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Cui H, Huang Y, Wu Y, Ma J, Cao X, Xie J, Zhang Y. The expression of diacylglycerol kinase isoforms α and ζ correlates with the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:437-448. [PMID: 34312706 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, whose precise processes are not fully understood. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes of α, β, γ and ζ expressed abundantly in the brain and/or the immune system, may be regulatory targets for MS. In this study, we analyzed the four DGK isozymes along the induction, peak and recovery phases in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model of MS. The expression of these DGK isozymes and the diacylglycerol (DAG) pathway in the EAE rat brainstems were analyzed by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence double staining, western blotting and ELISA. Our results showed that the mRNA content of the four DGK isozymes decreased significantly, and their immunoreactivity in myelin sheathes (DGKα, β) and neurons (DGKγ, ζ) became weaker at the beginning of the induction phase. With the progressive increase in clinical signs, DGKα, DGKγ and DGKζ mRNA increased and DGKβ mRNA decreased, and microglia were involved in the formation of perivascular cuffing. In the peak phase, both DGKα and DGKζ were expressed in neurons and inflammatory cells, and DGKζ was also positive in microglia. During the recovery phase, the mRNA content and immunoreactivity of these DGK isozymes generally reached normal levels. Moreover, our results revealed that changes in DAG accumulation and PKCδ phosphorylation were almost the same as those of DGKα and DGKζ mRNA. In summary, the four DGK isozymes are involved in the EAE process. The predominant and broad presence of DGKα and DGKζ suggests that they may regulate the pathological process by attenuating DAG/PKCδ pathway signaling during EAE evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Cui
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yige Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Ximei Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianshan Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, No.56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Effect of ropivacaine on peripheral neuropathy in streptozocin diabetes-induced rats through TRPV1-CGRP pathway. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220953. [PMID: 31661547 PMCID: PMC6851513 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the effect of ropivacaine on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic rats and its possible mechanism. Methods Forty-eight Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: nondiabetic control group, nondiabetic group A (0.25% ropivacaine), nondiabetic group B (0.75% ropivacaine), diabetic control group (diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) +artificial cerebrospinal fluid), diabetic group A (DPN+0.25% ropivacaine), and diabetic group B (DPN + 0.75% ropivacaine), with eight rats in each group. Within an hour of the last administration, the sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) of each group was measured, and the morphological changes of rat sciatic nerve were observed by HE, Weil’s staining and electron microscopy. The expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) in the spinal cord dorsal horn of rats was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) protein in the spinal cord was analyzed by Western blot. Results Compared with the nondiabetic control group, elevated blood glucose, decreased weight and reduced average mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT), additionally, the sciatic nerves showed significantly slowed conduction velocity (both P<0.001) and damaged pathological structure, the expression of TRPV1 and CGRP were decreased (both P<0.001) in the diabetic groups. Compared with the diabetic control group, down-regulation of TRPV1 and CGRP in spinal cord was significant for the diabetic groups A and B treated with 0.25 and 0.75% ropivacaine, the higher concentration of ropivacaine correlated with a greater change. Conclusion Ropivacaine can significantly block sciatic nerve conduction velocity in DPN rats in a concentration-dependent manner, which may be related to the expression of the TRPV1-CGRP pathway.
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Dev N, Bhowmick M, Chaudhary S, Kant J. Tuberculous encephalopathy without meningitis: A rare manifestation of disseminated tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2019; 8:406-408. [PMID: 31793515 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_131_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous (TB) encephalopathy is a rare presentation of the central nervous system tuberculosis. Its pathophysiology is believed to have an immune mechanism without any direct invasion by the tubercular bacilli. The clinical presentation is highly variable from mild illness to a potentially fatal one. The characteristic signs of meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid findings are mild or absent. Diffuse white matter edema and demyelination have been noted. This clinical entity has been reported mainly from the pediatric population. In the adult population, it has been reported only in very few case reports. We report here a rare case of TB encephalopathy in a 21-year-old female with disseminated tuberculosis, without meningitis, responding to antitubercular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Dev
- Department of Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Mithu Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Jugnu Kant
- Department of Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
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Hu J, Li P, Yin X, Wu T, Cao Y, Yang Z, Jiang L, Hu S, Lu H. Nondestructive imaging of the internal microstructure of vessels and nerve fibers in rat spinal cord using phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:482-489. [PMID: 28244444 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord is the primary neurological link between the brain and other parts of the body, but unlike those of the brain, advances in spinal cord imaging have been challenged by the more complicated and inhomogeneous anatomy of the spine. Fortunately with the advancement of high technology, phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography has become widespread in scientific research because of its ability to generate high-quality and high-resolution images. In this study, this method has been employed for nondestructive imaging of the internal microstructure of rat spinal cord. Furthermore, digital virtual slices based on phase-contrast synchrotron radiation were compared with conventional histological sections. The three-dimensional internal microstructure of the intramedullary arteries and nerve fibers was vividly detected within the same spinal cord specimen without the application of a stain or contrast agent or sectioning. With the aid of image post-processing, an optimization of vessel and nerve fiber images was obtained. The findings indicated that phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography is unique in the field of three-dimensional imaging and sets novel standards for pathophysiological investigations in various neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Research Centre of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
