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Aleksic M, Meng X. Protein Haptenation and Its Role in Allergy. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:850-872. [PMID: 38834188 PMCID: PMC11187640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to numerous electrophilic chemicals either as medicines, in the workplace, in nature, or through use of many common cosmetic and household products. Covalent modification of human proteins by such chemicals, or protein haptenation, is a common occurrence in cells and may result in generation of antigenic species, leading to development of hypersensitivity reactions. Ranging in severity of symptoms from local cutaneous reactions and rhinitis to potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis and severe hypersensitivity reactions such as Stephen-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), all these reactions have the same Molecular Initiating Event (MIE), i.e. haptenation. However, not all individuals who are exposed to electrophilic chemicals develop symptoms of hypersensitivity. In the present review, we examine common chemistry behind the haptenation reactions leading to formation of neoantigens. We explore simple reactions involving single molecule additions to a nucleophilic side chain of proteins and complex reactions involving multiple electrophilic centers on a single molecule or involving more than one electrophilic molecule as well as the generation of reactive molecules from the interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. Besides generation of antigenic species and enabling activation of the immune system, we explore additional events which result directly from the presence of electrophilic chemicals in cells, including activation of key defense mechanisms and immediate consequences of those reactions, and explore their potential effects. We discuss the factors that work in concert with haptenation leading to the development of hypersensitivity reactions and those that may act to prevent it from developing. We also review the potential harnessing of the specificity of haptenation in the design of potent covalent therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety
and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever,
Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44
1LQ, U.K.
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC
Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical
Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K.
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2
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Olusegun OA, Martincigh BS. Allergic contact dermatitis: a significant environmental and occupational skin disease. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1082-1091. [PMID: 33710640 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review article seeks to provide an overview of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) as a significant environmental and occupational skin disease, the phases of ACD, its causes from the occupational and environmental perspectives, its detection, the effects of ACD with respect to the social, psychological, occupational, and financial perspectives, and its cure and/or prevention. Human skin is very sensitive and as the largest organ in the body, it is highly prone to direct and indirect contact with the substances from its environment. The skin reacts to these substances (xenobiotics) differently depending on the individual's tolerance level or threshold. Allergic contact dermatitis is a significant environmental and occupational skin disease that should not be ignored in our society because it can affect the quality of life of an affected individual. There are multiple causes of ACD, and these causes of ACD have been discussed from two perspectives: environmental and occupational. The effects of ACD can be psychological, social, financial, and occupational. There is need for more public enlightenment on the effects of ACD as well as a precise understanding that it is not a contagious disease so as to significantly reduce the psychological and social effects of ACD on these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilayo A Olusegun
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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3
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Biocompatibility Testing. Biomed Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49206-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Olusegun OA, Martincigh BS. Understanding the Role of pH in Protein‐Haptenation Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Protein‐Haptenation Reactions of Selected Quinones Present in the Environment. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilayo A. Olusegun
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000 South Africa
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5
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de Silva O, Basketter DA, Barratt MD, Corsini E, Cronin MT, Das PK, Degwert J, Enk A, Garrigue JL, Hauser C, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Peguet J, Ponec M. Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Odile de Silva
- L'Oréal, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - David A. Basketter
- Unilever Environmental Safety Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Martin D. Barratt
- Unilever Environmental Safety Laboratory, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratoire de Toxicologic, Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mark T.D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Pranab K. Das
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Degwert
- Beiersdorf Immunology, Cosmed Division, PGU Skin Research Center, Unnastrasse 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Conrad Hauser
