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Rolim I, Rafael M, Robson A, Costa Rosa J. Pigmented Epidermotropic Breast Carcinoma: A Diagnostic Pitfall Mimicking Melanoma A Case Report and Literature Review. Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:386-393. [PMID: 37291852 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231177702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the clinical and pathologic features of a patient with breast carcinoma, who developed clinically visible pigmented skin lesions during the course of the disease. The combination of clinical pigmentation, histological pagetoid epidermal spread, and considerable melanin pigment within tumour cells lead to a misdiagnosis of melanoma. This case provides a striking example of the ability of epidermotropic breast carcinoma to mimic melanoma. A literature review is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rolim
- Anatomic Pathology, Fundação Champalimaud, Lisboa, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Rafael
- Dermatology Department, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alistair Robson
- Pathology Department, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
- Source LDPath, London, UK
| | - Joaninha Costa Rosa
- Pathology Department, Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
- Pathology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Kenny MG, Nguyen M, Modi M, Eilers D, Souchik A. Melanoma Mimicker: Pigmented Mammary Paget Disease in a Man. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:46-49. [PMID: 37982495 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Male breast cancer comprises less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. Mammary Paget disease (MPD) represents a subset of breast cancer that presents with skin changes of the nipple and areola, and is frequently misdiagnosed clinically due to similarities with other disease states, leading to an average delay in diagnosis of 1 month to 2 years. Pigmented mammary Paget disease (PMPD) is an uncommon variant of MPD that clinically and histologically resembles malignant melanoma. Due to variable immunohistochemical staining patterns, analysis can be challenging and often requires interpretation of panels for accurate diagnosis. We present a rare case of PMPD in a male, originally diagnosed both clinically and histologically as malignant melanoma, to highlight the diagnostic challenges that this entity presents, and to review staining patterns which may be useful in its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Grace Kenny
- Ascension Resurrection Medical Center Transitional Year Program, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Mitul Modi
- Department of Dermatopathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - David Eilers
- Dermatology Section, Hines VA Medical Center, Maywood, IL; and
| | - Adam Souchik
- Division of Dermatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
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Horikawa H, Umegaki-Arao N, Funakoshi T, Amagai M, Tanaka M. Dermoscopy of pigmented invasive ductal carcinoma mimicking basal cell carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol 2017; 58:326-327. [PMID: 28726282 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Horikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takeru Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Centre East, Tokyo, Japan
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Dauendorffer JN, Pages C, Abd Alsamad I, Bagot M, Fraitag S. [Primary pigmented breast adenocarcinoma in a male patient]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013; 140:52-5. [PMID: 23328361 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.10.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigmented mammary tumours are rare. Herein, we report the third case of primary pigmented breast adenocarcinoma in a male patient with clinical mimicking of nodular melanoma of the nipple. PATIENTS AND METHODS A male patient presented with a pigmented nodule of the right nipple. Histological examination of the lesion showed dermal and subcutaneous adenocarcinomatous proliferation. The perilesional stroma contained melanin both inside and outside macrophages, leading us to conclude on primary pigmented breast adenocarcinoma clinically mimicking nodular melanoma of the nipple. DISCUSSION Local production of melanin by neoplastic cells in the mammary carcinoma was postulated as the cause of hyperpigmentation of the tumour. Other possible causes are transfer of melanin from overlying melanocytes of the pigmented areolar epidermis to the underlying neoplastic cells, or melanin synthesis by intratumoral melanocytes migrating from the epidermis (which strikes us as the most convincing interpretation for the reported case). CONCLUSION Breast adenocarcinoma is a rare tumour in men and may present clinically as a pigmented lesion of the nipple, resulting in the problem of differential diagnosis with primary or metastasised nodular melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-N Dauendorffer
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
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Hilliard NJ, Huang C, Andea A. Pigmented extramammary Paget's disease of the axilla mimicking melanoma: case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:995-1000. [PMID: 19674203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pigmented Paget's disease is a rare variant that is often confused clinically and histologically with melanoma in situ. Herein, we describe a case of pigmented extramammary Paget's disease involving the axilla of a 79-year-old white male thought initially to represent malignant melanoma clinically and histologically. Review of the literature reveals that pigmented variant of Paget's disease, either mammary or extramammary, could be initially misdiagnosed as melanoma unless this entity is considered in the differential diagnosis, and additional confirmatory studies are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholaus J Hilliard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
