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Fluhr JW, Darlenski R. Noninvasive Techniques for Quantification of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Thredgold L, Gaskin S, Heath L, Pisaniello D, Logan M, Baxter C. Understanding skin absorption of common aldehyde vapours from exposure during hazardous material incidents. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:537-546. [PMID: 30770841 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxic release of aldehyde vapours during a hazardous material (HAZMAT) incident primarily results in respiratory concerns for the unprotected public. However, skin absorption may be an important concurrent exposure route that is poorly understood for this scenario. This study provides experimental data on the skin absorption properties of common aldehydes used in industry, including acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde and formaldehyde, in gaseous or vapour form using an adapted in vitro technique. Two of the four tested aldehydes were found to penetrate the skin in appreciable amounts following 30-min exposure at HAZMAT relevant atmospheric concentrations: acetaldehyde (5.29 ± 3.24 µg/cm2) and formaldehyde (3.45 ± 2.58 µg/cm2). Whereas only low levels of acrolein (0.480 ± 0.417 µg/cm2) and benzaldehyde (1.46 ± 0.393 µg/cm2) skin penetration was noted. The aldehydes demonstrated differing levels of interaction with fabric. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde adsorbed strongly to denim, whereas benzaldehyde and acrolein displayed no sink properties. However, denim was shown to be an initial protective barrier and reduced penetration outcomes for all aldehydes. This study provides important information to assist first responders and confirms the relevance of using physicochemical properties (e.g. solubility, molecular weight, partition coefficient) to predict skin permeation potential in the absence of empirical data during HAZMAT incidents involving different types of aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Thredgold
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharyn Gaskin
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Linda Heath
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Logan
- Research and Scientific Branch, Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Fluhr JW, Darlenski R. Noninvasive Techniques for Quantification of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_63-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sibomana I, Good NA, Hellman PT, Rosado L, Mattie DR. Acute dermal toxicity study of new, used and laboratory aged aircraft engine oils. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1246-1252. [PMID: 31799125 PMCID: PMC6881673 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little data available on toxicity levels of used aircraft engine oils relative to their unused (new) versions. This study was conducted to determine if new engine oils and their used versions have the potential to induce dermal irritation. Twelve male New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, 19 weeks old) were used to determine the acute dermal toxicity potential of four aircraft turbine oils including MIL-PRF-7808 Grades 3 and 4 and MIL-PRF-23699 Grade 5 High Thermal Stability (HTS) and a Grade 5 experimental aircraft engine oil in their unused and used or laboratory stressed states. Five fur-free test sites (6 cm2 each) located lateral to the midline of the back were treated with two undiluted (0.5 ml) new engine oils and their used versions. The fifth site received reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) water as a control. Each treatment was repeated 3 times (3 rabbits/oil type). Each oil was tested under both semi-occluded and occluded conditions. The 4 h exposure was followed by gauze plus wrappings removal, and gentle cleaning of sites prior to scoring for erythema and edema at 0.5-1, 24, 48 and 72 h post exposure based on Draize (1959). E-collars were placed on each animal for at least 72 h to prevent ingestion of the test substance and/or gauze and wrappings and/or disturbance of site recovery. Additional observations were made on days 7, 10 and 14 to determine recovery. Exposure to both used and new oils produced dermal irritation consisting of no more than very slight to well-defined erythema and very slight edema. The calculated Primary Dermal Irritation Index (PDII) indicated that all the oils were slightly irritating (means ranged from 0.42 to 1.08). Although the PDII values for new oils and their used versions were not significantly different from each other, they were all statistically higher (p < 0.05) than those obtained for the control regardless of the type of occlusion binding applied. The used oils under semi-occlusion conditions yielded larger size effects (Cohen's d) relative to their unused versions suggesting an enhancement in irritation when the oil is aging. Grade 4 in the used state yielded the largest size effect which was d = 5.9 versus 2.6 for its unused version. The slight dermal irritation resulting from four hours of exposure to oils raises concerns about the magnitude of impact related to prolonged and/or repeated exposure.
