In the derivation cohort 53 patients were included, 35.8% developed postoperative delirium. We identified differences in levels of eight CSF proteins between patients with and without subsequent delirium: complement factor C3, contactin-1, fibulin-1 and I-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase were significantly lower in patients with postoperative delirium, while neural cell adhesion molecule-2, fibrinogen, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein and haptoglobin levels were significantly higher. In the validation cohort 21.2% of 52 patients developed postoperative delirium. Immuno-assays confirmed contactin-1 results although not statistically significant. Complement factor C3 was significantly higher in patients with postoperative delirium. CONCLUSION Our results show the complexity of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in delirium and emphasizes the need of independent validation of findings. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights the challenges and inconsistent findings in studies of delirium, a serious complication in older patients. We analysed proteins in CSF, the most proximal fluid to the brain. All patients were free from delirium at the time of sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Westhoff
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Witlox
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center Alkmaar, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Corneli van Aalst
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rikie M Scholtens
- Department of Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia E de Rooij
- Department of Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara C van Munster
- Department of Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Geriatrics, Gelre hospitals, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F M de Jonghe
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center Alkmaar, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Houdijk
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center Alkmaar, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD Alkmaar, The Netherlands ; Trial Center Holland Health, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | | | - David J van Westerloo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A van Gool
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, PO box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains diverse lipid particles, including lipoproteins that are distinct from their plasma counterparts and contain apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms, apoJ, and apoAI, and extracellular vesicles, which can be detected by annexin V binding. The aim of this study was to develop a method to quantify CSF particles and evaluate their relationship to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We used a flow cytometric assay to detect annexin V-, apoE-, apoAI-, apoJ-, and amyloid (A) β42-positive particles in CSF from 131 research volunteers who were neurologically normal or had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia, or Parkinson disease. APOE ε4/ε4 participants had CSF apoE-positive particles that were more frequently larger but at an 88% lower level versus those in APOE ε3/ε3 or APOE ε3/ε4 patients; this finding was reproduced in conditioned medium from mouse primary glial cell cultures with targeted replacement of apoE. Cerebrospinal fluid apoE-positive and β-amyloid (Aβ42)-positive particle concentrations were persistently reduced one-third to one-half in middle and older age subjects; apoAI-positive particle concentration progressively increased approximately 2-fold with age. Both apoAI-positive and annexin V-positive CSF particle levels were reduced one-third to one-half in CSF of MCI and/or AD dementia patients versus age-matched controls. Our approach provides new methods to investigate CNS lipid biology in relation to neurodegeneration and perhaps develop new biomarkers for diagnosis or treatment monitoring.
Collapse
|
20
|
Walcott BP, Patel AP, Stapleton CJ, Trivedi RA, Young AM, Ogilvy CS. Multiplexed protein profiling after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: characterization of differential expression patterns in cerebral vasospasm. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:2135-2139. [PMID: 25082408 PMCID: PMC4250356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm is a major contributor to delayed morbidity following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. We sought to evaluate differential plasma protein levels across time in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage to identify potential biomarkers and to better understand the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm. Nine female patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent serial analysis of 239 different serum protein levels using quantitative, multiplexed immunoassays (DiscoveryMAP 250+ v2.0, Myriad RBM, Austin, TX, USA) on post-hemorrhage days 0 and 5. A repeated measures analysis of variance determined that mean protein concentration decreased significantly in patients who developed vasospasm versus those who did not for alpha-2-macroglobulin (F [1.00,7.00]=16.33, p=0.005), angiogenin (F [1.00,7.00]=7.65, p=0.028), apolipoprotein A-IV (F [1.00,7.00]=6.308, p=0.040), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (F [1.00,7.00]=9.08, p=0.020), macrophage-stimulating protein (F [1.00,7.00]=24.21, p=0.002), tetranectin (F [1.00,7.00]=5.46, p<0.039), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (F [1.00,7.00]=6.94, p=0.034), and significantly increased for vitronectin (F [1.00,7.00]=5.79, p=0.047). These biomarkers may be of value in detecting cerebral vasospasm, possibly aiding in the identification of patients at high-risk prior to neurological deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Walcott
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room 502, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anoop P. Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room 502, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher J. Stapleton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room 502, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rikin A. Trivedi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital and the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam M.H. Young
