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Inaoka PT, Shono M, Kamada M, Espinoza JL. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of sarcoidosis. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:45. [PMID: 31182092 PMCID: PMC6558716 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by the development of granulomas in various organs, especially in the lungs and lymph nodes. Clinics of the disease largely depends on the organ involved and may range from mild symptoms to life threatening manifestations. Over the last two decades, significant advances in the diagnosis, clinical assessment and treatment of sarcoidosis have been achieved, however, the precise etiology of this disease remains unknown. Current evidence suggests that, in genetically predisposed individuals, an excessive immune response to unknown antigen/s is crucial for the development of sarcoidosis. Epidemiological and microbiological studies suggest that, at least in a fraction of patients, microbes or their products may trigger the immune response leading to sarcoid granuloma formation. In this article, we discuss the scientific evidence on the interaction of microbes with immune cells that may be implicated in the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis, and highlight recent studies exploring potential implications of human microbiota in the pathogenesis and the clinical course of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleiades T Inaoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Shono
- Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mishio Kamada
- Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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Lakdawala N, Ferenczi K, Grant-Kels JM. Granulomatous diseases: Kids are not just little people. Clin Dermatol 2017; 35:555-565. [PMID: 29191347 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatous diseases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by histiocytic inflammation that affect patients of any age. These diseases differ widely in their pathogenesis and include infectious and noninfectious conditions. This review focuses on noninfectious granulomatous conditions, with particular emphasis on age-related differences in the onset, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, prognosis, and age-specific management of specific granulomatous disorders. Knowledge of age-specific aspects of granulomatous conditions in adults and children improves both the extent of the diagnostic workup and the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Lakdawala
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwuakee, WI.
| | - Katalin Ferenczi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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3
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Piette EW, Rosenbach M. Granuloma annulare. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:467-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tomasini C. Cordoniform morphea: a clinicopathologic study of two cases presenting with the rope sign. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 43:613-622. [PMID: 26990496 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphea clinically presenting as cordoniform lesions has not been described previously in the literature. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to describe the clinicopathologic features of morphea presenting with cord-like cutaneous lesions. METHODS The clinical notes of 420 patients with a diagnosis of morphea seen during the previous 10 years were reviewed to identify any cases that had cordoniform lesions at presentation. RESULTS Two adult patients (one male and one female) were identified. Both patients presented with chronic, slightly burning, bilateral, erythematous, linear or curvilinear elevated cutaneous indurations on the lateral chest wall strikingly reminiscent interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis. Histopathologically, typical changes of deep morphea with a band-like involvement only of the lower part of the reticular dermis and the superficial hypodermis and a remarkable perineural arrangement of the lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate were observed. The presence of Borrelia in skin biopsy samples of both patients was shown by immunohistochemistry and focus floating microscopy. In one patient, the presence of Borrelia afzelii DNA in the cutaneous biopsy was shown by polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS Cordoniform morphea is an exceedingly unusual and previously undescribed clinicopathologic presentation of morphea where Borrelia infection may play a causal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Tomasini
- Dermatopathology Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute d della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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Brandt FC, Ertas B, Falk TM, Metze D, Böer-Auer A. Histopathology and immunophenotype of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans correlated withospAandospCgenotypes ofBorreliaspecies. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:674-92. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dieter Metze
- Department of Dermatology; Munster University; Münster Germany