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del Boz J, Sanz A, Martín T, Martínez S, Sánchez V, Samaniego E, Ojeda A, Vera A, Crespo V. Pigmented mammary Paget's disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:844-6. [PMID: 17567331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gabbi TVB, Valente NYS, Castro LGM. Doença de Paget pigmentada do mamilo simulando melanoma cutâneo: importância da imuno-histoquímica na diferenciação dessas doenças. An Bras Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962006000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A variante pigmentada da doença de Paget mamária é rara, com cerca de 12 casos relatados, e pode mimetizar clínica e histologicamente o melanoma. Como na forma clássica, em geral associa-se à neoplasia da mama acometida, com origem principalmente no carcinoma intraductal que se estende à epiderme através de ducto lactóforo. A fisiopatologia da hiperpigmentação permanece desconhecida. Relata-se o caso de paciente de 49 anos que apresentou lesão pigmentada do mamilo, suspeita de melanoma. O exame histológico não foi suficiente para confirmar o diagnóstico, sendo necessária realização de perfil imuno-histoquímico. Apesar de incomum, o diagnóstico de doença de Paget deve ser lembrado como diferencial de melanoma em lesões pigmentadas dessa região, em ambos os sexos.
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Wyatt AJ, Agero ALC, Delgado R, Busam KJ, Marghoob AA. Cutaneous metastatic breast carcinoma with melanocyte colonization: a clinical and dermoscopic mimic of malignant melanoma. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32:949-54. [PMID: 16875480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocyte colonization of breast carcinoma cells may occur in those tumors that breach the epidermal-dermal interface. The resultant melanin deposition in tumor cells rarely leads to clinical pigmentation of the tumor. Typically, selective staining methods are required to detect the pigment. OBSERVATION The authors describe a 60-year-old woman with a history of mammary carcinoma and an irregularly pigmented nodule with peripheral globules and a blue-white veil on dermoscopy, which was a clinical and dermoscopic mimic of malignant melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of melanocyte colonization of non-melanocytic tumor cells and the dermoscopic-histologic correlations can aid in avoiding a potential pitfall, and emphasize the importance of such relationships, when using this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Wyatt
- Department of Dermatology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10022, USA
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Cutaneous Metastatic Breast Carcinoma with Melanocyte Colonization. Dermatol Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200607000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brasanac D, Boricic I, Todorovic V. Epidermotropic metastases from breast carcinoma showing different clinical and histopathological features on the trunk and on the scalp in a single patient. J Cutan Pathol 2004; 30:641-6. [PMID: 14744090 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2003.00130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A 54-year-old female presented with the cutaneous metastases of the breast carcinoma that produced combination of pigmented zosteriform eruption on the trunk and eroded plaque on the scalp, 13 years after radical mastectomy. Histologically, zosteriform lesions displayed prominent infiltration of the epidermis in nesting or linear pattern by neoplastic cells with focal formation of intraepidermal and subepidermal vesicles due to discohesion of tumor cells and dermal edema. Examination of scalp plaque revealed ulcerations and infiltration of the epidermis with scattered basal and suprabasal malignant cells in pagetoid fashion. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were cytokeratin 7- and estrogen receptor-positive and cytokeratin 20 negative. HMB-45 and Melan-A-stained numerous dendritic melanocytes intermingled with intraepidermal and superficial dermal tumor cells in the trunk lesion, whereas on the scalp, only occasional melanocytes surrounding intraepidermal carcinomatous cells were identified. Our case described, to our knowledge, so far unreported combination of individually rare, clinical and histological patterns of cutaneous metastases from breast carcinoma in a single patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Brasanac
