1
|
Debras E, Capmas P, Maudot C, Chavatte-Palmer P. Uterine wound healing after caesarean section: A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 296:83-90. [PMID: 38417279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The rate of caesarean section (CS) is increasing worldwide. Defects in uterine healing have a major gynaecological and obstetric impact (uterine rupture, caesarean scar defect, caesarean scar pregnancy, placenta accreta spectrum). The complex process of cellular uterine healing after surgery, and specifically after CS, remains poorly understood in contrast to skin wound healing. This literature review on uterine wound healing was mainly based on histological observations, particularly after CS. The primary objective of the review was to examine the effects of CS on uterine tissue at the cellular level, based on histological observations. The secondary objectives were to describe the biomechanical characteristics and the therapies used to improve scar tissue after CS. This review was performed using PRISMA criteria, and PubMed was the data source. The study included all clinical and animal model studies with CS and histological analysis of the uterine scar area (macroscopic, microscopic, immunohistochemical and biomechanical). Twenty studies were included: 10 human and 10 animal models. In total, 533 female humans and 511 female animals were included. Review articles, meeting abstracts, case series, case reports, and abstracts without access to full-text were excluded. The search was limited to studies published in English. No correlation was found between cutaneous and uterine healing. The histology of uterine scars is characterized by disorganized smooth muscle, fibrosis with collagen fibres and fewer endometrial glands. As for skin healing, the initial inflammation phase and mediation of some growth factors (particularly connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumour necrosis factor α and tumour necrosis factor β) seem to be essential. This initial phase has an impact on the subsequent phases of proliferation and maturation. Collagen appears to play a key role in the initial granulation tissue to replace the loss of substance. Subsequent maturation of the scar tissue is essential, with a decrease in collagen and smooth muscle restoration. Unlike skin, the glandular structure of uterine tissue could be responsible for the relatively high incidence of healing defects. Uterine scar defects after CS are characterized by an atrophic disorganized endometrium with atypia and a fibroblastic highly collagenic stromal reaction. Concerning immunohistochemistry, one study found a decrease in tumour necrosis factor β in uterine scar defects. No correlation was found between biomechanical characteristics (particularly uterine strength) and the presence of a collagenous scar after CS. Based on the findings of this review, an illustration of current understanding about uterine healing is provided. There is currently no validated prevention of caesarean scar defects. Various treatments to improve uterine healing after CS have been tested, and appeared to have good efficacy in animal studies: alpha lipoic acid, growth factors, collagen scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells. Further prospective studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Debras
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Faculty of medicine, University Paris-Sud Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - P Capmas
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculty of medicine, University Paris-Sud Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM - UMR1018 - CESP - Hopital Paul Brousse, 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - C Maudot
- AP-HP, GHU-Sud, Hospital Bicêtre, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - P Chavatte-Palmer
- University Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of Using Barbed Suture in Myomectomy on Adhesion Formation and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. J Pers Med 2022; 13:jpm13010092. [PMID: 36675753 PMCID: PMC9862078 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is still concern regarding postoperative adhesion formation and adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes caused by barbed suture (BS) after myomectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative adhesion and pregnancy outcomes between conventional suture (CS) and BS after minimally invasive myomectomy (MIM) by robotic myomectomy (RM) or laparoscopic myomectomy (LM). Methods: The medical records of 94 women who had undergone MIM with CS and 97 who had undergone MIM with BS and achieved pregnancy were reviewed. Postoperative adhesion was evaluated following cesarean section. Results: The number of removed myomas was greater (5.3 ± 4.6 vs. 3.5 ± 3.1, p = 0.001) and the size of the largest myoma was larger (7.0 ± 2.2 vs. 5.8 ± 2.7 cm, p = 0.001) in the BS group relative to the CS group. A total of 98.9% of patients in the CS group and 45.4% in the BS group had undergone LM (p < 0.001), while the others underwent RM. There was no significant difference in the presence of postoperative adhesion at cesarean section between the BS and CS groups (45.5 vs. 43.7%, p = 0.095). Additionally, there were no intergroup differences in pregnancy complications such as preterm labor, placenta previa, accrete or abruption. Note also that in our logistic regression analysis, the suture type (BS or CS) was excluded from the independent risk factors regarding postoperative adhesion formation. Conclusions: Our data indicated that the incidence of postoperative adhesion after MIM with BS was similar when compared with CS. Also it seems that the suture type does not have a significant effect on pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Arena A, Degli Esposti E, Cristani G, Orsini B, Moro E, Raimondo D, Del Forno S, Lenzi J, Casadio P, Seracchioli R. Comparison of fertility outcomes after laparoscopic myomectomy for barbed versus nonbarbed sutures. Fertil Steril 2020; 115:248-255. [PMID: 32933760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact on women's reproductive outcomes of barbed sutures to repair uterine breaches during laparoscopic myomectomy compared with traditional smooth sutures. DESIGN Retrospective, monocentric cohort study, with information on subsequent pregnancies prospectively acquired for some women. SETTING Tertiary-level academic referral center. PATIENT(S) Women older than 18 years who had undergone a laparoscopic myomectomy and had sought pregnancy afterward, divided into two groups based on type of suture used to repair the uterine wall: group A (nonbarbed) and group B (barbed). INTERVENTION(S) Laparoscopic removal of FIGO types 3, 4, 5, and 6 uterine leiomyomas by use of either only barbed sutures or only traditional smooth sutures to reconstruct the uterine defect. