1
|
Taj S, Zuber M, Hanumanthaiah VB, Venkataraman R, Puttegowda SK, Afrid S, Kiran S. Metronidazole Induced Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction- A Systematic Review of Descriptive Studies. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:269-284. [PMID: 37264661 DOI: 10.2174/2772432819666230601155545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of research studies on metronidazole-related cutaneous symptoms have recently been published. Our objective was to identify and evaluate descriptive studies that described metronidazole-related skin manifestations, therapeutic interventions, and consequences. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and grey literature databases from inception to April 2022 without any constraints, as well as a snowball search in Google and a search in Google Scholar. Descriptive articles describing metronidazole-related cutaneous manifestations were considered for the review. Two distinct reviewers carried out the research selection, data extraction, and quality assessment; any discrepancies were resolved by consensus with the third reviewer. RESULTS About 24 out of 4648 descriptive studies, including 26 patients (20 Female patients and 6 male patients), were included in this review. The included studies comprised a range of ages from 16 to 78 years old. Metronidazole was indicated for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, sepsis, anti-infection therapy, perforated appendicitis, rosacea, vaginal discharge, dysentery, acne rosacea, trichomonal vaginitis, lichen planus, liver abscess, facial rosacea, intestinal amoebiasis, and gingivitis. Fixed drug eruption was the most common skin manifestation which was reported in 7 cases included in this review. Cutaneous manifestations were ameliorated by cessation of the offending drug and by apportioning antihistamines, topical steroids, parenteral corticosteroids, emollients, and topical moisturizers. CONCLUSION Clinicians and healthcare professionals should be cognizant of the potential cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) induced by metronidazole to mitigate fatal circumstances. The management of the CADRs appears to respond effectively with immediate drug discontinuation and supportive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Taj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysore, Karnataka, 570001, India
| | - Mohammed Zuber
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Nagamangala, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Vidhyashree Ballagere Hanumanthaiah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Nagamangala, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Rajesh Venkataraman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Nagamangala, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Puttegowda
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Nagamangala, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Syed Afrid
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Nagamangala, Karnataka, 571448, India
| | - Sai Kiran
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, Nagamangala, Karnataka, 571448, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moradi S, Moushekhian S, Najafi E, Sedigh HS, Navabi S. Efficacy of propolis and triple antibiotic paste as intra-canal medicaments for revascularisation of immature teeth in dogs: a comparative study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2023:10.1007/s40368-023-00806-1. [PMID: 37314621 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-023-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Revascularisation is a therapeutic approach for treatment of immature teeth with necrotic pulp. The conventional protocol includes application of triple antibiotic paste (TAP). The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of propolis and TAP as intra-canal medicaments for revascularisation of immature teeth in dogs. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted on 20 immature (open-apex) canine teeth in mixed breaded dogs. First, the teeth were exposed to oral environment, followed by intra-canal cleaning and shaping 2 weeks later.. The teeth were divided into two groups. The TAP group received paste comprising of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline (at a concentration of 100 µg/mL), while propolis (15% w/v) was used in the other group. The revascularisation procedure was done by means of sodium hypochlorite, EDTA and distilled water as final irrigant. After dehumidifying and induction of bleeding, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was applied At 6-month follow-up, radiographs were evaluated by two observers regarding root length and thickness, intra-canal calcification, periapical lesions, and apex formation. Data were analysed by the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the TAP and propolis groups in root length or root thickness increase, calcification, related lesions, or apex formation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Findings of the present study in experimental animals revealed that the efficacy of propolis as an intra-canal medicament is comparable to that of triple antibiotic paste for revascularisation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Moradi
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentisry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Moushekhian
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentisry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - E Najafi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H S Sedigh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Navabi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Foti C, Calianno G, Cassano N, Vena GA, Hansel K, Stingeni L, Romita P. Vulvar allergic contact dermatitis to metronidazole. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:406-407. [PMID: 36718015 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Foti
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Calianno
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cassano
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari and Barletta, Italy
| | - Gino Antonio Vena
