1
|
Sunscreens: A Review of UV Filters and Their Allergic Potential. Dermatitis 2022; 34:176-190. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
2
|
Lipid Nanomaterials for Targeted Delivery of Dermocosmetic Ingredients: Advances in Photoprotection and Skin Anti-Aging. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030377. [PMID: 35159721 PMCID: PMC8840400 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the health benefits of the sun, overexposure to solar radiation without proper precautions can cause irreversible damage to exposed skin. In the search for balance between the risks and benefits of exposure to solar radiation in human health, a technological alternative was found, the incorporation of photoprotective products in lipid nanoparticulate systems for topical application. These nanometric systems have demonstrated several advantages when used as adjuvants in photoprotection compared to chemical and/or physical sunscreens alone. The increase in the sun protection factor (SPF), photostability and UV action spectrum are parameters that have benefited from the application of these systems in order to increase the effectiveness and safety of photoprotective formulations containing organic and/or inorganic sunscreens.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li BS, Cary JH, Maibach HI. Stratum corneum substantivity: drug development implications. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:537-549. [PMID: 29752541 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are at least 15 factors that influence the ability of chemicals to penetrate the skin. Substantivity is yet another factor and allows penetrants to remain on and in skin for many days. As many skin pathologies involve stratum corneum and require multiple dosing of topicals, understanding substantivity mechanisms may provide insight for topical dosing strategies. Substantivity is also of importance in the development of other consumer products that necessitate adherence to skin, including sunscreens, insect repellents, and cosmetics. Furthermore, while stratum corneum adherence may delay percutaneous penetration, reducing the risk of systemic toxicity, excessive substantivity may play a role in the toxic accumulation of harmful penetrants. Continued research in this area may offer insight into dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky S Li
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, Box 0989, Surge Building, Room 110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - John Havens Cary
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, 433 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 90 Medical Center Way, Box 0989, Surge Building, Room 110, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Venkata Prasad K, Samatha K, Jagadeeswara Rao D, Santhamma C, Muthu S, Mark Heron B. Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Visible), normal co-ordinate analysis, first-order hyperpolarizability and HOMO, LUMO studies of 3,4-dichlorobenzophenone by using Density Functional Methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:644-654. [PMID: 26163787 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational frequencies of 3,4-dichlorobenzophenone (DCLBP) were obtained from the FT-IR and Raman spectral data, and evaluated based on the Density Functional Theory using the standard method B3LYP with 6-311+G(d,p) as the basis set. On the basis of potential energy distribution together with the normal-co-ordinate analysis and following the scaled quantum mechanical force methodology, the assignments for the various frequencies were described. The values of the electric dipole moment (μ) and the first-order hyperpolarizability (β) of the molecule were computed. The UV-absorption spectrum was also recorded to study the electronic transitions. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The NBO analysis, to study the intramolecular hyperconjugative interactions, was carried out. Mulliken's net charges were evaluated. The MEP and thermodynamic properties were also calculated. The electron density-based local reactivity descriptor, such as Fukui functions, was calculated to explain the chemical selectivity or reactivity site in 3,4-dichlorobenzophenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Venkata Prasad
- VIGNAN'S Institute of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam 530017, A.P, India
| | - K Samatha
- Department of Physics, Eng. College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P 530003, India
| | - D Jagadeeswara Rao
- Department of Physics, Eng. College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P 530003, India
| | - C Santhamma
- Department of Physics, Eng. College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P 530003, India
| | - S Muthu
- Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur 602105, India.