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Pregnancy achievement rates, delivery modes, main pregnancy complications, perioperative complications for both kinds of suture, and the trend of the use of barbed sutures over time at our center. RESULT(S) Of 164 patients included, 83 were in group A and 81 in group B. Ninety-one patients (55.5%) experienced at least one postoperative pregnancy, with no differences between the groups (group A 60.5%; group B 50.6%). Of the 103 recorded postoperative pregnancies, 70 (68%) resulted in live births, 29 (28.1%) in first-trimester miscarriages, and 4 (3.9%) were ongoing. CONCLUSION(S) Barbed sutures have a similar impact on reproductive outcomes as smooth conventional threads, both in terms of pregnancy and obstetric complication rates, after laparoscopic myomectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arena
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenia Degli Esposti
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cristani
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Orsini
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Moro
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Raimondo
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Del Forno
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lenzi
- Dipartmento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Casadio
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Misirlioglu S, Boza A, Arslan T, Urman B, Taskiran C. Unidirectional barbed suture for vaginal cuff closure without backward stitch in total laparoscopic hysterectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:1793-1799. [PMID: 30019797 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of unidirectional barbed suture technique for vaginal cuff closure in total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). METHODS In a retrospective chart review, data were analyzed from 165 patients who underwent a TLH with an unidirectional barbed suture technique for vaginal cuff closure from January 2012 to June 2016 at tertiary-care university-based teaching hospital and academic affiliated hospital. Vaginal cuff was closed by single layer 3/0 V-Loc unidirectional 9″, 180 day Absorbable Wound Closure Device (Covidien Healthcare, Mansfield, MA) and the suture was not stitched backward to secure distal end. RESULTS A total of 165 patients were included and the median age was 50 years (range, 35-84 years). The median completion time for hysterectomy time was 100 min (range, 40-240 min) and the median vaginal cuff closure time was 7 min (range, 4-15 min). The median estimated blood loss was 87.8 mL (range 30-250 mL) and the median uterine weight was 200 g (range, 40-900 g). Intraoperative complication included bladder perforation (1.2%) and postoperative complications were vaginal cuff dehiscence (1.8%), cuff cellulitis (0.6%), vesicovaginal fistula (0.6%) and unexplained fever (0.6%). CONCLUSION According to the results of current study, the use of unidirectional barbed suture without backward stitching appears to be safe for the vaginal cuff closure in TLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Misirlioglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VKF Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen Boza
- Women's Health Center, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tonguc Arslan
- Women's Health Center, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Urman
- Women's Health Center, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VKF Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Taskiran
- Women's Health Center, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VKF Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yalcin S, Kibar Y, Tokas T, Gezginci E, Günal A, Ölcücü MT, Özgök IY, Gözen AS. In Vivo Comparison of "V-Loc 90 Wound Closure Device" With "Vicryl" and "Monocryl" in Regard to Tissue Reaction in a Rabbit Bladder Model. Urology 2018; 116:231.e1-231.e5. [PMID: 29505856 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the barbed polyglyconate suture (BPS) with 2 commonly used conventional sutures, this prospective randomized trial was designed. The sutures applied in the urinary collecting system, in terms of long-term histopathologic and macroscopic suture material features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight female and 6 male New Zealand rabbits were included in the study. Each animal served as its own control and was subjected to cystotomy. Watertight running cystorrhaphies were performed using 3 different sutures in a randomized fashion, namely Monocryl, Vicryl, and V-Loc 90. Seven animals were sacrificed after the third and 7 after the sixth week. Macroscopic and histopathologic examinations were performed. Tissue reaction, like inflammation and fibrosis, around the sutures were evaluated. Friedman and Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS The BPS demonstrated no adhesion. However, in the six-week group, stone formation was recorded on 4 BPS and 1 Vicryl thread, a difference being statistically significant (P = .039). Additionally, in the third- and in the sixth-week group, 1 (P = .368) and 3 (P = .050) BPS threads migrated, respectively. The histopathologic analysis revealed less inflammation and fibrosis associated with the BPS thread in both the third and the sixth-week groups (P = .010 and P = .002, respectively). CONCLUSION The BPS appears to be superior to conventional sutures in terms of local inflammation and fibrosis. However, suture migration and stone formation following collecting system closure could be potential predicaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Yalcin
- Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kibar
- Koru Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Theodoros Tokas
- General Hospital Hall i.T., Department of Urology and Andrology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Elif Gezginci
- Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Armagan Günal
- Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ali Serdar Gözen