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Brandt FC, Ertas B, Falk TM, Metze D, Böer-Auer A. Genotyping of Borrelia from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin biopsies of cutaneous borreliosis and tick bite reactions by assays targeting the intergenic spacer region, ospA and ospC genes. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:528-43. [PMID: 24471698 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borreliosis has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations involving the skin, joints and nervous system. The variable manifestations have been attributed to different Borrelia genospecies but genotyping required culture or fresh tissue. However, in dermatology practice, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies are used for dermatopathological examination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu has been established on such specimens, but studies attempting genotyping of subspecies or strains are lacking. OBJECTIVES To adapt PCR assays for genotyping of Borrelia using paraffin-embedded biopsies, to identify Borrelia genospecies and to compare clinicopathological features of different genospecies. METHODS Eighty-two paraffin-embedded biopsies from 68 patients, with erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, lymphocytoma cutis or tick bite reactions, were studied with assays targeting the intergenic spacer (IGS), ospA and ospC, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Clinicopathological data were analysed comparing different Borrelia genospecies. RESULTS Genotyping by IGS, ospA and ospC was successful in 85% of patients (91% B. afzelii, 7% B. garinii, 2% B. bavariensis). ospA serotyping identified type 2 (90%), type 3 (8%) and type 4 (2%). ospC-PCR was positive in 40% of the patients revealing 12 different groups, noninvasive forms being seen only in tick bite reactions and erythema migrans. No major clinicopathological differences could be identified between the genospecies, but neural inflammation and arthralgia were seen more often in lesions caused by invasive ospC strains. CONCLUSIONS Genotyping of Borrelia can be easily implemented in a routine dermatopathology setting, especially as a fast method to confirm early cutaneous borreliosis. Genotyping could also enable earlier treatment of patients infected with invasive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Brandt
- Department of Dermatology, Münster University, Von Esmarch Strasse 58, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Del Porto F, Proietta M, Muscianese M, Tamburi F, Cifani N, Ferri L, Nisticò S, Bottoni U, Bruno G, Pranteda G. Granuloma annularis revealing Wegener's granulomatosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27:273-8. [PMID: 25033485 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin manifestations are often associated with systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD). Some SAD, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis and scleroderma display pathognomonic dermatological features, whereas other systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis can present with non-specific skin manifestations that range from erythema nodosum to necrotic lesions. Here we report the case of a 25-year-old man with uveitis, polyarthrirtis, pulmonary involvement, nephrotic syndrome, cutaneous granuloma and pneumonia by E. coli.
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Thornsberry LA, English JC. Etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of granuloma annulare: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:279-90. [PMID: 23696233 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Granuloma annulare (GA) is a common cutaneous disorder classically presenting as annular groups of skin-colored to erythematous papules without epidermal change localized to the dorsal hands and/or feet. In addition to the localized form, there are variants including generalized (including generalized annular GA, disseminated papular GA, and atypical generalized GA), subcutaneous, and perforating GA, providing for a wide spectrum of clinical lesions. The etiology of GA remains unknown and several systemic associations have been proposed but not proven, including diabetes mellitus, malignancy, thyroid disease, and dyslipidemia. The diagnosis of GA relies on clinicopathological correlation, with a skin biopsy confirming the histological features of the disease, including palisading granulomas, collagen degeneration, mucin, and a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. Localized GA is often asymptomatic and self-limited within 2 years; however, the patient may desire treatment for cosmetic reasons, with topical and intralesional corticosteroids as the mainstays of therapy. When GA is generalized, disseminated, or atypical, a more thorough medical workup for underlying diseases may be considered depending on the physical examination, a thorough review of systems, comorbidities, and clinical suspicion. Treatment is often challenging for generalized GA, especially because of its recalcitrant nature and a lack of evidence-based therapy. Over 30 different treatments have been described for GA with variable results; however, the majority of these have been single case reports, small case series, or retrospective studies. Reported treatments for GA include topical, intralesional, intramuscular, and oral medications (steroidal vs. non-steroidal); biologic agents; surgical interventions; phototherapy; and laser treatments. When selecting a systemic therapy for a patient with GA, multiple variables must be considered, such as baseline blood evaluations, comorbidities, drug interactions, compliance, adverse effect profiles, prior treatments, and reproductive status. This evidence-based review will focus on the advances made in the twenty-first century regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Thornsberry