- Allergy Unit, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Clinique de Dermatologie, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Ian Kimber
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Josette Peguet
- INSERM UR 346, Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon 03, France
| | - Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Parkinson E, Aleksic M, Arthur R, Regufe Da Mota S, Cubberley R, Skipp PJ. Proteomic analysis of haptenation by skin sensitisers: Diphencyprone and ethyl acrylate. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Bechara R, Pollastro S, Azoury ME, Szely N, Maillère B, de Vries N, Pallardy M. Identification and Characterization of Circulating Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Recognizing Nickel. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1331. [PMID: 31249573 PMCID: PMC6582854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by contact sensitizers is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The most prevalent contact allergens is nickel. Whereas, memory T cells from nickel-allergic patients are well-characterized, little is known concerning nickel-specific naïve T-cell repertoire. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognizing nickel in the general population. Using a T-cell priming in vitro assay based on autologous co-cultures between naïve T cells and dendritic cells loaded with nickel, we were able to detect a naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell repertoire for nickel in 10/11 and 7/8 of the tested donors. We calculated a mean frequency of 0.49 nickel-specific naïve CD4+ T cells and 0.37 nickel-specific naïve CD8+ T cells per million of circulating naïve T cells. The activation of these specific T cells requires MHC molecules and alongside IFN-γ production, some nickel-specific T-cells were able to produce granzyme-B. Interestingly, nickel-specific naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed a low rate of cross-reactivity with cobalt, another metallic hapten, frequently mixed with nickel in many alloys. Moreover, naïve CD4+ T cells showed a polyclonal TCRβ composition and the presence of highly expanded clones with an enrichment and/or preferentially expansion of some TRBV genes that was donor and T-cell specific. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of immunization to nickel and propose the T-cell priming assay as a useful tool to identify antigen-specific naïve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bechara
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- ARC Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie Eliane Azoury
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Natacha Szely
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- CEA, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Niek de Vries
- ARC Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Yordanova D, Schultz TW, Kuseva C, Tankova K, Ivanova H, Dermen I, Pavlov T, Temelkov S, Chapkanov A, Georgiev M, Gissi A, Sobanski T, Mekenyan OG. Automated and standardized workflows in the OECD QSAR Toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common skin disease that results in significant cost and morbidity. Despite its high prevalence, therapeutic options are limited. Allergic contact dermatitis is regulated primarily by T cells within the adaptive immune system, but also by natural killer and innate lymphoid cells within the innate immune system. The chemokine receptor system, consisting of chemokine peptides and chemokine G protein-coupled receptors, is a critical regulator of inflammatory processes such as ACD. Specific chemokine signaling pathways are selectively up-regulated in ACD, most prominently CXCR3 and its endogenous chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Recent research demonstrates that these 3 chemokines are not redundant and indeed activate distinct intracellular signaling profiles such as those activated by heterotrimeric G proteins and β-arrestin adapter proteins. Such differential signaling provides an attractive therapeutic target for novel therapies for ACD and other inflammatory diseases.
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Parkinson E, Aleksic M, Cubberley R, Kaur-Atwal G, Vissers JPC, Skipp P. Determination of Protein Haptenation by Chemical Sensitizers Within the Complexity of the Human Skin Proteome. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:429-438. [PMID: 29267982 PMCID: PMC5889026 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis occurs via a number of specific key events at the cellular level. The molecular initiating event (MIE), the first in the sequence of these events, occurs after exposure of the skin to an electrophilic chemical, causing the irreversible haptenation of proteins within skin. Characterization of this MIE is a key step in elucidating the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway and is essential to providing parameters for mathematical models to predict the capacity of a chemical to cause sensitization. As a first step to addressing this challenge, we have exposed complex protein lysates from a keratinocyte cell line and human skin tissue with a range of well characterized sensitizers, including dinitrochlorobenzene, 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one, cinnamaldehyde, and the non (or weak) sensitizer 6-methyl coumarin. Using a novel stable isotope labeling approach combined with ion mobility-assisted data independent mass spectrometry (HDMSE), we have characterized the haptenome for these sensitizers. Although a significant proportion of highly abundant proteins were haptenated, we also observed the haptenation of low abundant proteins by all 3 of the chemical sensitizers tested, indicating that within a complex protein background, protein abundance is not the sole determinant driving haptenation, highlighting a relationship to tertiary protein structure and the amino acid specificity of these chemical sensitizers and sensitizer potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Parkinson
