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Shen YM, Chan BSM, Liu JB, Zhou YY, Cui XL, He YQ, Fang YM, Xiang YT, Luo XR. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among students aged 6~ 16 years old in central Hunan, China. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:243. [PMID: 30055590 PMCID: PMC6064142 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though several epidemiological surveys of psychiatric disorders have been carried out in China, only a few of them are concerned about the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in central Hunan and reveal the distribution of common psychiatric disorders and their comorbidities. METHODS Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) were administered to a stratified sample of 17,071 participants aged 6 to 16 years old from two cities in the central part of Hunan province. Twelve-month prevalence rates were calculated. RESULTS Twelve-month prevalence of the population was 9.74%. The most common psychiatric disorders were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (4.96%), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (2.98%) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (1.77%). Of those with a 12-month prevalence diagnosis, 34.6% had one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders. Most notably, ADHD had comorbidity rates of 25.15% with ODD, 18.18% with CD, 6.38% with GAD, and 3.66% with MDD. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric disorders are common in Chinese children and adolescents. Being the most prevalent mental disorder, ADHD requires continued focus and support in awareness and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Shen
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cDepartment of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China ,Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Bella Siu Man Chan
- 0000 0001 2288 9830grid.17091.3eThe Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jian-Bo Liu
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cDepartment of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China ,Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Yuan-Yue Zhou
- 0000 0004 1759 700Xgrid.13402.34Mental Health Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013 China
| | - Xi-Long Cui
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cDepartment of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China ,Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Yu-Qiong He
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cDepartment of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China ,Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Yu-min Fang
- 0000 0004 1803 0208grid.452708.cDepartment of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China ,Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xue-Rong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Mental Health Institute of Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Gomez R, Suhaimi AF. Incidence rates of emotional and behavioural problems in Malaysian children as measured by parent ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Asian J Psychiatr 2013; 6:528-31. [PMID: 24309866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to ascertain the rates of emotional and behavioural problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and low prosocial behaviour) of Malaysian children. METHODS In all 1407 Malaysian parents completed ratings of their children using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS The findings indicating that for these emotional and behavioural problems, about 5% are at the abnormal level and that another 10% are at the borderline abnormal level. This study also provided normative cut-off scores to ascertain borderline and abnormal bands for these problems. DISCUSSION The clinical and cultural implications of the findings are discussed.
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Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Nelson P, Polanczyk GV, Flaxman AD, Vos T, Whiteford HA, Scott JG. Epidemiological modelling of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1263-74. [PMID: 24117530 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most recent Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2010) is the first to include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) for burden quantification. We present the epidemiological profiles of ADHD and CD across three time periods for 21 world regions. METHODS A systematic review of global epidemiology was conducted for each disorder (based on a literature search of the Medline, PsycInfo and EMBASE databases). A Bayesian metaregression tool was used to derive prevalence estimates by age and sex in three time periods (1990, 2005 and 2010) for 21 world regions including those with little or no data. Prior expert knowledge and covariates were applied to each model to adjust suboptimal data. Final prevalence output for ADHD were adjusted to reflect an equivalent value if studies had measured point prevalence using multiple informants while final prevalence output for CD were adjusted to reflect a value equivalent to CD only. RESULTS Prevalence was pooled for males and females aged 5-19 years with no difference found in global prevalence between the three time periods. Male prevalence of ADHD in 2010 was 2.2% (2.0-2.3) while female prevalence was 0.7% (0.6-0.7). Male prevalence of CD in 2010 was 3.6% (3.3-4.0) while female prevalence was 1.5% (1.4-1.7). ADHD and CD were estimated to be present worldwide with ADHD prevalence showing some regional variation while CD prevalence remained relatively consistent worldwide. CONCLUSIONS We present the first prevalence estimates of both ADHD and CD globally and for all world regions. Data were sparse with large parts of the world having no estimates of either disorder. Epidemiological studies are urgently needed in certain parts of the world. Our findings directly informed burden quantification for GBD 2010. As mental disorders gained increased recognition after the first GBD study in 1990, the inclusion of ADHD and CD in GBD 2010 ensures their importance will be recognized alongside other childhood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Erskine
