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Tsuboi I, Morimoto K, Hirabayashi Y, Li GX, Aizawa S, Mori KJ, Kanno J, Inoue T. Senescent B Lymphopoiesis is Balanced in Suppressive Homeostasis: Decrease in Interleukin-7 and Transforming Growth Factor-β Levels in Stromal Cells of Senescence-Accelerated Mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:494-502. [PMID: 15169968 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppression of the B cell population during senescence has been considered to be due to the suppression of interleukin-7 (IL-7) production and responsiveness to IL-7; however, the upregulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was found to contribute to B cell suppression. To investigate the mechanism of this suppression based on the interrelationship between IL-7 and TGF-β during senescence, senescence-accelerated mice (SAMs), the mouse model of aging, were used in this study to elucidate the mechanisms of B lymphopoietic suppression during aging. Similar to regular senescent mice, SAMs showed a decrease in the number of IL-7–responding B cell progenitors (i.e., colony-forming unit pre-B [CFU-pre-B] cells in the femoral bone marrow [BM]). A co-culture system of B lymphocytes and stromal cells that the authors established showed a significantly lower number of CFU-pre-B cells harvested when BM cells were co-cultured with senescent stromal cells than when they were co-cultured with young stromal cells. Interestingly, cells harvested from a senescent stroma and those from the control culture without stromal cells were higher in number than those harvested from a young stroma, thereby implying that an altered senescent stromal cell is unable to maintain self-renewal of the stem cell compartment. Because TGF-β is supposed to suppress the proliferative capacity of pro-B/pre-B cells, we added a neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody to the co-culture system with a pro-B/pre-B cell-rich population to determine whether such suppression may be rescued. However, unexpectedly, any rescue was not observed and the number of CFU-pre-B cells remained unchanged when BM cells were co-cultured with senescent stromal cells compared with the co-culture with young stromal cells, which essentially showed an increase in the number of CFU-pre-B cells (P < 0.001 in 5 μg/ml). Furthermore, TGF-β protein level in the supernatant of cultured senescent stroma cells was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, but surprisingly, it was found that TGF-β concentration was significantly lower than that of cultured young stromal cells. Thus, TGF-β activity was assumed to decline particularly in a senescent stroma, which means a distinct difference between the senescent suppression of B lymphopoiesis and secondary B lymphocytopenia. Concerning proliferative signaling, on the other hand, the level of IL-7 gene expression in cells from freshly isolated BM decreased significantly with age. Therefore, the acceleration of proliferative signaling and the deceleration of suppressive signaling may both be altered and weakened in a senescent stroma (i.e., homeosupression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Tsuboi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Moses BS, Evans R, Slone WL, Piktel D, Martinez I, Craig MD, Gibson LF. Bone Marrow Microenvironment Niche Regulates miR-221/222 in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:909-919. [PMID: 27358112 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has many features in common with normal B-cell progenitors, including their ability to respond to diverse signals from the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) resulting in regulation of cell-cycle progression and survival. Bone marrow-derived cues influence many elements of both steady state hematopoiesis and hematopoietic tumor cell phenotypes through modulation of gene expression. miRNAs are one regulatory class of small noncoding RNAs that have been shown to be increasingly important in diverse settings of malignancy. In the current study, miRNA profiles were globally altered in ALL cells following exposure to primary human bone marrow niche cells, including bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and primary human osteoblasts (HOB). Specifically, mature miR-221 and miR-222 transcripts were decreased in ALL cells cocultured with BMSC or HOB, coincident with increased p27 (CDKN1B), a previously validated target. Increased p27 protein in ALL cells exposed to BMSC or HOB is consistent with accumulation of tumor cells in the G0 phase of the cell cycle and resistance to chemotherapy-induced death. Overexpression of miR-221 in ALL cells during BMSC or HOB coculture prompted cell-cycle progression and sensitization of ALL cells to cytotoxic agents, blunting the protective influence of the BMM. These novel observations indicate that BMM regulation of miR-221/222 contributes to marrow niche-supported tumor cell quiescence and survival of residual cells. IMPLICATIONS Niche-influenced miR-221/222 may define a novel therapeutic target in ALL to be combined with existing cytotoxic agents to more effectively eradicate refractory disease that contributes to relapse. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 909-19. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake S Moses