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Richard Cubberley
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Hughes TB, Swamidass SJ. Deep Learning to Predict the Formation of Quinone Species in Drug Metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:642-656. [PMID: 28099803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many adverse drug reactions are thought to be caused by electrophilically reactive drug metabolites that conjugate to nucleophilic sites within DNA and proteins, causing cancer or toxic immune responses. Quinone species, including quinone-imines, quinone-methides, and imine-methides, are electrophilic Michael acceptors that are often highly reactive and comprise over 40% of all known reactive metabolites. Quinone metabolites are created by cytochromes P450 and peroxidases. For example, cytochromes P450 oxidize acetaminophen to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, which is electrophilically reactive and covalently binds to nucleophilic sites within proteins. This reactive quinone metabolite elicits a toxic immune response when acetaminophen exceeds a safe dose. Using a deep learning approach, this study reports the first published method for predicting quinone formation: the formation of a quinone species by metabolic oxidation. We model both one- and two-step quinone formation, enabling accurate quinone formation predictions in nonobvious cases. We predict atom pairs that form quinones with an AUC accuracy of 97.6%, and we identify molecules that form quinones with 88.2% AUC. By modeling the formation of quinones, one of the most common types of reactive metabolites, our method provides a rapid screening tool for a key drug toxicity risk. The XenoSite quinone formation model is available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xenosite/p/quinone .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Dimitrov SD, Low LK, Patlewicz GY, Kern PS, Dimitrova GD, Comber MHI, Phillips RD, Niemela J, Bailey PT, Mekenyan OG. Skin Sensitization: Modeling Based on Skin Metabolism Simulation and Formation of Protein Conjugates. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:189-204. [PMID: 16126613 DOI: 10.1080/10915810591000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) system for estimating skin sensitization potency has been developed that incorporates skin metabolism and considers the potential of parent chemicals and/or their activated metabolites to react with skin proteins. A training set of diverse chemicals was compiled and their skin sensitization potency assigned to one of three classes. These three classes were, significant, weak, or nonsensitizing. Because skin sensitization potential depends upon the ability of chemicals to react with skin proteins either directly or after appropriate metabolism, a metabolic simulator was constructed to mimic the enzyme activation of chemicals in the skin. This simulator contains 203 hierarchically ordered spontaneous and enzyme controlled reactions. Phase I and phase II metabolism were simulated by using 102 and 9 principal transformations, respectively. The covalent interactions of chemicals and their metabolites with skin proteins were described by 83 reactions that fall within 39 alerting groups. The SAR/QSAR system developed was able to correctly classify about 80% of the chemicals with significant sensitizing effect and 72% of nonsensitizing chemicals. For some alerting groups, three-dimensional (3D)-QSARs were developed to describe the multiplicity of physicochemical, steric, and electronic parameters. These 3D-QSARs, so-called pattern recognition-type models, were applied each time a latent alerting group was identified in a parent chemical or its generated metabolite(s). The concept of the mutual influence amongst atoms in a molecule was used to define the structural domain of the skin sensitization model. The utility of the structural model domain and the predictability of the model were evaluated using sensitization potency data for 96 chemicals not used in the model building. The TIssue MEtabolism Simulator (TIMES) software was used to integrate a skin metabolism simulator and 3D-QSARs to evaluate the reactivity of chemicals thus predicting their likely skin sensitization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabcho D Dimitrov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University Prof. As. Zlatarov, Bourgas, Bulgaria
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Vogel TA, Heijnen RW, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar MLA. Two decades of p-phenylenediamine and toluene-2,5-diamine patch testing - focus on co-sensitizations in the European baseline series and cross-reactions with chemically related substances. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:81-88. [PMID: 27555055 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-reactions and co-sensitizations are of great importance in understanding contact allergy and exposure sources. OBJECTIVES To investigate common cross-reactions and co-sensitizations in p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-sensitized and toluene-2,5-diamine (TDA)-sensitized individuals. METHODS From our patch test population, 8036 patients patch tested with the European baseline series were extracted. Readings had to be performed at least on day 3 according to ICDRG guidelines. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty-one patients were sensitized to PPD and/or TDA; 231 patients were sensitized to PPD, and 109 to TDA. Significant differences were observed regarding the strengths of patch test reactions to PPD and number of cross-reactions. For TDA, a difference was found between all reaction strengths, except between + and ++ strengths. PPD-sensitized individuals were more likely to be sensitized to carba mix, cobalt chloride, colophonium, p-tert-butyl phenolformaldehyde resin, paraben mix, and methylisothiazolinone. TDA-sensitized individuals were more often sensitized to carba mix. CONCLUSIONS Cross-reactivity was commonly found among individuals sensitized to PPD or TDA, and was strongly related to the strength of the patch test reaction. Regarding co-sensitizations, a frequently appearing or common exposure source could not be determined. However, modification of the allergen by, for example, the skin microbiota may have caused the formation of molecules that are, for the human immune system, indistinguishable from PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Vogel
