1
|
Dimopoulos MA, Merlini G, Bridoux F, Leung N, Mikhael J, Harrison SJ, Kastritis E, Garderet L, Gozzetti A, van de Donk NWCJ, Weisel KC, Badros AZ, Beksac M, Hillengass J, Mohty M, Ho PJ, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Mateos MV, Richardson P, Blade J, Moreau P, San-Miguel J, Munshi N, Rajkumar SV, Durie BGM, Ludwig H, Terpos E. Management of multiple myeloma-related renal impairment: recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:e293-e311. [PMID: 37414019 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) updates its clinical practice recommendations for the management of multiple myeloma-related renal impairment on the basis of data published until Dec 31, 2022. All patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment should have serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and free light chains (FLCs) measurements together with 24-h urine total protein, electrophoresis, and immunofixation. If non-selective proteinuria (mainly albuminuria) or involved serum FLCs value less than 500 mg/L is detected, then a renal biopsy is needed. The IMWG criteria for the definition of renal response should be used. Supportive care and high-dose dexamethasone are required for all patients with myeloma-induced renal impairment. Mechanical approaches do not increase overall survival. Bortezomib-based regimens are the cornerstone of the management of patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment at diagnosis. New quadruplet and triplet combinations, including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, improve renal and survival outcomes in both newly diagnosed patients and those with relapsed or refractory disease. Conjugated antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, and T-cell engagers are well tolerated and effective in patients with moderate renal impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nelson Leung
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph Mikhael
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, City of Hope Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Simon J Harrison
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alessandro Gozzetti
- Department of Hematology, University of Siena, Policlinico S Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja C Weisel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ashraf Z Badros
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meral Beksac
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Mohamad Mohty
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne University and INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France
| | - P Joy Ho
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Paul Richardson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan Blade
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jesus San-Miguel
- Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CCUN, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nikhil Munshi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brian G M Durie
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, First Department of Medicine, Clinic Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dimopoulos MA, Mikhael J, Terpos E, Leleu X, Moreau P, Bladé J, Kim JS, Stockerl-Goldstein K, Richardson PG. An overview of treatment options for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and renal impairment. Ther Adv Hematol 2022; 13:20406207221088458. [PMID: 35392438 PMCID: PMC8980434 DOI: 10.1177/20406207221088458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal impairment (RI) is a relatively common complication of multiple myeloma, which increases in frequency as disease becomes more advanced and recovery of renal function becomes less likely as patients progress through lines of therapy. Clinical trials in the relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) setting have not uniformly included patients with RI or robustly reported their outcomes. Here, we review existing data among patients with RI and RRMM across drug classes (including immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, and exportin-1 inhibitor) to provide an improved understanding of available treatment options for this important population. We highlight data from pivotal clinical trials, including data relating to renal response (as defined by the International Myeloma Working Group) and discuss real-world experiences in patients with RI, where applicable. Despite substantial advances in RRMM treatment, the presence of RI remains associated with reduced overall survival. Consistent inclusion of patients with RI, and uniform reporting of their outcomes, should be encouraged in future prospective trials of treatments for RRMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Mikhael
- Applied Cancer Research and Drug Discovery Division at the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), City of Hope Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xavier Leleu
- Service d’Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU and CIC Inserm 1402, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | | | - Joan Bladé
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keith Stockerl-Goldstein
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen CI, Cao Y, Trudel S, Reece DE, Kukreti V, Tiedemann R, Prica A, Paul H, Le LW, Levina O, Kakar S, Lau A, Chen H, Chen E. An open-label, pharmacokinetic study of lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma (MM) patients with various degrees of renal impairment - validation of official dosing guidelines. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:1860-1868. [PMID: 32476520 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1747064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lenalidomide is a backbone agent in the treatment of multiple myeloma, but dose adjustment is required for those with renal impairment (RI). We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of lenalidomide and dexamethasone as frontline pre-transplant induction, with doses adjusted at start of each cycle based on creatinine clearance, as per the official dosing guidelines. After 4 cycles, PK studies showed that patients with moderate RI (30 ≤ CrCl < 60 mL/min) receiving 10 mg dosing may be under-dosed and those with severe RI (CrCl <30ml/min) appeared appropriately dosed initially, but sustained significant decreases in maximum serum concentration (Cmax) after repeated dosing, due to rapid clinical improvement and enhanced drug clearance. PK drug monitoring during cycle 1 may facilitate appropriate and timely dose adjustments. Adverse events rates did not vary based on severity of RI. No patient discontinued lenalidomide for toxicity. This supports the feasibility and safety of frontline lenalidomide in transplant-eligible patients with RI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine I Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yanshuo Cao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suzanne Trudel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donna E Reece