| | - B Mark Heron
- Department of Colour and Polymer Chemistry, The University of Leeds, LS2 9jt, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Tarazona I, Chisvert A, Salvador A. Determination of benzophenone-3 and its main metabolites in human serum by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 116:388-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Chisvert A, León-González Z, Tarazona I, Salvador A, Giokas D. An overview of the analytical methods for the determination of organic ultraviolet filters in biological fluids and tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 752:11-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Xia Q, Saupe A, Müller RH, Souto EB. Nanostructured lipid carriers as novel carrier for sunscreen formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 29:473-82. [PMID: 18489386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of sunscreens into lipid carriers with an increased sun protection factor (SPF) has not yet been fully accomplished. In the present paper, the effectiveness of a sunscreen mixture, incorporated into the novel topical delivery systems, i.e. solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), used as ultraviolet (UV) protector enhancers with a distinctly higher loading capacity has been developed and evaluated. SLN and NLC were produced by hot high pressure homogenization technique in lab scale production. Size distribution and storage stability of formulations were investigated by laser diffractometry and photon correlation spectroscopy. Nanoparticles were characterized by their melting and recrystallization behaviour recorded by differential scanning calorimetry. Lipid nanoparticles produced with a solid matrix (SLN and NLC) were established as a UV protection system. The loading capacities for molecular sunscreens reported before now were in the range of 10-15%. It was possible to load NLC with up to 70% with molecular sunscreen, which is appropriate to obtain high SPFs with this novel UV protection system. The developed formulations provide a beneficial alternative to conventional sunscreen formulations. The UV protective efficacy of the lipid particles varied with the nature of lipid and UV wavelength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Xia
- Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gulbake A, Jain A, Khare P, Jain SK. Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing oxybenzone:In-vitroandin-vivoevaluation. J Microencapsul 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903067844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
Pattanaargson S, Hongchinnagorn N, Hirunsupachot P, Sritana-anant Y. UV Absorption and Photoisomerixation of p-Methoxycinnamate Grafted Silicone¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
de la Cuadra-Oyanguren J, Pérez-Ferriols A, Lecha-Carrelero M, Giménez-Arnau A, Fernández-Redondo V, Ortiz de Frutos F, Silvestre-Salvador J, Serra-Baldrich E. Resultados y evaluación del fotoparche en España: hacia una nueva batería estándar de fotoalergenos. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(07)70022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
12
|
Abstract
The increased awareness of protection against skin cancer has led to a rise in the use of topically applied chemical sunscreen agents. There is a concern about the systemic absorption of organic filters in sunscreen formulations. The present study briefly reviews theoretical models for the prediction of the percutaneous penetration of the organic molecules and the accepted methods for the in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the penetration. The influence of the vehicle and the formulation viscosity on the penetration of sunscreens are examined. The development of novel methods for the minimization of sunscreen absorption is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Varvaresou
- Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, The School of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Education Institution, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pangnakorn P, Nonthabenjawan R, Ekgasit S, Thammacharoen C, Pattanaargson Wanichwecharungruang S. Monitoring 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate photoisomerization on skin using attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:193-8. [PMID: 17331311 DOI: 10.1366/000370207779947648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization and photodimerization of a widely used UVB filter, 2-ethylhexy-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) on a ZnSe surface and baby mouse (Mus musculus Linn.) skin were monitored using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR). Differentiation between the E- and the Z-EHMC could be achieved by examining the infrared (IR) peak at 981 cm(-1) (b peak), which corresponds to the CH rocking deformation vibration of Ph-CH=CH- detected only in the E configuration. By plotting the ratios of the peak area of the b peak and an internal standard peak (1060-998 cm(-1)) against mole percentage of Z-isomer in the E-Z mixtures, a linear calibration plot was obtained. Thus, a simple estimation of the mole percentage of each configuration in a sample was obtained. At the same UVB exposure, photostationary equilibrium of the E/Z isomerization on the surface varied with the applied amounts of EHMC. Photoisomerizations on ZnSe and on baby mouse skin were comparable. Less than 10% of E-EHMC changed configuration when the mouse skins applied with 1.0-4.0 mg/cm(2) E-EHMC were exposed to sunlight for 60 min (UVB radiant exposure of approximately 0.30 J/cm(2)). This corresponded to less than 5% loss in UV filtering efficiency. However, at a typical EHMC skin coverage ( approximately 0.2 mg/cm(2)), 0.30 J/cm(2) UVB exposure induced approximately 50% photoisomerization resulting in 25% loss of UV filtering efficiency. No photodimerization was detected even at the extreme EHMC coverage of 4.0 mg/cm(2) after a UVB exposure of 0.90 J/cm(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Pangnakorn
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
de la Cuadra-Oyanguren J, Pérez-Ferriols A, Lecha-Carrelero M, Giménez-Arnau A, Fernández-Redondo V, Ortiz de Frutos F, Silvestre-Salvador J, Serra-Baldrich E. Results and Assessment of Photopatch Testing in Spain: Towards a New Standard Set of Photoallergens. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(07)70403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