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Rakita W Heijnen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Coenraads
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Louise A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700, RB, The Netherlands
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Melles D, Vielhaber T, Baumann A, Zazzeroni R, Karst U. In chemico evaluation of skin metabolism: Investigation of eugenol and isoeugenol by electrochemistry coupled to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 913-914:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kinbara M, Nagai Y, Takano-Yamamoto T, Sugawara S, Endo Y. Cross-reactivity among some metals in a murine metal allergy model. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:1022-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lu J, Zheng M, Wang Y, Shen Q, Luo X, Jiang H, Chen K. Fragment-based prediction of skin sensitization using recursive partitioning. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:885-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thyssen JP. Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation - evaluation of a public health intervention. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 65 Suppl 1:1-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mekenyan O, Patlewicz G, Dimitrova G, Kuseva C, Todorov M, Stoeva S, Kotov S, Donner EM. Use of Genotoxicity Information in the Development of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1519-40. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ovanes Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Gergana Dimitrova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Chanita Kuseva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Milen Todorov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Stoyanka Stoeva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Stefan Kotov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - E Maria Donner
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
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Christensson JB, Matura M, Gruvberger B, Bruze M, Karlberg AT. Linalool--a significant contact sensitizer after air exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:32-41. [PMID: 20136877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linalool is a widely used fragrance terpene. Pure linalool is not allergenic or a very weak allergen, but autoxidizes on air exposure and the oxidation products can cause contact allergy. Oxidized (ox.) linalool has previously been patch tested at a concentration of 2.0% in petrolatum (pet.) in 1511 patients, and 1.3% positive patch test reactions were observed. OBJECTIVE To investigate the optimal patch test concentration for detection of contact allergy to ox. linalool. METHODS Four concentrations of ox. linalool (2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, 11.0% pet.) were tested in 3418 consecutive dermatitis patients. RESULTS Ox. linalool 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 11.0% pet. detected positive patch test reactions in 0.83%, 3.2%, 5.3%, and 7.2% of the tested patients, respectively. The doubtful reactions increased with rising concentrations but relatively less, giving 5.1%, 6.4%, and 7.3% doubtful reactions, respectively, for ox. linalool 4.0%, 6.0%, and 11.0% pet. Few irritative reactions were seen. CONCLUSIONS Raising the patch test concentration for ox. linalool gave a better detection of contact allergy, as many as 5-7% positive patch test reactions were detected. We suggest a patch test concentration of ox. linalool 6.0% pet. for future patch testing, giving a dose per unit area of 2.4 mg/cm(2) when 20 mg test substance is tested in small Finn Chambers.
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Roberts DW, Basketter DA. Reactivity assays, substances, samples and in vitro alternatives: why should we care? Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:310-1. [PMID: 19878254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barbaud A, Girault PY, Schmutz JL, Weber-Muller F, Trechot P. No cross-reactions between tetrazepam and other benzodiazepines: a possible chemical explanation. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:53-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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23
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Investigation of surface plasmon resonance biosensor for skin sensitizers studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:308-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Antonios D, Ade N, Kerdine-Römer S, Assaf-Vandecasteele H, Larangé A, Azouri H, Pallardy M. Metallic haptens induce differential phenotype of human dendritic cells through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Dufour EK, Whitwell J, Nohynek GJ, Kirkland D, Toutain H. Retinyl palmitate is non-genotoxic in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the dark or after pre-irradiation or simultaneous irradiation with UV light. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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27
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28