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room 502, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital and the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher S. Ogilvy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. Cerebrospinal fluid biochemical studies in patients with Parkinson's disease: toward a potential search for biomarkers for this disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:369. [PMID: 25426023 PMCID: PMC4227512 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier supplies brain tissues with nutrients and filters certain compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream. In several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), there are disruptions of the blood-brain barrier. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been widely investigated in PD and in other parkinsonian syndromes with the aim of establishing useful biomarkers for an accurate differential diagnosis among these syndromes. This review article summarizes the studies reported on CSF levels of many potential biomarkers of PD. The most consistent findings are: (a) the possible role of CSF urate on the progression of the disease; (b) the possible relations of CSF total tau and phosphotau protein with the progression of PD and with the preservation of cognitive function in PD patients; (c) the possible value of CSF beta-amyloid 1-42 as a useful marker of further cognitive decline in PD patients, and (d) the potential usefulness of CSF neurofilament (NFL) protein levels in the differential diagnosis between PD and other parkinsonian syndromes. Future multicentric, longitudinal, prospective studies with long-term follow-up and neuropathological confirmation would be useful in establishing appropriate biomarkers for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain
- AMGenomicsCáceres, Spain
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- AMGenomicsCáceres, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Swanson CR, Li K, Unger TL, Gallagher MD, Van Deerlin VM, Agarwal P, Leverenz J, Roberts J, Samii A, Gross RG, Hurtig H, Rick J, Weintraub D, Trojanowski JQ, Zabetian C, Chen-Plotkin AS. Lower plasma apolipoprotein A1 levels are found in Parkinson's disease and associate with apolipoprotein A1 genotype. Mov Disord 2014; 30:805-12. [PMID: 25227208 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel plasma-based biomarkers could lead to new approaches in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we explore the role of plasma apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) as a risk marker for PD and evaluate the influence of APOA1 promoter variation on plasma ApoA1 levels. Plasma ApoA1 and the single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs670, were assayed in a discovery cohort (cohort 1) of 301 PD patients, 80 normal controls (NCs), and 165 subjects with other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as a cohort (cohort 2) of 158 PD patients from a second clinical site. Additionally, rs670 was genotyped in a third cohort of 1,494 PD and 925 NC subjects from both clinical sites. Compared to both normal and disease controls, PD patients have lower plasma ApoA1 (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Moreover, in PD patients, plasma ApoA1 levels are correlated with genotype at the APOA1 promoter polymorphism, rs670. Specifically, lower plasma ApoA1 levels were found in rs670 major allele (G) homozygotes in both cohort 1 (P = 0.009) and in a replication cohort (cohort 2; n = 158 PD patients; P = 0.024). Finally, evaluating rs670 genotype frequencies in 1,930 PD cases versus 997 NCs, the rs670 GG genotype shows a trend toward association (odds ratio: 1.1; P = 0.10) with PD. Our results are compatible with a model whereby circulating ApoA1 levels may be useful in risk-stratifying subjects for the development of PD, with higher ApoA1 levels suggesting relative protection. Future studies evaluating modulation of ApoA1 as a novel therapeutic strategy in PD are warranted. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Swanson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine Li
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Travis L Unger
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D Gallagher
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Hospital Medical Center, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - James Leverenz
- Cleveland Clinic Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - John Roberts
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ali Samii
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel Goldmann Gross
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Howard Hurtig
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cyrus Zabetian
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hottman DA, Chernick D, Cheng S, Wang Z, Li L. HDL and cognition in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:22-36. [PMID: 25131449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins composed of various lipids and proteins. HDL is formed both in the systemic circulation and in the brain. In addition to being a crucial player in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, HDL possesses a wide range of other functions including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, pro-endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, and modulation of immune function. It has been firmly established that high plasma levels of HDL protect against cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial role of HDL extends to many other systems including the central nervous system. Cognition is a complex brain function that includes all aspects of perception, thought, and memory. Cognitive function often declines during aging and this decline manifests as cognitive impairment/dementia in age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A growing concern is that no effective therapy is currently available to prevent or treat these devastating diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that HDL may play a pivotal role in preserving cognitive function under normal and pathological conditions. This review attempts to summarize recent genetic, clinical and experimental evidence for the impact of HDL on cognition in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders as well as the potential of HDL-enhancing approaches to improve cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Hottman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dustin Chernick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu W, Wan X, Liu B, Rong X, Zhu L, Li P, Li J, Wang L, Cui L, Wang X. Specific changes of serum proteins in Parkinson's disease patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95684. [PMID: 24769800 PMCID: PMC4000217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify and validate protein change in the serum from PD patients. We used serum samples from 21 PD patients and 20 age-matched normal people as control to conduct a comparative proteomic study. We performed 2-DE and analyzed the differentially expressed protein spots by LC-MS/MS. In PD group 13 spots were shown to be differentially expressed compared to control group. They were identified as 6 proteins. Among these, 3 proteins were confirmed by Western blot analysis. It showed that the frequency of fibrinogen γ-chain (FGG) appeared 70% in PD, which could not be detected in control group. The protein of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITI-H4) was found to exist two forms in serum. The full size (120 kDa) of the protein was increased and the fragmented ITI-H4 (35 kDa) was decreased in PD group. The ratio of full size ITI-H4 to fragmented ITI-H4 in PD patients was 3.85±0.29-fold higher than in control group. Furthermore, fragmented Apo A-IV (∼26 kDa) was mainly detected in control group, while it was rare to be found in PD group. Above findings might be useful for diagnosis of PD. When the expressions of FGG and 120 kDa ITI-H4 are increase, as well as ∼26 kDa Apo A-IV disappear would provide strong evidence for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfang Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (XW)