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St., Presby South Tower Suite 3880, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Avitan-Hersh E, Sprecher H, Ramon M, Bergman R. Does infection play a role in the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare? J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68:342-3. [PMID: 23317975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Müller KE. Damage of collagen and elastic fibres by borrelia burgdorferi - known and new clinical and histopathological aspects. Open Neurol J 2012; 6:179-86. [PMID: 23986790 PMCID: PMC3751012 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01206010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme Borreliosis, or Lyme's disease, manifests itself in numerous skin conditions. Therapeutic intervention should be initiated as soon as a clinical diagnosis of erythema migrans is made. The histopathology of some of the skin conditions associated with Lyme Borreliosis is characterised by structural changes to collagen, and sometimes also elastic fibres. These conditions include morphea, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. More recently, further skin conditions have been identified by the new microscopic investigation technique of focus floating microscopy: granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, erythema annulare centrifugum, interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, cutaneous sarcoidosis and lymphocytic infiltration; these conditions also sometimes cause changes in the connective tissue. In the case of ligaments and tendons, collagen and elastic fibres predominate structurally. They are also the structures that are targeted by Borrelia. The resultant functional disorders have previously only rarely been associated with Borreliosis in clinical practice. Ligamentopathies and tendinopathies, spontaneous ruptures of tendons after slight strain, dislocation of vertebrae and an accumulation of prolapsed intervertebral discs as well as ossification of tendon insertions can be viewed in this light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E Müller
- Medical Practice for Dermatology, Venerology, Occupational Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, Kempten, Bavaria, Germany
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Müller H, Eisendle K, Bräuninger W, Kutzner H, Cerroni L, Zelger B. Comparative analysis of immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction and focus-floating microscopy for the detection of Treponema pallidum in mucocutaneous lesions of primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:50-60. [PMID: 21410678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of syphilis is increasing in many parts of the world including a re-emergence in Western Europe and North America. Depending on the disease stage, direct detection of Treponema pallidum in mucocutaneous lesions of syphilis may be difficult and histopathological findings are not always straightforward. Thus, the correct histological diagnosis may be challenging. OBJECTIVES Comparatively to evaluate the evidence for infection with T. pallidum by immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and focus-floating microscopy (FFM). METHODS A series of 86 paraffin-embedded skin biopsy samples from patients with primary, secondary or tertiary syphilis was assessed for detection of T. pallidum by IHC and FFM; 45 specimens were also investigated by a T. pallidum-specific PCR analysis. Histopathological reaction patterns and number and distribution of treponemes were studied, and all data were re-evaluated by clinicopathological correlation. RESULTS Using a polyclonal antibody directed against T. pallidum, we detected the presence of T. pallidum by IHC in 42/86 (49%) samples [6/9 (67%) primary, 34/62 (55%) secondary and 2/15 (13%) tertiary syphilis]. T. pallidum-specific DNA was detected in 31/45 (69%) specimens [4/4 (100%) primary, 26/34 (76%) secondary and 1/7 (14%) tertiary syphilis]. In comparison, FFM analysis resulted in an overall detection rate of 82/86 (95%) [9/9 (100%) primary, 60/62 (97%) secondary and 13/15 (87%) tertiary syphilis]. Significant differences were observed concerning amount and distribution of organisms (epitheliotropic vs. endotheliotropic) in correlation to the three disease stages and to histopathological reaction patterns. CONCLUSIONS FFM is a highly sensitive and specific method to detect T. pallidum in tissue from mucocutaneous syphilis lesions. Our results indicate that a combination of PCR and FFM, as the most sensitive approach, could provide an additional benefit for the histopathological diagnosis of (late) secondary and tertiary syphilis and may be helpful in cases where serological testing of T. pallidum antibodies has failed, but the clinical suspicion for syphilis remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages in infectious and noninfectious cutaneous granulomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:819-832. [PMID: 21501890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, and this degradation is an immunosuppressive mechanism that is mainly used by antigen-presenting cells. IDO-expressing dendritic cells and macrophages have previously been identified as components of lymph node granulomas after Listeria monocytogenes infection. In this study we undertook an analysis of IDO expression in granulomas of infectious and noninfectious origin in the human skin. METHODS Lesional skin biopsy specimens (n = 22) from different granulomatous skin disorders (lupus vulgaris, sarcoidosis, granuloma annulare, leprosy) were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify and locate the enzyme IDO within the inflammatory granulomatous infiltrate (IDO, CD11c, CD68, S100, CD3, Foxp3). Two-color immunofluorescence of IDO in combination with multiple markers was applied to characterize the IDO-expressing cells. RESULTS Cutaneous granulomas of different origin strongly express IDO, mainly in the center and in the ring wall of the granulomas. We demonstrate that in infectious, but also in noninfectious human cutaneous granulomas the large myeloid CD11c(+)S100(+)CD68(-) dendritic cells and the CD68(+) macrophages express IDO. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by the lack of details about the exact stage or maturity of granuloma formation in the specimens investigated. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that IDO expression in myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages is part of an integrated response of granuloma formation, which may be a unifying feature of granulomatous reactions in the skin.