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Christensson JB, Johansson S, Hagvall L, Jonsson C, Börje A, Karlberg AT. Limonene hydroperoxide analogues differ in allergenic activity. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59:344-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Bordignon V, Palamara F, Cordiali-Fei P, Vento A, Aiello A, Picardo M, Ensoli F, Cristaudo A. Nickel, palladium and rhodium induced IFN-gamma and IL-10 production as assessed by in vitro ELISpot-analysis in contact dermatitis patients. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:19. [PMID: 18482439 PMCID: PMC2409297 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent attempts to diminish nickel use in most industrial products have led to an increasing utilization of alternative metal compounds for destinations such as the alloys used in orthopaedics, jewellery and dentistry. The present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the potential for an allergic response to nickel, palladium and rhodium on the basis of antigen-specific induction of inflammatory/regulatory cytokines, and to characterize, according to the cytokine profiles, the nature of simultaneous positive patch tests elicited in vivo. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 40 patients with different patch test results were kept in short term cultures in the presence of optimized concentrations of NiSO4 x 6H2O, PdCl2 and Rh(CH3COO)2. The production of IFN-gamma and IL-10 elicited by metal compounds were analyzed by the ELISpot assay. RESULTS We found a specific IFN-gamma response by PBMC upon in vitro stimulation with nickel or palladium in well recognized allergic individuals. All controls with a negative patch test to a metal salt showed an in vitro IL-10 response and not IFN-gamma production when challenged with the same compound. Interestingly, all subjects with positive patch test to both nickel and palladium (group 3) showed an in vitro response characterized by the release of IFN-gamma after nickel stimulation and production of IL-10 in response to palladium. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that the different cytokine profiles elicited in vitro reflect different immune responses which may lead to the control of the allergic responses or to symptomatic allergic contact dermatitis. The development of sensitive and specific in vitro assays based on the determination of the cytokine profiles in response to contact allergens may have important diagnostic and prognostic implications and may prove extremely useful in complementing the diagnostic limits of traditional patch testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bordignon
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Allergology and Laboratory of Skin Physiopathology, Institute San Gallicano, IRCCS, IFO, Rome, Italy.
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WILKINSON S, JONES M. Corticosteroid usage and binding to arginine: determinants of corticosteroid hypersensitivity. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Jackson HA, Olivry T, Dunston SM, Hammerberg B. Epicutaneous sensitization with Dermatophagoides farinae induces generalized allergic dermatitis and elevated mite-specific immunoglobulin E levels in a canine model of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:667-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Fabjan E, Hulzebos E. An evaluation of selected valid and mechanistically based SARs for skin sensitisation. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:468-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Patlewicz G, Aptula A, Roberts D, Uriarte E. A Minireview of Available Skin Sensitization (Q)SARs/Expert Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200710067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Introducing Spectral Structure Activity Relationship (S-SAR) Analysis. Application to Ecotoxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/i8050363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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35
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KRASTEVA M, PEGUET-NAVARRO J, MOULON C, COURTELLEMONT P, REDZINIAK G, SCHMITT D. In vitro
primary sensitization of hapten-specific T cells by cultured human epidermal Langerhans cells-a screening predictive assay for contact sensitizers. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Divkovic M, Pease CK, Gerberick GF, Basketter DA. Hapten-protein binding: from theory to practical application in the in vitro prediction of skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:189-200. [PMID: 16191014 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In view of the forthcoming European Union ban on in vivo testing of cosmetic and toiletry ingredients, following the publication of the 7th amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, the search for practical, alternative, non-animal approaches is gathering pace. For the end-point of skin sensitization, the ultimate goal, i.e. the development and validation of alternative in vitro/in silico assays by 2013, may be achieved through a better understanding of the skin sensitization process on the cellular and molecular levels. One of the key molecular events in skin sensitization is protein haptenation, i.e. the chemical modification of self-skin protein(s) thus forming macromolecular immunogens. This concept is widely accepted and in theory can be used to explain the sensitizing capacity of many known skin sensitizers. Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. In this review, we consider some of the theoretical aspects of protein haptenation, how mechanisms of protein haptenation can be investigated experimentally and how we can use such knowledge in the development of novel, alternative approaches for predicting skin sensitization potential in the future.