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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García-F-Villalta MJ, Adrados M, Daudén E, Fraga J, García-Díez A. Pigmented metastasis of breast carcinoma mimicking malignant melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18:223-4. [PMID: 15009313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nestor SL, Perry A, Kurtkaya O, Abell-Aleff P, Rosemblat AM, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Melanocytic colonization of a meningothelial meningioma: histopathological and ultrastructural findings with immunohistochemical and genetic correlation: case report. Neurosurgery 2003; 53:211-4; discussion 214-5. [PMID: 12823892 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000068990.79680.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Melanocytic colonization of nonpigmented extracranial tumors has been reported in adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, skin appendage tumors, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. To our knowledge, melanocytic colonization of a meningioma has not previously been described. CLINICAL PRESENTATION We report an unusual case of a 70-year-old African-American woman who presented with a large frontoparietal meningioma that extended through the calvarium. INTERVENTION Craniotomy with gross total resection of the tumor was performed. Histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, ultrastructural analysis, and molecular genetic study via fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed melanocytic colonization of a meningothelial meningioma. CONCLUSION With the inclusion of meningothelial meningioma, the spectrum of tumors affected by melanocytic colonization continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Nestor
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
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Requena L, Sangueza M, Sangueza OP, Kutzner H. Pigmented mammary Paget disease and pigmented epidermotropic metastases from breast carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2002; 24:189-98. [PMID: 12140433 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200206000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pigmented mammary Paget disease is a rare clinicopathologic variant of mammary Paget disease. It has been described in female and male patients with intraductal mammary carcinoma extending to the epidermis of the nipple and areola through a lactiferous duct. Pigmented cutaneous metastases from breast carcinoma are uncommon variants of epidermotropic metastatic breast carcinoma. All these lesions may mimic malignant melanoma clinically and histopathologically. From a histopathologic point of view, involvement of the dermoepidermal junction by neoplastic cells of the mammary carcinoma seems to be a prerequisite for development of the clinical pigmentation. We report three examples of pigmented mammary Paget disease and six cases of pigmented epidermotropic metastases from breast carcinoma, which were studied from both the histopathologic and immunohistochemical points of view. Two cases of pigmented mammary Paget disease and all cases of pigmented epidermotropic metastatic breast carcinoma showed the proliferation of dendritic melanocytes arranged as solitary units along the dermoepidermal junction and intermingled with the neoplastic cells of the mammary carcinoma in the superficial dermis. In one case of pigmented mammary Paget disease, there was abundant melanin within the cytoplasm of the Paget cells, but an increased number of melanocytes could not be demonstrated. Local production of melanocytic chemotactic factor by neoplastic cells of the mammary carcinoma when they reach the dermoepidermal junction has been postulated as the cause of the melanocytic proliferation and clinical hyperpigmentation of these epidermotropic breast carcinomas. Another possibility is the phagocytosis or transfer of melanin from melanocytes to the intraepidermal neoplastic cells of the breast carcinoma. Pigmented mammary Paget disease and pigmented epidermotropic metastatic breast carcinoma should be differentiated from melanoma clinical and histopathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Matz
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.
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Gilcrease MZ, Guzman-Paz M, Niehans G, Cherwitz D, McCarthy JB, Albores-Saavedra J. Correlation of CD44S expression in renal clear cell carcinomas with subsequent tumor progression or recurrence. Cancer 1999; 86:2320-6. [PMID: 10590373 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19991201)86:11<2320::aid-cncr20>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have shown altered expression of CD44 in renal cell carcinomas. However, to the authors' knowledge there are no data correlating CD44 expression in renal cell carcinomas with subsequent tumor progression or recurrence, nor is there information about the presence of particular splice variants of CD44 in these tumors. METHODS The authors examined the immunohistochemical expression of CD44S, the standard isoform of CD44, in renal cell carcinomas from 43 patients using 2 different monoclonal antibodies, Mab2137 and Hermes-3. In addition, they stained the renal cell carcinomas with antibodies to 2 splice variants of CD44, CD44v3 and CD44v6. RESULTS Increased staining of renal clear cell carcinomas with Mab2137 was observed in high grade versus low grade tumors (45% vs. 0%, P = 0.013), whereas increased staining of clear cell carcinomas with Hermes-3 was noted in high stage versus low stage tumors (40% vs. 0%, P = 0.006). Few tumors stained with antibodies to CD44v3. Although increased expression of the splice variant CD44v6 was noted in papillary versus clear cell carcinomas, and increased staining of papillary carcinomas with Mab2137 and with antibodies to CD44v6 was noted for low stage versus high stage tumors, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. Clinical follow-up of at least 43 months was available for 26 patients. Six of these patients (five with clear cell carcinoma and one with papillary carcinoma) developed progressive or recurrent disease. The primary tumors from all 5 patients with progressive or recurrent clear cell carcinoma showed staining with Mab2137, whereas the primary tumors from only 2 of the 15 patients with at least 43 months follow-up and no evidence of progressive or recurrent clear cell carcinoma (13%) showed staining with Mab2137 (P = 0.001). Alternatively, 5 of 7 clear cell carcinomas (71%) that stained with Mab2137 were from patients who subsequently developed recurrence or progression, compared with 0 of 13 clear cell carcinomas that did not stain. Similar findings were not observed for papillary carcinomas, which appeared to be biologically distinct from clear cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS CD44S staining with Mab2137 correlates with progression or recurrence of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. CD44S may, therefore, play a pathogenetic role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Gilcrease