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Key Words
- Aircraft engine oil
- EG5, experimental grade 5
- EG5-N, experimental grade 5 in an unused and unstressed state
- EG5-S, experimental grade 5 in a stressed state
- Erythema
- G3, grade 3
- G3-N, grade 3 in an unused state
- G3-U, grade 3 in a used state
- G4, Grade 4
- G4-N, grade 4 in an unused state
- G4-U, grade 4 in a used state
- G5, grade 5 HTS
- G5-N, grade 5 HTS in an unused and unstressed state
- G5-S, grade 5 in a stressed state
- HTS, high thermal stability
- Irritation
- PDII
- PDII, primary dermal irritation index
- Primary dermal irritation index
- RODI, reverse osmosis deionized water
- Rabbit
- TAN, total acid number
- VPC, vapor phase coker
- WPAFB, wright-patterson air force base
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaie Sibomana
- Consortium Research Fellow Program, Consortium of Universities of the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area, 1100 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Molecular Mechanisms Branch (AFRL/711 HPW/RHXJ), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
- Corresponding author at: Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Molecular Mechanisms Branch (AFRL/711 HPW/RHXJ), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Neal A. Good
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Spencerville, OH, USA
| | - Patrick T. Hellman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Turbine Engine Division, Engine Mechanical Systems Branch (AFRL/RQTM), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Lewis Rosado
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Turbine Engine Division, Engine Mechanical Systems Branch (AFRL/RQTM), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - David R. Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Molecular Mechanisms Branch (AFRL/711 HPW/RHXJ), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
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Rogiers V, Balls M, Basketter D, Berardesca E, Edwards C, Elsner P, Ennen J, Lévêque JL, Lóden M, Masson P, Parra J, Paye M, Piérard G, Rodrigues L, Schaefer H, Salter D, Zuang V. The Potential Use of Non-invasive Methods in the Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Products. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 27:515-37. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
| | - David Basketter
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1PR, UK
| | - Enzo Berardesca
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christopher Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller University, Erfurterstrasse 35, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Ennen
- Department of Biophysics, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean Luc Lévêque
- L'Oréal Recherche, Centre Charles Zviak, 90 Rue du Géneral Roguet, 92583 Clichy Cedex, France
| | - Marie Lóden
- ACO, Hud AB, Box 542, 18215 Danderyd, Sweden
| | | | - José Parra
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo, C/Jorge Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Paye
- Colgate-Palmolive R&D, Avenue du Parc Industriel, 4041 Milmort, Belgium
| | - Gérald Piérard
- Service de Dermatopathologie, Université de Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Luis Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Fortas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hans Schaefer
- L'Oréal Recherche, Centre Charles Zviak, 90 Rue du Géneral Roguet, 92583 Clichy Cedex, France
| | - David Salter
- Cussons International Limited, Cussons House, Bird Hall Lane, Stockport SK3 0XN, UK
| | - Valérie Zuang
- ECVAM, JRC Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
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Startek JB, Boonen B, Talavera K, Meseguer V. TRP Channels as Sensors of Chemically-Induced Changes in Cell Membrane Mechanical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E371. [PMID: 30654572 PMCID: PMC6359677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential ion channels (TRPs) have been described as polymodal sensors, being responsible for transducing a wide variety of stimuli, and being involved in sensory functions such as chemosensation, thermosensation, mechanosensation, and photosensation. Mechanical and chemical stresses exerted on the membrane can be transduced by specialized proteins into meaningful intracellular biochemical signaling, resulting in physiological changes. Of particular interest are compounds that can change the local physical properties of the membrane, thereby affecting nearby proteins, such as TRP channels, which are highly sensitive to the membrane environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of TRP channel activation as a result of changes in the membrane properties induced by amphipathic structural lipidic components such as cholesterol and diacylglycerol, and by exogenous amphipathic bacterial endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Victor Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández y CSIC, E-03550 Alicante , Spain.
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'Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler D, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Alkyl Benzoates as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 31:342S-72S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581812467379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The functions of alkyl benzoates in cosmetics include fragrance ingredients, skin-conditioning agents—emollient, skin-conditioning agents—miscellaneous, preservatives, solvents, and plasticizers. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed the relevant animal and human data and noted gaps in the available safety data for some of the alkyl benzoates. Similar structure activity relationships, biologic functions, and cosmetic product usage allowed the available data of many of the alkyl benzoates to be extended to the entire group. Carcinogenicity data were not available, but available data indicated that these alkyl benzoate cosmetic ingredients are not genotoxic. Also benzoic acid and tested component alcohols were not reproductive or developmental toxicants, are not genotoxic in almost all assays, and are not carcinogenic. These ingredients were determined to be safe in the present practices of use and concentration.