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37
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Elahi EN, Wright Z, Hinselwood D, Hotchkiss SAM, Basketter DA, Pease CKS. Protein binding and metabolism influence the relative skin sensitization potential of cinnamic compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2004; 17:301-10. [PMID: 15025500 DOI: 10.1021/tx0341456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin protein modification (haptenation) is thought to be a key step in the manifestation of sensitization to low molecular mass chemicals (<500 g/mol). For sensitizing chemicals that are not protein reactive, it is hypothesised that metabolic activation can convert such chemicals into protein reactive toxins within the skin. trans-Cinnamaldehyde, alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde, and trans-cinnamic alcohol are known sensitizers with differing potencies in man, where the former two are protein reactive and the latter is not. Here, we have used immunochemical methods to investigate the extent of protein-cinnamaldehyde binding in rat and human skin homogenates that have been incubated (for either 5, 15, 30, or 60 min) at 37 degrees C with cinnamaldehyde, alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde (at concentrations of between 1 and 40 mM), and cinnamic alcohol (at higher concentrations of 200 or 400 mM). Cinnamaldehyde specific antiserum was raised specially. A broad range (in terms of molecular mass) of protein-cinnamaldehyde adducts was detected (as formed in a time- and concentration-dependent manner) in skin treated with cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic alcohol but not with alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde. Mechanistic observations have been related to relative skin sensitization potential, as determined using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) as a biological read-out. The work presented here suggests that there is a common hapten involved in cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic alcohol sensitization and that metabolic activation (to cinnamaldehyde) is involved in the latter. Conversely, there does not appear to be a common hapten for cinnamaldehyde and alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde. Such mechanistic work on protein modification is important in understanding the early mechanisms of skin sensitization. Such knowledge can then be used in order that effective and appropriate in vitro/in silico tools for predicting sensitization potential, with a high confidence, can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiram N Elahi
- Biological Chemistry Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
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Abstract
Nickel is the most common contact allergen in humans. Until recently, many questions concerning tolerance mechanisms to nickel were unresolved. Besides human ex vivo, intervention and observation studies, the establishment of a reproducible mouse model has contributed to the analysis of these mechanisms. A more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of nickel allergy and tolerance towards nickel by investigations in an animal model and in human studies is a prerequisite for developing specific prevention and therapy of nickel allergy. With this article, we provide a review of the investigations concerning nickel allergy and give perspectives towards oral tolerance induction to nickel in the animal model and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Artik
- Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf gGmbH, Abteilung für Allergologie und Immunologie, Universitätshautklinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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39
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40
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Ozdemir C, Schneider LA, Hinrichs R, Staib G, Weber L, Weiss JM, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. [Allergic contact dermatitis to common ivy (Hedera helix L.)]. Hautarzt 2004; 54:966-9. [PMID: 14513244 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-003-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common ivy (Hedera helix L.) is a ubiquitous plant in Europe whose major allergen falcarinol has moderate allergic potential. It is not related to poison ivy (Toxicodendron spp.). There are no cross reactions between the allergens of common ivy (falcarinol) and poison ivy (urushiol). Contact with common ivy or falcarinol may lead to sensitization and then a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. There are only few cases described in the literature. We report on a male hobby gardener with appropriate clinical history and positive patch test. The pathogenic mechanism is a type IV reaction following a sensitization exposure. Gardeners and landscape architects with frequent exposure to common ivy and thus a high risk of sensitization should wear appropriate protective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ozdemir
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ulm
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41
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To consider the factors that confer on chemicals the ability to cause allergic sensitization, with particular emphasis on the induction of skin sensitization. DATA SOURCES Original and review articles available in the scientific literature. STUDY SELECTION The expert opinion of the authors was used to select studies for inclusion in this review. RESULTS A number of requirements must be met if a chemical is to induce skin sensitization. The most important requirements are access to the viable epidermis, the formation of stable conjugates with proteins, elicitation of cytokine production by skin cells, and the initiation of T-lymphocyte responses. In addition, qualitative aspects of induced immune responses influence the form of allergic sensitization. CONCLUSIONS An increasingly sophisticated understanding of the factors required for the development of skin sensitization and other forms of chemical-induced allergy provides new opportunities for toxicological investigation and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England.