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vishal Kukreti
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodger Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anca Prica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Harminder Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lisa W Le
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olga Levina
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sumeet Kakar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthea Lau
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Eric Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cejalvo MJ, Legarda M, Abella E, Cabezudo E, Encinas C, García‐Feria A, Gironella M, Iñigo B, Martín J, Ribas P, Ruíz MÁ, González Y, Vicuña I, Ramírez Á, Fernández P, Rubia J. Single‐agent daratumumab in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma requiring dialysis: results of a Spanish retrospective, multicentre study. Br J Haematol 2019; 190:e289-e292. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Cejalvo
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Doctor Peset Valencia Spain
| | - Mario Legarda
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Doctor Peset Valencia Spain
| | - Eugenia Abella
- Department of Hematology Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
| | - Elena Cabezudo
- Department of Hematology Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | | | - Belén Iñigo
- Department of Hematology Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid Spain
| | - Jesús Martín
- Department of Hematology Hospital Virgen del Rocío Sevilla Spain
| | - Paz Ribas
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Doctor Peset Valencia Spain
| | - Mª Ángeles Ruíz
- Department of Hematology Hospital Francesc Borja Gandía Spain
| | - Yolanda González
- Department of Hematology Instituto Catalán de Oncología Girona Spain
| | - Isabel Vicuña
- Department of Hematology Hospital La Princesa Madrid Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez
- Department of Hematology Hospital Central de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Javier Rubia
- Department of Hematology University Hospital Doctor Peset Valencia Spain
- Internal Medicine School of Medicine and Dentistry Catholic University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and impaired renal function: PrE1003, a PrECOG study. Blood Cancer J 2018; 8:86. [PMID: 30190454 PMCID: PMC6127323 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-018-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal insufficiency is common in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and can often limit choice of therapy. Lenalidomide, a critical agent in the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma, is renally cleared., This phase I/II trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and renal insufficiency. Three groups were treated, with creatinine clearance 30–60 cc/hr (group A), CrCl < 30 not on dialysis (group B), and patients on dialysis (group C) at escalating doses of lenalidomide. A total of 63 patients were treated and no DLTs were observed in phase I. All three groups were able to escalate to full dose lenalidomide 25 mg daily 21/28 days, although due to reduced accrual the phase II component was not entirely completed for groups B and C. Adverse events were as expected, including anemia, diarrhea and fatigue. Ten patients experienced grade 3–4 pneumonia. Overall response rate was 54% across all groups. PFS was 7.5 months and OS was 19.7 months. Lenalidomide can be given at full dose 25 mg daily 21/28 in patients with a CrCl > 30, and can be given daily to those with CrCl < 30, even when on dialysis, at doses of at least 15 mg daily.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang SY, Yu YB, Yeh SP, Chen TY, Kao WY, Chen CC, Wang MC, Lin HY, Lin SF, Lin TH, Hua Y, Puccio-Pick M, DeMarco D, Jacques C, Dunn P. A noninterventional observational registry of patients with multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 116:705-710. [PMID: 28012677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The incidence of multiple myeloma in Asia has risen in the past 30 years. Lenalidomide, an IMiD immunomodulatory agent, has improved the overall survival in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) when used with dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone. This observational registry (T-CC-MM-009; NCT01752075) assessed the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in a large Chinese population of patients with RRMM. METHODS This registry followed the first 100 patients treated with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in Taiwan. Patients were ≥18 years old and had ≥1 prior treatment. The recommended starting dose for the first four 28-day cycles was 25 mg lenalidomide on days 1-21 and 40 mg dexamethasone on days 1-4, 9-12, and 17-20. Thereafter, dexamethasone was given on days 1-4 only. The primary objective was safety; secondary objectives were efficacy, lenalidomide dosage, and reasons for discontinuation. RESULTS The median duration of treatment was 34.6 weeks, and 75.5% completed ≥3 cycles. Most patients (82.7%) experienced ≥1 treatment-related adverse event; the most commonly reported were neutropenia (23.5%), thrombocytopenia (19.4%), anemia (16.3%), fatigue (16.3%), and hypoesthesia (15.3%). Bleeding events (25.5% of patients) were mostly grade 1/2 (80%). Three patients (3%) had venous thromboembolic events. Two invasive second primary malignancies were reported; however, time to onset was <1 year, suggesting they may not be related to lenalidomide. The overall response rate was 34.7%; median time to disease progression was 20.5 months. CONCLUSION These data confirm the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for patients with RRMM in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yi Huang
- Hematology Department, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Bin Yu
- Hematology Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Beitou District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- Hematology Department, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yun Chen
- Hematology Department, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Yau Kao
- Hematology Department, Tri Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Hematology Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, and Chang Gung University, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Wang
- Hematology Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lin
- Hematology Department, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fung Lin
- Hematology Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tseng-Hsi Lin