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Komatsu T, Uchida K, Fujita F, Zhou Y, Tominaga M. Primary alcohols activate human TRPA1 channel in a carbon chain length-dependent manner. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:549-59. [PMID: 22222967 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel that is mainly expressed in primary nociceptive neurons. TRPA1 is activated by a variety of noxious stimuli, including cold temperatures, pungent compounds such as mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde, and intracellular alkalization. Here, we show that primary alcohols, which have been reported to cause skin, eye or nasal irritation, activate human TRPA1 (hTRPA1). We measured intracellular Ca(2+) changes in HEK293 cells expressing hTRPA1 induced by 1 mM primary alcohols. Higher alcohols (1-butanol to 1-octanol) showed Ca(2+) increases proportional to the carbon chain length. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, higher alcohols (1-hexanol to 1-octanol) activated hTRPA1 and the potency increased with the carbon chain length. Higher alcohols evoked single-channel opening of hTRPA1 in an inside-out configuration. In addition, cysteine at 665 in the N terminus and histidine at 983 in the C terminus were important for hTRPA1 activation by primary alcohols. Furthermore, straight-chain secondary alcohols increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in HEK293 cells expressing hTRPA1, and both primary and secondary alcohols showed hTRPA1 activation activities that correlated highly with their octanol/water partition coefficients. On the other hand, mouse TRPA1 did not show a strong response to 1-hexanol or 1-octanol, nor did these alcohols evoke significant pain in mice. We conclude that primary and secondary alcohols activate hTRPA1 in a carbon chain length-dependent manner. TRPA1 could be a sensor of alcohols inducing skin, eye and nasal irritation in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Komatsu
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Veenstra G, Webb C, Sanderson H, Belanger SE, Fisk P, Nielsen A, Kasai Y, Willing A, Dyer S, Penney D, Certa H, Stanton K, Sedlak R. Human health risk assessment of long chain alcohols. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1016-1030. [PMID: 19237197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Representative chemicals from the long chain alcohols category have been extensively tested to define their toxicological hazard properties. These chemicals show low acute and repeat dose toxicity with high-dose effects (if any) related to minimal liver toxicity. These chemicals do not show evidence of activity in genetic toxicity tests or to the reproductive system or the developing organism. These chemicals also are not sensitizers. Irritation is dependant on chain length; generally, alcohols in the range C(6-)C(11) are considered as irritant, intermediate chain lengths (C(12-)C(16)) alcohols are considered to be mild irritants and chain lengths of C(18) and above are considered non-irritants. These chemicals are broadly used across the consumer products industry with highest per person consumer exposures resulting from use in personal care products. Margins of exposure adequate for the protection of human health are documented for the uses of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauke Veenstra
- Shell International B.V., P.O. Box 162, 2501 AN The Hague, The Netherlands
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Chou TC, Sheu HM, Chiu JE, Wu JD, Shih TS, Chang HY. Combined exposure to carbon disulfide and sulfuric acid simultaneously increases the risk of hand dermatitis in rayon industry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2004; 14:551-7. [PMID: 15280891 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between hand dermatitis (HD) and occupational exposure to CS(2) and to determine whether combined exposure to CS(2) and H(2)SO(4) exhibits a higher risk of HD. METHODS In all, 110 subjects from a rayon factory were recruited and their exposure was classified into CS(2) exclusively, H(2)SO(4) exclusively, combined exposure, and nonexposure control based on workers' job characteristics. A dermatologist was designated in the diagnosis of HD on palm and dorsal sites for each subject. Other confounding factors including detergent, glove wearing, and participation in wet work were determined using a person-to-person questionnaire interview from 37 randomly selected subjects. RESULTS Significant elevated odds ratios (ORs) for HD were found in CS(2) exclusively (44.8, P < 0.01) and combined exposure (49.0, P < 0.001) compared with control. Dose-response trends of ORs for HD were found across control, single exposure, and combined exposure for both CS(2) and H(2)SO(4). CONCLUSIONS HD could occur resulting from occupational exposure to CS(2) alone. This study was unable to affirm that the exposure to H(2)SO(4) alone is associated with HD due to limited H(2)SO(4) exposure subjects. The combined exposure to both CS(2) and H(2)SO(4) simultaneously could increase the risk of HD. The control remedy in preventing dermal contact with either CS(2) or H(2)SO(4) among the rayon workers should be performed immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chieh Chou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road., Tainan 70428, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Most patients with immediate-type-hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex (NRL) give a history of hand eczema. Susceptibility to allergens is increased by irritant hand eczema due to damage to the skin barrier. Therefore, especially for employees in medical or paramedical professions, reduction in skin irritation is of importance. The present study reports the effect of glove powder on skin roughness, one feature of skin irritancy. Skin replicas, performed before and after wearing different types of gloves, were evaluated by laser profilometry. Significant alteration of skin roughness was evident and determined by different factors. Use of unpowdered Biogel gloves on prepowdered hands results in an increase in skin roughness, in contrast to the use of Biogel gloves on hands without any pre-application. On the other hand, powdered Manex neoderm gloves show no influence on the skin structure, whereas powdered Peha taft gloves also increase the roughness of the skin. Other potential candidates causing skin morphology alteration could be the glove pH, rubber chemicals with irritant potential and other characteristics of gloves, which are already under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brehler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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Schnuch A, Westphal GA, Müller MM, Schulz TG, Geier J, Brasch J, Merk HF, Kawakubo Y, Richter G, Koch P, Fuchs T, Gutgesell T, Reich K, Gebhardt M, Becker D, Grabbe J, Szliska C, Aberer W, Hallier E. Genotype and phenotype of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in patients with contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1998; 38:209-11. [PMID: 9565293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether patients with contact allergy differed from non-contact-allergic, non-atopic controls with regard to genotype and phenotype of the polymorphic enzyme N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). 55 contact-allergic patients recruited from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) were compared to 85 controls from among local health care personnel. NAT2 activity was calculated from HPLC analysis of the ratio of the caffeine metabolites 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) and 1-methylxanthine (1MX) in the urine. NAT2 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A statistically significantly increased proportion of rapid acetylators was found in contact-allergic patients. This may have 2 possible implications: acetylation may enhance contact sensitization; or NAT2 status may be a genetic marker for contact sensitizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), University of Göttingen, Germany
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