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42
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Scala E, Giani M, Pastore S, Pallotta S, Guerra EC, Pirrotta L, Locanto ML, Frezzolini A, De Pità O, Puddu P. Distinct delayed T-cell response to beta-methasone and penicillin-G in the same patient. Allergy 2003; 58:439-44. [PMID: 12752333 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple drug allergy syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by reactions against more than one different class of, both pharmacologically and structurally, unrelated drugs. Scanty data are available to date about a multiple drug delayed hypersensitivity syndrome. Our aim was to report the case of a delayed reaction to both beta-methasone (beta-MT) and penicillin-G (pen-G) occurring in the same patient, and analyse beta-MT- and pen-G-specific T-cell Lines (TCLs) with regard to their specificity, phenotype and cytokine profile. METHODS We generated two drug-specific TCLs from biopsies at the site of positive intradermal reactions, and analysed their immunophenotype, T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCR-Vbeta) domains expression and cytokine profile. RESULTS We demonstrated the specificity of the T cells isolated from positive intradermal test reactions to pen-G and beta-MT through the strict dose-dependent proliferation in response to drug-pulsed autologous antigen presenting cells. Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis revealed a predominance of CD4+ cells in the inflammatory cell infiltrate of intradermal test with beta-MT, while a predominance of CD8+ T cells in the site of delayed reaction to pen-G was found. The drug specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were heterogeneous, with regard to TCR-Vbeta usage. CD8+ pen-G-TCL displayed a preferential T helper 2 (Th2) profile, while a substantially heterogeneous pattern of cytokine production characterized specific beta-MT TCL. CONCLUSION The study describes the coexistence in the same patient of a delayed hypersensitivity to both penicillin G and beta-MT, driven, respectively, by pen-G-specificTh2-skewed CD8+ and beta-MT specificTh0 CD4+ T cells. This case further support the existence of a multiple drug allergy syndrome also for delayed hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scala
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - IDI, IRCCS, Department of Onco-Immuno-Dermatology, Rome, Italy
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43
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Divkovic M, Basketter DA, Gilmour N, Panico M, Dell A, Morris HR, Pease CKS. Protein–Hapten Binding: Challenges and Limitations for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/cus-120020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Smith Pease CK, Basketter DA, Patlewicz GY. Contact allergy: the role of skin chemistry and metabolism. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:177-83. [PMID: 12653709 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactivity plays the driving role in the biological processes that result in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. This paper presents an overview of the chemical basis of allergic contact dermatitis, including the physicochemical parameters governing skin penetration, chemical reaction mechanisms associated with haptenation of skin proteins, (quantitative) structure-activity relationships (Q)SARs for contact allergens and prohaptens/skin metabolism of contact allergens. Despite the complexities and poor understanding of some of the metabolic processes leading to skin sensitization, it is possible to describe some of the relationships between chemical structures and the ability to form covalent conjugates with proteins. This knowledge, which relates chemical structure to a specific endpoint, can be programmed into an expert system. The Deductive Estimation of Risk from Existing Knowledge (DEREK) is one such expert system which is described in further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Smith Pease
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
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45
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Gimenez-Arnau A, Gimenez-Arnau E, Serra-Baldrich E, Lepoittevin JP, Camarasa JG. Principles and methodology for identification of fragrance allergens in consumer products. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 47:345-52. [PMID: 12581281 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fragrances contain several hundreds of different chemicals, a few major and many minor, which are responsible for the complexity of the odour. Fragrances are a major cause of allergic contact dermatitis. As a diagnostic tool, the current fragrance mix is very useful though not ideal. A 50-year-old woman presented with a pruriginous, erythematous eruption, characterized by papules, vesicles, exudation and crusting over the neck and chest. With the suspicion of fragrance allergy, patch testing was performed. Initially, the only positive reaction observed was with her own eau de toilette named Woman. The TRUE Test fragrance mix patch test was negative. Chemical fractionation of Woman perfume concentrate was combined with a sequenced patch testing procedure and with structure-activity relationship studies. Ingredients supplied by the manufacturer were also included in the study. Benzophenone-2, Lyral, alpha-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and alpha-damascone were found to be responsible for the patient's contact allergy to the commercial product. These substances contain chemical structural alerts giving them antigenic ability. The common use of new chemicals to manufacture fragrances, and the increased number of patients sensitive to them but with negative fragrance mix reactions, makes it necessary to identify new potential fragrance sensitizers in commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gimenez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, CAP Barceloneta, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Blaauboer BJ. The necessity of biokinetic information in the interpretation of in vitro toxicity data. Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30 Suppl 2:85-91. [PMID: 12513656 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203002s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Data derived from in vitro toxicity studies are not directly applicable in an assessment of the toxicity of compounds in intact organisms. The major limitation is the lack of knowledge of biokinetic behaviour in vivo. Since the toxicity of a compound will be determined by the critical concentration (or other dose metric) of the critical compound (or a metabolite thereof) at the critical site of toxic action, biokinetic behaviour must be taken into account. Possibilities of biokinetic modelling on the basis of in vitro and other non-animal data are discussed, and the application of the results in hazard and risk-assessment schedules is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Giménez Arnau E, Haberkorn L, Grossi L, Lepoittevin JP. Identification of alkyl radicals derived from an allergenic cyclic tertiary allylic hydroperoxide by combined use of radical trapping and ESR studies. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Blaauboer BJ. The applicability of in vitro-derived data in hazard identification and characterisation of chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 11:213-225. [PMID: 21782605 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(01)00120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2001] [Revised: 11/09/2001] [Accepted: 11/16/2001] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological hazard and risk assessments for chemicals presently are mainly based on highly standardised protocols for animal experimentation and exposure assessment. In this paper the possibilities are being discussed of developing systems in which the systemic (acute and chronic) toxicity of chemicals can be quantified, without the heavy reliance on animal experiments. On the basis of a chemical's structure, in vitro data on its toxicity, and biokinetic modelling a decision/flow scheme is presented. Key elements are the evaluation of chemical functionalities representing structural alerts for toxic actions, the construction of biokinetic models on the basis of non-animal data (e.g. tissue-blood partition coefficients (PCs), in vitro biotransformation parameters), tests or batteries of tests for determining basal cytotoxicity and more specific tests for evaluating tissue- or organ toxicity. It is concluded that such a flow chart is a useful tool for different steps in the toxicological hazard and risk assessment, especially for those forms of toxicity for which validated in vitro and other non-animal tests have already been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology (RITOX), Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Eisenbrand G, Pool-Zobel B, Baker V, Balls M, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Carere A, Kevekordes S, Lhuguenot JC, Pieters R, Kleiner J. Methods of in vitro toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:193-236. [PMID: 11893398 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In vitro methods are common and widely used for screening and ranking chemicals, and have also been taken into account sporadically for risk assessment purposes in the case of food additives. However, the range of food-associated compounds amenable to in vitro toxicology is considered much broader, comprising not only natural ingredients, including those from food preparation, but also compounds formed endogenously after exposure, permissible/authorised chemicals including additives, residues, supplements, chemicals from processing and packaging and contaminants. A major promise of in vitro systems is to obtain mechanism-derived information that is considered pivotal for adequate risk assessment. This paper critically reviews the entire process of risk assessment by in vitro toxicology, encompassing ongoing and future developments, with major emphasis on cytotoxicity, cellular responses, toxicokinetics, modelling, metabolism, cancer-related endpoints, developmental toxicity, prediction of allergenicity, and finally, development and application of biomarkers. It describes in depth the use of in vitro methods in strategies for characterising and predicting hazards to the human. Major weaknesses and strengths of these assay systems are addressed, together with some key issues concerning major research priorities to improve hazard identification and characterisation of food-associated chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Chemistry Food Chemistry & Environmental Toxicology, PO Box 3049, D-67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Lygre H. Prosthodontic biomaterials and adverse reactions: a critical review of the clinical and research literature. Acta Odontol Scand 2002; 60:1-9. [PMID: 11902606 DOI: 10.1080/000163502753471925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prosthodontic biomaterials include impression materials, luting cements, and restorative materials. They consist of metals and alloys ceramics, and polymer materials and are retained in patients for <60 min or for decades. Oral release of compounds from biomaterials occurs, and adverse reactions may follow dental treatment. Especially in allergically vulnerable patients contact allergy may occur. There are reports from many different countries on contact allergy from gold/palladium alloys, components from polymer-based materials, chromium/cobalt alloys, and nickel. Notifications on adverse reactions in Norway, Sweden, and England are handled by a registry in which patient reactions and occupational exposure are recorded. Data from The Adverse Reaction Unit in Bergen and Umeå have been a most valuable basis in extending knowledge in a field of current interest in dentistry. A review of the clinical and research literature relating to prosthodontic biomaterials and adverse reactions shows that reliable methods seem necessary to expose the frequency of adverse reactions in general dentistry, including prosthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lygre
- Department of Odontology-Oral Pharmacology, University of Bergen, Norway.
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