- Hematology Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ye Hua
- Hematology Department, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - Dena DeMarco
- Hematology Department, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - Po Dunn
- Hematology Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gavriatopoulou M, Terpos E, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA. Current treatments for renal failure due to multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:2165-2177. [PMID: 27646819 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1236915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal impairment (RI) is one of the most common complication of multiple myeloma (MM). RI is present in almost 20% of MM patients at diagnosis and in 40%-50% of patients during the course of their disease. Areas covered: Biology along with tools for diagnosis and management of RI are reported in this paper. Papers published in PubMed and reported abstracts up to May 2016 were used. Expert opinion: Moderate and severe RI increases the risk of early death; thus rapid intervention and initiation of anti-myeloma treatment is essential and improves renal outcomes in RI patients. Bortezomib and dexamethasone triplet combinations are the current standard of therapy for MM patients with acute kidney injury due to cast nephropathy; they offer high rates of both anti-myeloma response and renal recovery. Thalidomide and lenalidomide may be used in bortezomib refractory patients. In the relapsed/refractory setting additional treatment options such as carfilzomib, pomalidomide and monoclonal antibodies are available; however, there is limited data for their effects on patients with RI. High dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation should be considered in otherwise eligible patients with RI. Finally, high cut-off hemodialysis membranes do not seem to offer significant additive effects on anti-myeloma therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavriatopoulou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About 20-40% of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) will present with some degree of renal impairment (RI) and about 25% of patients will experience RI at later disease stages. Patients with MM and RI have poorer overall survival and are at higher risk of early death. AREAS COVERED The mechanisms of acute renal damage in MM are covered and the issues around diagnosis and renal evaluation response are discussed. The importance of optimal supportive care is stressed and the role and effectiveness of different anti-myeloma agents covered including the role of high cut-off hemodialysis, autologous stem cell transplantation and kidney transplant. Expert commentary: Outcomes of patients with RI and rates of renal recovery have improved with the use of novel anti-myeloma agents. Bortezomib-dexamethasone backbone regimes (±third agent) are the current first choice in newly diagnosed patients. In relapsed/refractory disease additional treatment options include newer novel agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Fotiou
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- a Department of Clinical Therapeutics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:173-82. [PMID: 27286995 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal impairment (RI) is a common comorbidity in multiple myeloma (MM). Current dose adjustments recommended for renally excreted lenalidomide are based on data from noncancer patients. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, and exposure-response for lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory MM and stable RI using the recommended dose adjustments. METHODS This phase 2 multicenter, open-label study stratified patients into 5 groups based on creatinine clearance (CrCl) calculated by Cockcroft-Gault equation: normal renal function (CrCl > 80 mL/min), mild RI (50 ≤ CrCl ≤ 80 mL/min), moderate RI (30 ≤ CrCl < 50 mL/min), severe RI (CrCl < 30 mL/min), and end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. Dosing was based on the lenalidomide label. RESULTS Among 38 patients, the median age was 68 (range 62-74) years, and poorer renal function was associated with older age, more advanced disease, and more lines of prior therapy. Lenalidomide clearance declined with decreased CrCl. Mean lenalidomide area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was within ±25 % of the target AUC in each group. Overall response was 76 %, and safety profiles were similar across groups, with no exposure-dependent trend in efficacy or toxicity. Estimated glomerular filtration rates calculated using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation highly correlated with lenalidomide clearance and, in 87 % of patients, would lead to assigning the same starting dose of lenalidomide as CrCl. CONCLUSIONS In patients with stable renal function, the recommended dose adjustments achieved proper plasma exposure and similar safety and efficacy across renal groups.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dimopoulos MA, Roussou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Psimenou E, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Migkou M, Matsouka C, Mparmparousi D, Gika D, Kafantari E, Ziogas D, Fotiou D, Panagiotidis I, Terpos E, Kastritis E. Bortezomib-based triplets are associated with a high probability of dialysis independence and rapid renal recovery in newly diagnosed myeloma patients with severe renal failure or those requiring dialysis. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:499-502. [PMID: 26890495 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Renal failure (RF) is a common and severe complication of symptomatic myeloma, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Such patients are commonly excluded from clinical trials. Bortezomib/dexamethasone (VD)-based regimens are the backbone of the treatment of newly diagnosed MM patients who present with severe RF even those requiring dialysis. We analyzed the outcomes of 83 consecutive bortezomib-treated patients with severe RF (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) ), of which 31 (37%) required dialysis. By IMWG renal response criteria, 54 (65%) patients achieved at least MRrenal, including CRrenal in 35% and PRrenal in 12%. Triplet combinations (i.e., VD plus a third agent) versus VD alone were associated with higher rates of renal responses (72 vs. 50%; P = 0.06). Fifteen of the 31 (48%) patients became dialysis independent within a median of 217 days (range 11-724). Triplets were associated with a higher probability of dialysis discontinuation (57 vs. 35%). Serum free light chain (sFLC) level ≥11,550 mg/L was associated with lower rates of major renal response, longer time to major renal response, lower probability, and longer time to dialysis discontinuation. Rapid myeloma response (≥PR within the first month) was also associated with higher rates of renal response. Patients who became dialysis-independent had longer survival than those remaining on dialysis. In conclusion, VD-based triplets are associated with a significant probability of renal response and dialysis discontinuation, improving the survival of patients who became dialysis independent. Rapid disease response is important for renal recovery and sFLCs are predictive of the probability and of the time required for renal response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Maria Roussou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Erasmia Psimenou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | | | - Magdalini Migkou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Charis Matsouka