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
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Ahmad A, Abdul-Majeed AM, Siddiq AA, Jabar F, Qahar J, Rasheed J, von Knorring AL. Reporting questionnaire for children as a screening instrument for child mental health problems in Iraqi Kurdistan. Transcult Psychiatry 2007; 44:5-26. [PMID: 17379607 DOI: 10.1177/1363461507074949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify child mental health problems in a mid-sized to large city in Iraqi Kurdistan, the Reporting Questionnaire for Children (RQC), followed by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Post-traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist for Children (PTSS-C), were administered in interview form to the caregivers of 806 school-aged children. To cover different categories of children, four samples were randomly selected from among the general population (n = 201), orphans (n = 241), primary medical care patients (n = 199), and hospital patients (n = 165). The RQC revealed satisfactory validity against a deviant CBCL cut-off. The screening capacity of the RQC was further supported by its similarity to the CBCL in distribution of problem scores among the four samples and its positive correlation with the CBCL, but not with the trauma-related PTSS-C. Although the general population showed lower problem scores than the orphans and the two clinical samples, problem scores in all instruments were considerably higher than those reported from other societies. The RQC seems to be useful as a first-stage screening instrument for child mental health problems in Kurdistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulbaghi Ahmad
- Department of Child Mental Health at the College of Medicine of the University of Dohuk, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Yoo HI, Cho SC, Kim BN, Kim SY, Shin MS, Hong KE. Psychiatric morbidity of second and third grade primary school children in Korea. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2006; 36:215-25. [PMID: 16228148 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-005-4078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to identify psychiatric morbidity among Korean second and third elementary school children using an objective diagnostic interview tool. Data from 5,118 (2,723 boys, 2,395 girls; mean age = 8.41 years (SD = 0.66)) second and third grade schoolchildren were drawn from 28 elementary schools. After initial screening assessments using the 28-item Child Problem-Behavior Screening Test for parents, 672 primary caregivers were subjected to secondary screening using the Korean version of the CBCL. Two hundred and seventy-one high-risk children selected according to the K-CBCL results, 138 (50.9%) children and their primary caregivers were interviewed using the Korean version of K-SADS-PL for objective DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses. Sixty-four (46.4%) of the hundred and thirty eight children were determined to have at least one psychiatric disorder. More boys were diagnosed as psychiatric patients than girls (46 males, 18 females; OR = 2.21). The most frequently diagnosed disorder was ADHD (46/64; 71.9%), followed by tic disorder, anxiety disorders, mental retardation, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. Two or more comorbid psychiatric disorders were found in 22 (34.4%) of the 64 patients. The computed crude percentage of psychiatric patients in this study was 4.12%, which is similar to previously published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Yoo
- Seoul National University, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The goal was to assess rates of anxiety and depression in adolescents in two areas of Zhejiang Province, China. A cross-sectional survey was carried-out using a self-report questionnaire developed for this study. Participants were middle school students (age range 13-16 years) in an urban and a rural setting. There were 1576 completed questionnaires. Symptoms of anxiety sufficient to interfere with enjoyment of life, relaxation, and sleep were common (48%, 40%, and 27%, respectively). School-related problems were the predominant sources of worry. One third reported a history of depression, 16% had at times felt life was not worth living, and 9% reported that they had attempted suicide. Girls were more likely to report symptoms of depression. Patterns of help-seeking showed reliance on friends and parents; only 1% had sought professional help. There were no significant differences in anxiety and depression between one-child and multisibling families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Hesketh
- Centre for International Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though bladder and bowel control are important developmental milestones in all cultures, the prevalence of enuresis and encopresis has rarely been studied in developing countries despite there being factors in these countries that could affect it. This study reports the prevalence and associations of enuresis and encopresis in children in Kerala, India. METHOD The parents of 1403 randomly selected 8-12-year-old children were interviewed. The prevalence of enuresis and encopresis was ascertained using Rutter's A2 scale. Subsamples of children underwent psychiatric, physical and psychometric evaluations. RESULTS Of the children, 18.6% had had an episode of enuresis in the past year and 4.3% in the past week. Four per cent had had an episode of encopresis in the past year. Enuresis was associated with parents' education, physical and psychiatric symptoms in the child, poor academic achievement and lax parental attitudes to toilet training. Encopresis was associated with male sex, physical and psychiatric symptoms, poor academic achievement, early separation and not having a toilet. DISCUSSION The prevalence of enuresis compares with western countries, but encopresis is commoner. The associations of enuresis suggested a multifactorial model in which parental competence was prominent. This study de-emphasized the importance of neurodevelopmental factors in enuresis and encopresis in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hackett
- School of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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