15
|
Madan V, Beck MH. Contact allergy to octocrylene in sunscreen with recurrence from passive transfer of a cosmetic. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:241-2. [PMID: 16191030 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.0670j.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Madan
- Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, Dermatology Centre, School of Medicine, Hope Hospital, University of Manchester, Salford, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luppi B, Cerchiara T, Bigucci F, Basile R, Zecchi V. Polymeric nanoparticles composed of fatty acids and polyvinylalcohol for topical application of sunscreens. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56:407-11. [PMID: 15025868 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BZP) or oxybenzone is widely used in many cosmetic formulations, such as sunscreen lotions or emulsions, shampoos and hair sprays. The nature of the vehicle used can enhance or block the percutaneous absorption of UV filter. In this work, we hydrophobically modified polyvinylalcohol 10 000 (PVA) with fatty acids (FAs) to obtain PVA-FA derivatives for the preparation of lipophilic polymeric nanoparticles able to prevent BZP movement towards the skin. Synthesized PVA-FA derivatives were confirmed by H1 NMR. Nanoparticles loaded with BZP were prepared using a solvent extraction method. The particle size was monitored by means of dynamic light scattering measurements. In-vitro skin permeation studies were performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Luppi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bologna University, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pattanaargson S, Munhapol T, Hirunsupachot P, Luangthongaram P. Photoisomerization of octyl methoxycinnamate. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Pattanaargson S, Hongchinnagorn N, Hirunsupachot P, Sritana-anant Y. UV Absorption and Photoisomerization of p-Methoxycinnamate Grafted Silicone¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 80:322-5. [PMID: 15362937 DOI: 10.1562/2003-11-14-ra-007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p-Methoxycinnamate moieties, UV-B-absorptive chromophores of the widely used UV-B filter, 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC), were grafted onto the 7 mol% amino functionalized silicone polymer through amide linkages. Comparing with OMC, the resulting poly [3-(p-methoxycinnamido)(propyl)(methyl)-dimethyl] siloxane copolymer (CAS) showed less E to Z isomerization when exposed to UV-B light. The absorption profiles of the product showed the maximum absorption wavelength to be similar to that of OMC but with less sensitivity to the type of solvent. Poly (methylhydrosiloxane) grafted with 10 mol% p-methoxycinnamoyl moieties was prepared through hydrosilylations of 2-propenyl-p-methoxycinnamate, in which the resulting copolymer showed similar results to those of CAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supason Pattanaargson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carrotte-Lefebvre I, Bonnevalle A, Segard M, Delaporte E, Thomas P. Contact allergy to octocrylene. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48:46-7. [PMID: 12641582 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.480108_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Wissing SA, Müller RH. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier for sunscreens: in vitro release and in vivo skin penetration. J Control Release 2002; 81:225-33. [PMID: 12044563 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the comparison of two different formulations (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and conventional o/w emulsion) as carrier systems for the molecular sunscreen oxybenzone. The influence of the carrier on the rate of release was studied in vitro with a membrane-free model. The release rate could be decreased by up to 50% with the SLN formulation. Further in vitro measurements with static Franz diffusion cells were performed. In vivo, penetration of oxybenzone into stratum corneum on the forearm was investigated by the tape stripping method. It was shown that the rate of release is strongly dependent upon the formulation and could be decreased by 30-60% in SLN formulations. In all test models, oxybenzone was released and penetrated into human skin more quickly and to a greater extent from the emulsions. The rate of release also depends upon the total concentration of oxybenzone in the formulation. In vitro-in vivo correlations could be made qualitatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Wissing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Biotechnology, The Free University of Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, D-12169 Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoallergic contact dermatitis is of importance in a proportion of photodermatoses and can be evaluated through photopatch testing. OBJECTIVES To conduct a retrospective evaluation of photopatch tests performed in patients with suspected photodermatoses at the clinic at the University Hospital Rotterdam during a 10-year period. METHODS During the first 5(1/2) years 44 patients were tested with a standard set of 14 allergens, and during the next 4(1/2) years 55 patients were tested with a standard set of 23 allergens. RESULTS Photocontact reactions were found in 9% and 27% of patients in the two periods, respectively. In the second period, positive reactions were mostly produced by sunscreens. The difference in the percentage of positive photopatch tests was probably caused by the difference in composition of the standard set of allergens (more sunscreens in the second period), this being the only alteration in the test procedure. CONCLUSIONS The standard set of photoallergens has to be updated periodically. Standardization of the test procedure is needed to compare the test results of different institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S L A Bakkum
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wissing SA, Müller RH. A novel sunscreen system based on tocopherol acetate incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Cosmet Sci 2001; 23:233-43. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2001.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|