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari and Barletta, Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dilley M, Geng B. Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides, Clindamycin, Linezolid, and Metronidazole. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:463-475. [PMID: 34910281 PMCID: PMC9156451 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions including IgE-mediated and delayed cell-mediated reactions to aminoglycosides, clindamycin, linezolid, and metronidazole are rare. For aminoglycosides, allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent reaction for which patch testing can be a useful step in evaluation. For clindamycin, delayed maculopapular exanthems are the most common reactions. There are case reports of clindamycin associated with drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, and symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE). For linezolid, cases of hypersensitivity were exceedingly rare and included urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, delayed rashes, and DRESS. For metronidazole, only rare cases were found across a broad spectrum of reactions including allergic contact dermatitis, fixed drug eruption, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reaction, SJS/TEN, AGEP, SDRIFE, and a possible case of DRESS. IgE-mediated reactions and anaphylaxis to these types of antibiotics are uncommon, and reports of skin testing concentrations and desensitization protocols are largely limited to case reports and series. Non-irritating skin testing concentrations have been reported for gentamycin, tobramycin, and clindamycin. Published desensitization protocols for intravenous and inhaled tobramycin, oral clindamycin, intravenous linezolid, and oral and intravenous metronidazole have also been reported and are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dilley
- University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Bob Geng
- University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Corazza M, Scuderi V, Toni G, Forconi R, Zedde P, Borghi A. Severe vulvovaginal allergic contact dermatitis due to clotrimazole contained in multiple topical products. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:57-59. [PMID: 31414484 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Scuderi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Toni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Forconi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pierantonia Zedde
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prieto Herman Reinehr C, Kalil CLPV, Bakos RM. Unusual case of rosacea fulminans after topical metronidazole application. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58:e117-e118. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia Luiza P. V. Kalil
- Department of Dermatology Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Renato M. Bakos
- Department of Dermatology Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Erdogan HK, Bulur I, Saracoglu ZN, Bilgin M. The Evaluation of Contact Sensitivity with Standard and Cosmetic Patch Test Series in Rosacea Patients. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:290-295. [PMID: 29853742 PMCID: PMC5929945 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.3.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rosacea is a common dermatosis characterized by erythema, telangiectasia, papules and pustules. Objective We aimed to evaluate contact sensitivity in the rosacea patients. Methods We included 65 rosacea patients and 60 healthy volunteers in the study. The patient and control groups were patch tested with European baseline series and cosmetic series. Results A positive reaction to at least 1 allergen in the European standard series was found in 32.3% of rosacea patients and 20.0% of subjects in the control group while the relevant numbers were 30.8% of rosacea patients and 10% of controls with the cosmetic series (p=0.08). In total, we found a positive reaction to at least 1 allergen in 38.5% of patients and 25.0% of controls (p=0.15). We did not find a statistically significant relationship between a positive reaction to 1 allergen in total and the gender, skin type, rosacea type, ocular involvement, age and disease duration. There were more symptoms in patients with a positive reaction to allergens (p<0.001). Conclusion Contact sensitivity was detected more common in rosacea patients. Patch testing may be useful in the treatment and follow up of rosacea patients especially if symptoms such as itching, burning and stinging are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Kaya Erdogan
- Department of Dermatology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Isil Bulur
- Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sisli Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Nurhan Saracoglu
- Department of Dermatology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Bilgin
- Department of Biostatistics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Egeberg A. Evidence‐based management of rosacea. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:300-301. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Egeberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Kildegårdsvej 28 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pagliarin CML, Londero CDLD, Felippe MCS, Felippe WT, Danesi CC, Barletta FB. Tissue characterization following revascularization of immature dog teeth using different disinfection pastes. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:S1806-83242016000100273. [PMID: 27556552 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Revascularization of immature teeth with necrotic pulps traditionally involves the use of triple antibiotic paste, which may sometimes lead to undesirable complications. The objective of this study was to assess tissue repair in immature dog teeth with apical periodontitis subjected to revascularization, comparing two different pastes used for root canal disinfection. Apical periodontitis was induced in 30 dog premolars. Teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups: root canals filled with triple antibiotic paste (n = 10); root canals filled with 1% propolis paste (n = 10); and no medication (n = 10). An additional group (n = 10, no intervention) was used as control. After 7 months, the jaws were histologically evaluated for the following variables: newly formed mineralized tissue (present/absent); vital tissue in the canal space (absent/periodontal ligament-like/pulp-like); apical extension of root (present/absent); and severity of inflammatory process (absent/mild/moderate/severe). There were no statistically significant differences among the experimental groups in new mineralized tissue formation and apical root development. The formation of vital tissue in the canal space, in turn, was statistically different between the triple paste and propolis groups: vital tissues were present in all revascularized teeth disinfected with propolis paste (100%), compared to 71% of those disinfected with the triple paste. Severity of inflammatory process was different between the triple paste and no medication groups. The new tissues formed onto canal walls and in the root canal space showed characteristics of cementum and periodontal ligament, respectively. Propolis may have some advantages over the triple paste for the revascularization of immature teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mara Cristina Santos Felippe