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Rebecca Evans
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William L Slone
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Debbie Piktel
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ivan Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael D Craig
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Laura F Gibson
- Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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Fukumoto T, Tsuboi I, Harada T, Hiramoto M, Minami A, Koshinaga M, Hirabayashi Y, Kanno J, Inoue T, Aizawa S. Inflammatory biomarker, neopterin, enlarges splenic mast-cell-progenitor pool: Prominent impairment of responses in age-related stromal cell-impairment mouse SCI/SAM. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1847-58. [PMID: 17052675 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neopterin is produced by monocytes and is a useful biomarker of inflammatory responses. We found that neopterin enhances granulopoiesis, but suppresses B-lymphopoiesis triggered by the positive and negative regulations of cytokines produced by stromal cells in mice. In this study, neopterin was found to regulate mast cell development, which was confirmed in the mouse model of senescent stromal-cell impairment (SCI). In non-SCI mice (=less senescent stage of SCI mice), neopterin decreased the number of colonies of IL-3-dependent mast-cell progenitor cells (CFU-mast) from unfractionated bone-marrow cells, but not that from the lineage-negative bone-marrow cell population without stromal cells in a semisolid in vitro system. Neopterin increased the gene expression and protein production of TGF-beta, a negative regulator of CFU-mast, in cultured stromal cells, indicating that neopterin suppressed CFU-mast colony formation by inducing TGF-beta in stromal cells. In contrast to this in vitro study, in vivo treatment with neopterin did not significantly up-regulate TGF-beta. The intravenous injection of neopterin into mice decreased the number of femoral CFU-mast and the expression level of the gene for stem cell factor (SCF), a positive regulator of CFU-mast, whereas the number of splenic CFU-mast and SCF gene expression level increased. In SCI mice, the in vivo and in vitro responses of mast cell development and cytokine gene expression level to neopterin treatment were less marked than those in non-SCI mice. These results suggest that, firstly, neopterin augments the splenic pool of CFU-mast by the production of SCF, and secondly, such neopterin function becomes impaired during senescence because of an impaired stromal-cell function, resulting in the down-modulation of host-defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Fukumoto
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-Kami-Machi, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractHematopoiesis is a remarkable cell-renewal process that leads to the continuous generation of large numbers of multiple mature cell types, starting from a relatively small stem cell compartment. A highly complex but efficient regulatory network is necessary to tightly control this production and to maintain the hematopoietic tissue in homeostasis. During the last 3 decades, constantly growing numbers of molecules involved in this regulation have been identified. They include soluble cytokines and growth factors, cell–cell interaction molecules, and extracellular matrix components, which provide a multifunctional scaffolding specific for each tissue. The cloning of numerous growth factors and their mass production have led to their possible use for both fundamental research and clinical application.
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Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a remarkable cell-renewal process that leads to the continuous generation of large numbers of multiple mature cell types, starting from a relatively small stem cell compartment. A highly complex but efficient regulatory network is necessary to tightly control this production and to maintain the hematopoietic tissue in homeostasis. During the last 3 decades, constantly growing numbers of molecules involved in this regulation have been identified. They include soluble cytokines and growth factors, cell–cell interaction molecules, and extracellular matrix components, which provide a multifunctional scaffolding specific for each tissue. The cloning of numerous growth factors and their mass production have led to their possible use for both fundamental research and clinical application.
