Refractory anemia with excess of blasts: increased survival when treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine

Dyshaemopoiesis in adults: a practical classification for diagnosis and management

Dyshaemopoiesis is a heterogeneous disease that may be classified into non-clonal and clonal dyshaemopoiesis. Non-clonal dyshaemopoiesis comprises reversible disorders with DNA synthesis impairment in dividing cells of the bone marrow by avitaminosis through various mechanisms or direct DNA damage from multiple causes. Complete haematologic recovery is obtained after vitamin supplementation or suppression of a myelotoxic agent. On the contrary, clonal dyshaemopoiesis is a group of chronic and usually irreversible diseases that may culminate in acute leukaemia (AL). These so called myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and their variants may be classified as primary, secondary and other diseases with doubtful clonality. A detailed classification of dyshaemopoiesis in adults may offer partial help in the diagnosis and management of dyshaemopoiesis. Pathobiological studies in progress allow better understanding of MDS and consequently the establishment of new modalities of treatment.