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Activity, but not mRNA expression of gelatinases correlates with susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2015; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e13-25. [PMID: 24516744 DOI: 10.12816/0003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The major pathological outcomes of the disease are the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the development of reactive astrogliosis and MS plaque. For the disease to occur, the non-resident cells must enter into the immune-privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable BBB. It has been demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, in part through the disruption of the BBB and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Moreover, MMPs can also enhance the cleavage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the demyelination process. Regarding the growing data on the roles of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of MS, this review discusses the role of different types of MMPs, including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -12 and -25, in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Jiang Y, Zou Y, Chen S, Zhu C, Wu A, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhu D, Ma X, Liu M, Kang Z, Pi R, Peng F, Wang Q, Chen X. The anti-inflammatory effect of donepezil on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57 BL/6 mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:415-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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D'Aversa TG, Eugenin EA, Lopez L, Berman JW. Myelin basic protein induces inflammatory mediators from primary human endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier disruption: implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:270-83. [PMID: 22524708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination of white matter, loss of myelin forming oligodendrocytes, changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and leucocyte infiltration. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a component of the myelin sheath. Degradation of myelin is believed to be an important step that leads to MS pathology. Transmigration of leucocytes across the vasculature, and a compromised BBB participate in the neuroinflammation of MS. We examined the expression and regulation of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human endothelial cells (EC), a component of the BBB, after treatment with MBP. METHODS EC were treated with full-length MBP. CCL2 and IL-6 protein were determined by ELISA. Western blot analysis was used to determine signalling pathways. A BBB model was treated with MBP and permeability was assayed using albumin conjugated to Evan's blue dye. The levels of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 were assayed by Western blot. RESULTS MBP significantly induced CCL2 and IL-6 protein from EC. This induction was partially mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway as there was phosphorylation after MBP treatment. MBP treatment of a BBB model caused an increase in permeability that correlated with a decrease in occludin and claudin-1, and an induction of MMP2. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that MBP induces chemotactic and inflammatory mediators. MBP also alters BBB permeability and tight junction expression, indicating additional factors that may contribute to the BBB breakdown characteristic of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G D'Aversa
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Lu J, Kurejova M, Wirotanseng LN, Linker RA, Kuner R, Tappe-Theodor A. Pain in experimental autoimmune encephalitis: a comparative study between different mouse models. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:233. [PMID: 23039175 PMCID: PMC3582444 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain can be one of the most severe symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and develops with varying levels and time courses. MS-related pain is difficult to treat, since very little is known about the mechanisms underlying its development. Animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mimic many aspects of MS and are well-suited to study underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Yet, to date very little is known about the sensory abnormalities in different EAE models. We therefore aimed to thoroughly characterize pain behavior of the hindpaw in SJL and C57BL/6 mice immunized with PLP139-151 peptide or MOG35-55 peptide respectively. Moreover, we studied the activity of pain-related molecules and plasticity-related genes in the spinal cord and investigated functional changes in the peripheral nerves using electrophysiology. METHODS We analyzed thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaw in both EAE models during the whole disease course. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of pain-related molecules and plasticity-related genes was performed on spinal cord sections at different timepoints during the disease course. Moreover, we investigated functional changes in the peripheral nerves using electrophysiology. RESULTS Mice in both EAE models developed thermal hyperalgesia during the chronic phase of the disease. However, whereas SJL mice developed marked mechanical allodynia over the chronic phase of the disease, C57BL/6 mice developed only minor mechanical allodynia over the onset and peak phase of the disease. Interestingly, the magnitude of glial changes in the spinal cord was stronger in SJL mice than in C57BL/6 mice and their time course matched the temporal profile of mechanical hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Diverse EAE models bearing genetic, clinical and histopathological heterogeneity, show different profiles of sensory and pathological changes and thereby enable studying the mechanistic basis and the diversity of changes in pain perception that are associated with distinct types of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Lu
- Pharmacology Institut, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
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Visualization of mouse spinal cord microscopic structures by use of ex vivo quantitative micro-CT images. Radiol Phys Technol 2012; 6:7-13. [PMID: 22729620 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-012-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histologic methods are destructive and provide only two-dimensional images, whereas three-dimensional information is difficult to obtain. Simple and noninvasive techniques to make up for the shortcomings of histologic experiments are needed. In this study, we investigated the use of micro-CT with a contrast agent for the characterization of fixed mouse spinal cords as a means of assessing micro-structures ex vivo. In addition, we tested the possibility of using contrast agent concentrations for quantitative assessment of ex vivo micro-CT imaging. The spinal cords were soaked in nonionic iodinated contrast agents, and three-dimensional micro-CT was performed. Soaking of the mouse spinal cords in contrast agent resulted in clear differences in signal between the gray matter and the white matter at three planes, and well-defined micro-structures of nerve and bone were observed with the use of three-dimensional micro-CT data. We confirmed the potential of ex vivo micro-CT with contrast agent for quantitative assessment of the concentrations.
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Saito S, Mori Y, Yoshioka Y, Murase K. High-resolution ex vivo imaging in mouse spinal cord using micro-CT with 11.7T-MRI and myelin staining validation. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:337-40. [PMID: 22609867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the use of micro-CT with contrast agent for the characterization of fixed mouse spinal cord as a means to differentiate between gray and white matter. The spinal cords were soaked in a concentration of nonionic iodinated contrast agent for 14 days. Micro-CT was performed and then compared using 11.7T-MRI images and myelin staining. Soaking the spinal cords in contrast agent resulted in clear differences in signal between the gray and white matter at 3 planes. Micro-CT provides more relevant information on mouse spinal cord GM and WM anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Hasseldam H, Fryd Johansen F. Cannabinoid Treatment Renders Neurons Less Vulnerable Than Oligodendrocytes in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:510-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.582237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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