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Fortunel N, Hatzfeld J, Kisselev S, Monier MN, Ducos K, Cardoso A, Batard P, Hatzfeld A. Release from quiescence of primitive human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells by blocking their cell-surface TGF-beta type II receptor in a short-term in vitro assay. Stem Cells 2000; 18:102-11. [PMID: 10742382 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.18-2-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations of the signaling cascade of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are often associated with neoplastic transformation of primitive cells. This demonstrates the key role for this pleiotropic factor in the control of quiescence and cell proliferation in vivo. In the high proliferative potential-quiescent cell (HPP-Q) in vitro assay, the use of TGF-beta1 blocking antibodies (anti-TGF-beta1) allows the detection within two to three weeks of primitive hematopoietic cells called HPP-Q, which otherwise would not grow. However, the possibility of triggering cell proliferation by blocking the cell-surface TGF-beta receptors has not been investigated until now. We have tested here the efficiency of a blocking antibody against TGF-betaRII (anti-TGF-betaRII) on CD34(+)CD38(-) hematopoietic cells, a subpopulation enriched in primitive stem/progenitor cells, and compared its effect with that of anti-TGF-beta1. About twice as many HPP colony-forming cells were detected in the presence of anti-TGF-beta1 or anti-TGF-betaRII, compared to the control (p < 0.02). Moreover, anti-TGF-betaRII was as efficient as anti-TGF-beta1 for activating multipotent HPP-granulocyte erythroid macrophage megakaryocyte and HPP-Mix, bipotent HPP-granulocyte-macrophage (GM) and unipotent HPP-G, HPP-M and HPP-BFU-E. We therefore propose the use of anti-TGF-betaRII to release primitive cells from quiescence in the HPP-Q assay. This strategy could be extended to nonhematopoietic tissues, as TGF-beta1 may be a pleiotropic regulator of somatic stem cell quiescence.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Activin Receptors, Type I
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD34
- Antigens, Differentiation
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cloning, Molecular
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- NAD+ Nucleosidase
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fortunel
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Cellules Souches Somatiques Humaines, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villejuif, France
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Kale VP, Limaye LS. Stimulation of adult human bone marrow by factors secreted by fetal liver hematopoietic cells: in vitro evaluation using semisolid clonal assay system. Stem Cells 1999; 17:107-16. [PMID: 10195571 DOI: 10.1002/stem.170107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fetal liver infusion (FLI) therapy has been used in various disorders, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, metabolic disorders, etc., and has been shown to result in stimulation of autologous hematopoiesis in many cases. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of stimulation of adult hematopoiesis by fetal liver hematopoietic cells (FLHC) and to identify the factors involved in the process using a clonal assay system in vitro. The effect of FLHC on the clonal growth of bone marrow cells was studied using a co-culture system consisting of mitomycin C-treated FLHC with 2 x 10(5) bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells. It was observed that FLHC induced a two- to four-fold increase in the BM colony formation. A further increase in the number of FLHC did not, however, result in an equivalent fold increase in the colony formation, indicating that the number of cells in the BM population responsive to FLHC was perhaps the limiting factor. When the effect of fetal liver cell conditioned medium (FLCM) was examined in a similar fashion, it was observed that the FLCM showed a 1.5- to 4-fold increase in the colony formation when used at 1%-5% along with limiting amounts of growth factors. Higher concentrations of conditioned medium resulted in inhibitory responses. One of the principal factors responsible for the stimulatory activity of FLCM was shown to be transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), by a variety of experiments such as its quantitation in FLCM by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibody neutralization, and reconstruction experiments using purified TGF-beta1 and normal medium. In these reconstitution experiments, TGF-beta1 stimulated the colony formation when it was applied at 1-50 pg/ml, but at higher concentration it induced an inhibitory effect, mimicking the behavior earlier seen with FLCM. Our data strongly suggest that one of the mechanisms in stimulation of a recipient's hematopoiesis could be mediated by the action of TGF-beta1 secreted by infused FLHC and could provide a rational framework on which FLI therapy can be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Kale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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Sitnicka E, Wang QR, Tsai S, Wolf NS. Support versus inhibition of hematopoiesis by two characterized stromal cell types. Stem Cells 1995; 13:655-65. [PMID: 8590867 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530130610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stromal cells are believed to regulate hematopoiesis through direct cell-cell contact interactions and the release of growth factors. Many questions remain, however, about their lineage derivation and functional heterogeneity. We have previously shown that the adherent nontransformed, nonimmortalized murine bone marrow stromal cell population consists of three cell types which could be grown separately in vitro. Based on the phenotype characterization and expression of surface antigens, we proposed a classification listing for murine bone marrow stromal cells as macrophages, endothelial-like cells and myofibroblasts that display smooth muscle-like characteristics in culture. The present study describes the ability of each of these freshly isolated separated murine stromal cell populations to support the growth of primitive hematopoietic stem cells previously characterized as highly enriched in long-term repopulating cells (LTRC). Of the three stromal cell types tested only the myofibroblasts were capable of support for multilineage hematopoiesis