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, School of Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Wilson Tadeu Felippe
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, School of Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cademartori Danesi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, School of Dentistry, Department of Pathology, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Branco Barletta
- Universidade Luterana do Brazil - ULBRA, School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gendelman SR, Pien LC, Gutta RC, Abouhassan SR. Modified oral metronidazole desensitization protocol. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2014; 5:66-9. [PMID: 24612959 PMCID: PMC4124580 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2014.5.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Center for Disease Control guidelines recommend desensitization to metronidazole in patients with trichomoniasis and hypersensitivity to metronidazole. There is only one published oral metronidazole desensitization protocol. The purpose of this study was to design a new, more gradual oral desensitization protocol to decrease systemic reactions that may occur when using the previously published protocol. We present two patients with presumed IgE-mediated allergy to metronidazole who underwent oral desensitization using our modified protocol. Case 1 was a 65-year-old woman with trichomoniasis who presented for metronidazole desensitization with a history of intraoperative anaphylaxis and positive skin tests to metronidazole. The patient tolerated six doses of the modified desensitization but developed systemic symptoms of nasal congestion and diffuse pruritus after the 25- and 100-mg doses. Both reactions were treated with intravenous (i.v.) antihistamines. Because of gastrointestinal irritation, the desensitization was completed at a dose of 250 mg orally every 6 hours. Case 2 was a 42-year-old woman with trichomoniasis and a history of hives immediately after administration of i.v. metronidazole who presented for desensitization. The patient had negative skin-prick and intradermal testing to metronidazole. She developed lip tingling and pruritus on her arms 15 minutes after the 10-mg dose. Fexofenadine at 180 mg was given orally and symptoms resolved. She tolerated the rest of the protocol without reaction and received a total dose of 2 g of metronidazole. Our oral metronidazole desensitization for presumed IgE-mediated reactions offers a second option for physicians wishing to use a more gradual escalation in dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Gendelman
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Law AS. Considerations for regeneration procedures. J Endod 2014; 39:S44-56. [PMID: 23439044 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
When pulp tissue becomes necrotic in immature teeth, the prognosis of the teeth is compromised. Disinfection of the root(s) presents several challenges including difficulties in cleaning and shaping large canals with open apices, obturation of canals with open apices, and potential root fractures caused by thin and/or weakened root walls. Regenerative endodontic procedures may increase the prognosis of the compromised immature tooth by re-establishment of a functional pulp tissue that fosters continued root development and immune competency. This article reviews the literature related to and discuss considerations for regenerative endodontic procedures and how these procedures may increase the prognosis for immature teeth with necrotic pulp tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Law
- The Dental Specialists, 8650 Hudson Boulevard, Lake Elmo, MN 55042, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The use of regenerative endodontic techniques holds great promise for the treatment of immature teeth with necrotic pulp tissue. Several published case reports and case series have demonstrated radiographic evidence of apical bone healing, increases in root length, and root wall thickness. Although histologic changes have been demonstrated in animal models, histology in human teeth is lacking. A summary of these outcomes is discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Law
- The Dental Specialists, 8650 Hudson Boulevard, Lake Elmo, MN 55042, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Revascularization and periapical repair after endodontic treatment using apical negative pressure irrigation versus conventional irrigation plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing in dogs' teeth with apical periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:779-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
Cohenca N, Heilborn C, Johnson JD, Flores DSH, Ito IY, da Silva LAB. Apical negative pressure irrigation versus conventional irrigation plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing on root canal disinfection in dog teeth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:e42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Madsen JT, Lorentzen HF, Paulsen E. Contact sensitization to metronidazole from possible occupational exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:117-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Reynolds K, Johnson JD, Cohenca N. Pulp revascularization of necrotic bilateral bicuspids using a modified novel technique to eliminate potential coronal discolouration: a case report. Int Endod J 2009; 42:84-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Fernández-Jorge B, Goday Buján J, Fernández-Torres R, Rodríguez-Lojo R, Fonseca E. Concomitant allergic contact dermatitis from diphenhydramine and metronidazole. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59:115-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|