- University of Heidelberg, SLK-Kliniken, Department of Urology, Heilbronn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gardella B, Dominoni M, Iacobone A, De Silvestri A, Tinelli C, Bogliolo S, Spinillo A. What Is the Role of Barbed Suture in Laparoscopic Myomectomy? A Meta-Analysis and Pregnancy Outcome Evaluation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2018; 83:521-532. [DOI: 10.1159/000488241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Gingold JA, Gueye NA, Falcone T. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Myoma Management. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2018; 25:237-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Montel JS, Duffy DJ, Weng HY, Freeman LJ. Single layer cystotomy closure of excised porcine bladders with barbed versus smooth suture material. Vet Surg 2017; 46:580-586. [PMID: 28463428 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Montel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Comparative Pathobiology; Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Daniel J. Duffy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Comparative Pathobiology; Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Comparative Pathobiology; Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Lynetta J. Freeman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Comparative Pathobiology; Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; West Lafayette Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Umranikar SA, Ubee SS, Selvan M, Cooke P. Barbed suture tissue closure device in urological surgery – a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415817702315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development and implementation of barbed sutures has transformed the technique of tissue closure with increasing application across multiple surgical disciplines. Changes in design and handling such as the introduction of absorbable and non-absorbable bidirectional barbed sutures reflect an increasing applicability in tissues of varying qualities. We undertook a comprehensive review of available literature to provide an evidence-based rationale for the clinical use of barbed suture tissue closure devices. We summarise uses along with advantages and disadvantages reported across a number of surgical specialties such as urology, orthopaedics, gynaecology and plastic surgery. Tangible benefits noted were faster closure speed, maintenance of suture integrity, improved efficiency in closure, avoidance of knots and possibly a cost-benefit effect. In terms of complications, the barbed sutures compared equally with standard sutures with no significant differences. In conclusion, barbed sutures have demonstrated versatility and safety across surgical specialties and compares favourably with standard sutures. There appears to be an increasing popularity in the use of barbed sutures with clear advantages to both surgeon and patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salil A Umranikar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of North Midlands NHS Trust, UK
- Department of Urology, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - Sarvpreet S Ubee
- Department of Urology, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - Masilamani Selvan
- Department of Urology, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - Peter Cooke
- Department of Urology, The Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Ma D, Li X, Zhang Q. Role of Barbed Sutures in Repairing Uterine Wall Defects in Laparoscopic Myomectomy: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016; 23:684-91. [PMID: 26997417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As an innovative technology barbed sutures have demonstrated clinical and surgical benefits in several specialties. The purpose of this study was to systemically review the available evidence on the application of barbed sutures in repairing the uterine wall defects in laparoscopic myomectomy and to compare with conventional suture in clinical safety and efficacy. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were used for a systematic electronic search of published literature. Studies were selected that evaluate barbed sutures in surgical treatment for patients with benign myomas eligible for laparoscopic myomectomy in comparison with conventional sutures. Depending on the heterogeneity, either a fixed-effects model or random-effects model was used in this meta-analysis. Continuous variable data were showed as standard mean difference (SMD) and weighted mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 7 studies (n = 484) met inclusion criteria. Compared with conventional sutures, barbed sutures demonstrated significant reductions in suturing time (SMD, -1.26; 95% CI, -1.85 to -.67; p < .001), operating time (SMD, -.64; 95% CI, -.83 to -.44; p < .001), intraoperative blood loss (SMD, -.43; 95% CI, -.79 to -.06; p = .021), and postoperative hemoglobin drop (SMD, -.56; 95% CI, -1.01 to -.11; p = .014). The result was numerically lower in the barbed suture group for hospital length of study, although there was no significant difference. This meta-analysis demonstrates clear clinical advantages of time savings and blood loss reduction by using barbed sutures in close uterine wall defects in laparoscopic myomectomy compared with conventional sutures. Those benefits may reduce the surgical difficulty in laparoscopic myomectomy procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Api M, Boza A, Cıkman MS, Aker FV, Onenerk M. Comparison of barbed and conventional sutures in adhesion formation and histological features in a rat myomectomy model: randomized single blind controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 185:121-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
12
|
Freetly HC, Vonnahme KA, McNeel AK, Camacho LE, Amundson OL, Forbes ED, Lents CA, Cushman RA. The consequence of level of nutrition on heifer ovarian and mammary development1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5437-43. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Freetly
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - A. K. McNeel
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - L. E. Camacho
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - O. L. Amundson
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - E. D. Forbes
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - C. A. Lents
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - R. A. Cushman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|