derived in vitro from LTRC in a cloning ring culture system. Endothelial-like cells had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of LTRC and their descendant cells that was induced by exogenous growth factors. This inhibitory activity was present in a low molecular weight filtrate of endothelial-like cells culture medium. This suggests an essential role for marrow stroma myofibroblasts in the support of proliferation of hematopoietic cells at the stage of early divisions of primitive hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial-like cells as negative regulators of this proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sitnicka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Zhang R, Supowit SC, Klein GL, Lu Z, Christensen MD, Lozano R, Simmons DJ. Rat tail suspension reduces messenger RNA level for growth factors and osteopontin and decreases the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:415-23. [PMID: 7785463 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that bone marrow stromal cells produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II), and that medium conditioned by marrow stromal cells stimulates osteoblast proliferation in vitro. The present study employed the rat tail-suspension model to unload the hindlimbs. It was designed to test the hypothesis that the development of osteopenia or osteoporosis could be due to a deficit in the osteogenic function of marrow stromal cells. Although tail suspension suppressed body weight during the first 3 days of an 11-day pair-fed study, the overall weight gain recorded by these animals was normal. Nevertheless, bone growth was inhibited by suspension. Similarly, the total adherent marrow stromal cell population harvested from the femurs and tibias was decreased by tail suspension, and only half the normal number of fibroblastic stromal cell colonies grew when they were cultured. The proliferation of alkaline-phosphatase-positive cells in the stroma was also inhibited. Northern hybridization revealed that the messenger RNA level for transforming growth factor-beta 2 and IGF-II in stromal cell was reduced by tail suspension. The production of IGF-II by marrow stromal cells was also decreased. The steady-state level of five different transcript sizes of IGF-I mRNA was altered differentially by tail suspension. Osteopontin mRNA was also reduced in marrow stromal cells from tail-suspended rats compared with the normal rats. These data suggest that skeletal unloading not only alters the mRNA level for growth factors and peptide production, but also affects the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells. These changes may be responsible for the reduced bone formation in osteopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
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Hirayama Y, Kohgo Y, Matsunaga T, Ohi S, Sakamaki S, Niitsu Y. Cytokine mRNA expression of bone marrow stromal cells from patients with aplastic anaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol 1993; 85:676-83. [PMID: 7522519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied mRNA expression of the cytokine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-8 and stem cell factor of stromal cells derived from bone marrows of nine normal volunteers, eight patients with aplastic anaemia (AA) and seven patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The proportion of endothelial cells, macrophages, fibroblast-like cells and adipocytes in stromal cells showed no differences between normal volunteers and the patients. Levels of cytokine mRNA expression were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Spontaneous expression occurred and this was augmented by LPS stimulation in cells of all the normal volunteers and in most patients. When stimulated by LPS, the mean G-CSF and IL-1 beta mRNA expressions in patients with AA were significantly higher than normal volunteers, but there was one patient showing lower IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8 expression with no response to LPS. LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression of two patients with MDS were significantly higher than normal. The spontaneous and LPS-induced protein concentration of G-CSF, IL-6 and IL-8 in culture supernatants from 15, 10 and four patients, correlated well with the mRNA expression. The correlation coefficients were 0 x 92, 0 x 78 and 0 x 91, respectively. In conclusion, there were a few patients whose aetiology appeared to be reduction of stromal cytokine expression in AA, but most patients with AA and MDS expressed normal or high levels of cytokine mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirayama
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Charbord P. [Communication between stem cells and the hematopoietic microenvironment. Experimental data and models of interaction]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 35:335-62. [PMID: 1363035 DOI: 10.1016/s1140-4639(05)80115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyze the different ways by which stem cells and microenvironmental cells may interact. Stem cells are defined as immature cells that ensure the continuous renewal of blood cells. This small set of marrow cells comprises different kinds of cells, differing by their degree of maturity, their commitment, self-renewal ability and repopulating capacity. Microenvironmental cells are fixed marrow cells involved in stem cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies on the distribution within spleen or marrow, of stem cells injected to lethally irradiated mice, have suggested that cells of the microenvironment play a significant role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. This role has been demonstrated using an in vitro model, i.e. the long-term marrow cultures as described in 1976 by M. Dexter. Analysis of stem cell maintenance in this culture system has made it possible to define the different means by which stromal cells and macrophages (the microenvironmental cells) may control stem cell behavior. Different molecules play a critical role: cytokines (growth factors and inhibitors), adhesion molecules (cell adhesion molecules and molecules belonging to the extracellular matrix) and eventually small peptides. It appears nowadays possible to materially represent the hemopoietic niche, whose existence was postulated by R. Schofield 10 years ago for theoretical reasons related to the the physiology of stem cells.
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