- Department of Pathology, U. T. Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75235-9073, USA
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Carlson JA, Healy K, Slominski A, Mihm MC. Melanocytic matricoma: a report of two cases of a new entity. Am J Dermatopathol 1999; 21:344-9. [PMID: 10446775 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199908000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many reports exist of pigmented adnexal tumors containing dendritic melanocytes such as pigmented basal cell carcinomas and pigmented pilomatricomas. Correspondingly, melanocytes are a known component of the bulbs of anagen follicles. The phenomenon of melanization of adnexal tumors highlights the interrelationship between melanocytes and adnexal epithelium and may represent normal melanocytes colonizing a neoplastic proliferation. We report on two cases of a unique tumor composed of neoplastic matrical cells with a significant component of melanocytes. Both cases presented as pigmented papules in older men (66 and 80 years, forearm and pectoral region, respectively). Histologically, these were well-defined nodular proliferations composed of variably melanized, pleomorphic, and mitotically active matrical and supramatrical cells forming clusters of "shadow cells." Admixed with the epithelial cells were numerous melanized dendritic melanocytes. Shadow cells expressed keratin 13, and a subpopulation of S-100 protein-positive dendritic cells were evident. No recurrence of any type was found after reexcisions 4 months and 2 years later. We propose the name of melanocytic matricoma for these two heretofore unreported cases of a unique neoplasm composed of matrical cells and melanocytes recapitulating epithelial-melanocyte interaction in the follicular anagen bulb. Although their small size, circumscription and clinical course suggest a benign nature, melanocytic matricomas' cytologic atypia disclose the potential for malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Carlson
- Division of Dermatopathology and Dermatology, Department of Pathology Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA
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Kamishima T, Igarashi S, Takeuchi Y, Ito M, Fukuda T. Pigmented hidrocystoma of the eccrine secretory coil in the vulva: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26:145-9. [PMID: 10235380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1999.tb01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A case of pigmented hidrocystoma of eccrine secretory coil is presented. A 47-year-old woman had developed a bluish black small nodule in the anterior portion of the labium minor a few years before entry. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by eosinophilic columnar epithelium with abundant brownish granules. There was a vague suggestion of decapitation secretion focally in the epithelial layer of cuboidal cells. This layer expressed distinct reactivity against CA19-9 with no reactivity for human milk fat globule-1 (HMFG-1). These features demonstrated that the cyst was not of apocrine nature but of eccrine derivation. In addition, positive immunoreaction for cytokeratin (CK)7, CK8 and CK19 defined the cyst as originating from the secretory coil of the sweat gland. Ultrastructurally, melanosomes in various stages were identified in most of the epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the present case was a hidrocystoma of eccrine secretory coil with abnormal melanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamishima
- Department of Pathology, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya, Japan
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Saitoh K, Saga K, Okazaki M, Maeda K. Pigmented primary carcinoma of the breast: a clinical mimic of malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:287-90. [PMID: 9767245 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 68-year-old man had a pigmented tumour in the breast. Although the clinical picture suggested a malignant melanoma, histology revealed that the tumour was a primary ductal carcinoma of the breast. There was no pagetoid cell proliferation in the epidermis. However, tumour nests contained numerous dendritic melanocytes that could survive in the tumour nests without the existence of epidermal keratinocytes. Further immunohistochemical study employing antibodies to melanocyte growth factors demonstrated that anti-basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) antibody was the only reagent to show a positive staining for tumour cells. This indicated that the breast cancer cells produced bFGF, which enabled survival of melanocytes within the tumour mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saitoh
- Division of Dermatology, Muroran General Hospital, Muroran, Japan
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