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Abstract
Granuloma annulare (GA) is a common dermatosis of unknown etiology, which, in 10%-15% of cases, presents as the generalized subtype. GA has been associated with infections, vaccines, and neoplasias. We describe a case of generalized GA arising in a 50-year-old man with a diffuse infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei.
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Zollinger T, Mertz KD, Schmid M, Schmitt A, Pfaltz M, Kempf W. Borreliain granuloma annulare, morphea and lichen sclerosus: a PCR-based study and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37:571-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Derler AM, Eisendle K, Baltaci M, Obermoser G, Zelger B. High prevalence of 'Borrelia-like' organisms in skin biopsies of sarcoidosis patients from Western Austria. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 36:1262-8. [PMID: 19469874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown aetiology with frequent skin involvement. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of 'Borrelia-like' organisms in cutaneous sarcoidosis (CS) by focus-floating microscopy (FFM). METHODS Retrospective analysis of 38 CS specimens by immunohistochemistry with polyclonal anti-Borrelia antibody and assessment by FFM. RESULTS Specimens of 34.2% CS were positive for 'Borrelia-like' organisms by FFM. Usually single spirochetes, rarely pairs or small clusters of bacteria were observed between collagen bundles or at the periphery of granulomas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in addition in 11 cases and was negative in all biopsies. Samples of erythema migrans served as positive controls: 92.3% of 39 samples were positive by FFM, but only 46.6% gave positive results by PCR. Of 61 negative controls only one specimen was falsely positive by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Detection of 'Borrelia-like' organisms by FFM in tissue sections of CS underlines the possibility that such microorganism maybe involved in the pathogenesis of some cases of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Derler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Güneş P, Göktay F, Mansur AT, Köker F, Erfan G. Collagen-elastic tissue changes and vascular involvement in granuloma annulare: a review of 35 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 36:838-44. [PMID: 19017038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of granuloma annulare (GA) is unclear. Collagen fiber degeneration is commonly reported, and there are several conflicting studies on elastic fiber and vascular changes associated with GA. In this study, we aimed to evaluate histopathologic characteristics, collagen and elastic tissue changes and vascular changes in GA. METHODS Clinical records of 35 GA patients were examined alongside serial sections of 38 biopsy specimens from these patients. New sections of biopsy tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff-van Gieson or Alcian blue and then evaluated. RESULTS Four different histopathologic patterns were observed: interstitial (57.9%), palisadic granulomatous (26.3%), sarcoidal granulomatous (5.3%) and mixed (10.5%). Dermal mucin deposition was determined in 84.2% of specimens. Solar elastosis was observed in only seven specimens, and elastophagocytosis was observed in only two specimens. Collagen and elastic tissue damages were consistent findings in all biopsy specimens. Fibrin thrombi and vasculitic changes were not found in any of the specimens from this patient group. CONCLUSIONS Elastic and collagen fiber damage are the main accompanying features of GA, which may develop from delayed-type hypersensitivity. Vasculitis does not appear to be a major causative process. Sun exposure also seems to have no major effect on the formation of GA but can be one of the stimulants or predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pembegül Güneş
- Department of Pathology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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