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (XW)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Song X, Li X, Gao J, Zhao J, Li Y, Fan X, Lv L. APOA-I: a possible novel biomarker for metabolic side effects in first episode schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93902. [PMID: 24710015 PMCID: PMC3978061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in plasma protein expression in first episode schizophrenia after an 8-week treatment with risperidone, and to explore potential biomarkers for metabolic side effects associated with risperidone treatment. Eighty first-episode schizophrenia patientswere enrolled in the study. Fifteen of the 80 patients were randomly selected to undergo proteomic analysis. Plasma proteins were obtained before and after the 8-week risperidone treatment, and measured using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry(MALDI-TOF/TOF) and peptide mass fingerprinting.Proteins with the highest fold changes after risperidone treatment were then measured for all 80 patients using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between changes in plasma protein levels and changes in metabolic parameters after risperidone treatment was examined. In 15 randomly selected patients, approximately 1,500 protein spots were detected in each gel by 2-DE. Of those proteins, 22 spots showed significant difference in abundance after risperidone treatment (p's<0.05). After MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprinting, apolipoprotein A-I (APOA-I) and Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein, Alpha Stimulating (GNAS), were found to have the highest fold changes.The content of APOA-I was significantly increased, and the content of GNAS was significantly decreased after risperidone treatment (p's<0.05). The analysis in the entire study sample showed similar findings in changes of APOA-I and GNAS after risperidone treatment. Further analysis showed significant relationships between changesin APOA-1 and changes in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and body mass index after controlling for age, gender and family history of diabetes. Similar analysis showed a trend positive relationship between changes in GNAS and changes in BMI. Using proteomic analysis, the study suggested that APOA-I might be a novel biomarkers related to metabolic side effects in first episode schizophrenia treated with risperidone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- University of Massachusetts Medical School UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LL); (XQS)
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- The Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youhui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoduo Fan
- University of Massachusetts Medical School UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (XQS)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maarouf CL, Beach TG, Adler CH, Shill HA, Sabbagh MN, Wu T, Walker DG, Kokjohn TA, Roher AE. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuropathologically diagnosed Parkinson's disease subjects. Neurol Res 2013; 34:669-76. [PMID: 22889670 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) afflicts approximately 1-2% of the population over 50 years of age. No cures or effective modifying treatments exist and clinical diagnosis is currently confounded by a lack of definitive biomarkers. We sought to discover potential biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neuropathologically confirmed PD cases. METHODS We compared postmortem ventricular CSF (V-CSF) from PD and normal control (NC) subjects using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Spots exhibiting a 1·5-fold or greater difference in volume between PD patients and controls were excised from the two-dimensional gels, subjected to tryptic digestion and identification of peptides assigned using mass spectrometric/data bank correlation methods. RESULTS Employing this strategy six molecules: fibrinogen, transthyretin, apolipoprotein E, clusterin, apolipoprotein A-1, and glutathione-S-transferase-Pi, were found to be different between PD and NC populations. DISCUSSION These molecules have been implicated in PD pathogenesis. Combining biomarker data from multiple laboratories may create a consensus panel of proteins that may serve as a diagnostic tool for this neurodegenerative disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chera L Maarouf
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Keeney JTR, Swomley AM, Förster S, Harris JL, Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Apolipoprotein A-I: insights from redox proteomics for its role in neurodegeneration. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:109-22. [PMID: 23027708 PMCID: PMC3760000 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics has a wide range of applications, including determination of differences in the proteome in terms of expression and post-translational protein modifications. Redox proteomics allows the identification of specific targets of protein oxidation in a biological sample. Using proteomic techniques, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) has been found at decreased levels in subjects with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and Down syndrome (DS) with gout subjects. ApoA-I plays roles in cholesterol transport and regulation of inflammation. Redox proteomics further showed ApoA-I to be highly oxidatively modified and particularly susceptible to modification by 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE), a lipid peroxidation product. In the current review, we discuss the consequences of oxidation of ApoA-I in terms of neurodegeneration. ROS-associated chemotherapy related ApoA-I oxidation leads to elevation of peripheral levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) causing a signaling cascade that can contribute to neuronal death, likely a contributor to what patients refer to as "chemobrain." Current evidence suggests ApoA-I to be a promising diagnostic marker as well as a potential target for therapeutic strategies in these neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeriel T. R. Keeney
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aaron M. Swomley
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica L. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang J, Hoekstra JG, Zuo C, Cook TJ, Zhang J. Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: current status and future perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2012; 18:155-62. [PMID: 22982303 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major advances in biomarker discovery for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), with emphasis on neuroimaging and biochemical markers. Potential strategies to develop biomarkers capable of predicting PD in the prodromal stage before the appearance of motor symptoms or correlating with nonmotor symptoms, an active area of research, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Valdes AM. Involvement of the CLEC3B gene in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:249. [PMID: 21075210 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|