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Despoina Mparmparousi
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Dimitra Gika
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Eftychia Kafantari
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios Ziogas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Despoina Fotiou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Ioannis Panagiotidis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine; Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dimopoulos MA, Sonneveld P, Leung N, Merlini G, Ludwig H, Kastritis E, Goldschmidt H, Joshua D, Orlowski RZ, Powles R, Vesole DH, Garderet L, Einsele H, Palumbo A, Cavo M, Richardson PG, Moreau P, San Miguel J, Rajkumar SV, Durie BG, Terpos E. International Myeloma Working Group Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Myeloma-Related Renal Impairment. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:1544-57. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.65.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the International Myeloma Working Group was to develop practical recommendations for the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma–related renal impairment (RI). Methods Recommendations were based on published data through December 2015, and were developed using the system developed by the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Working Group. Recommendations All patients with myeloma at diagnosis and at disease assessment should have serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and electrolytes measurements as well as free light chain, if available, and urine electrophoresis of a sample from a 24-hour urine collection (grade A). The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, preferably, or the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula should be used for the evaluation of estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with stabilized serum creatinine (grade A). International Myeloma Working Group criteria for renal reversibility should be used (grade B). For the management of RI in patients with multiple myeloma, high fluid intake is indicated along with antimyeloma therapy (grade B). The use of high-cutoff hemodialysis membranes in combination with antimyeloma therapy can be considered (grade B). Bortezomib-based regimens remain the cornerstone of the management of myeloma-related RI (grade A). High-dose dexamethasone should be administered at least for the first month of therapy (grade B). Thalidomide is effective in patients with myeloma with RI, and no dose modifications are needed (grade B). Lenalidomide is effective and safe, mainly in patients with mild to moderate RI (grade B); for patients with severe RI or on dialysis, lenalidomide should be given with close monitoring for hematologic toxicity (grade B) with dose reduction as needed. High-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (with melphalan 100 mg/m2 to 140 mg/m2) is feasible in patients with RI (grade C). Carfilzomib can be safely administered to patients with creatinine clearance > 15 mL/min, whereas ixazomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone can be safely administered to patients with creatinine clearance > 30 mL/min (grade A).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Nelson Leung
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas Joshua
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Robert Z. Orlowski
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Raymond Powles
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - David H. Vesole
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Laurent Garderet
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Antonio Palumbo
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Michele Cavo
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jesús San Miguel
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - S. Vincent Rajkumar
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Brian G.M. Durie
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Efstathios Kastritis, and Evangelos Terpos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Pieter Sonneveld, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Nelson Leung and S. Vincent Rajkumar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Robert Z. Orlowski, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; David H. Vesole, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; Paul G. Richardson, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
[Lenalidomide nephrotoxicity]. Bull Cancer 2016; 103:499-506. [PMID: 26927826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of lenalidomide into the therapeutic arsenal of hematologic malignancies has represented an important step forward in the management of multiple myeloma. However, its use is associated with several toxicities including kidney injury. The present review examines the drug's pharmacokinetics, discusses the main adverse renal effects that are associated with lenalidomide treatment, and makes recommendations for dosage adjustment in patients with underlying renal impairment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yadav P, Cook M, Cockwell P. Current Trends of Renal Impairment in Multiple Myeloma. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 1:241-57. [PMID: 27536684 DOI: 10.1159/000442511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal impairment (RI) is a common complication of multiple myeloma (MM). Around 50% of patients with MM have RI at presentation, and up to 5% require dialysis treatment. Severe acute kidney injury (AKI) as a cause of RI is a particular challenge as historically the survival of patients who sustain this complication and require dialysis is very poor. However, in this current period, survival is improving and the focus is on optimum use of novel chemotherapies and the evaluation of extra-corporeal therapies for removal of serum immunoglobulin light chains. SUMMARY RI in patients with MM is commonly associated with excess monoclonal free light chain (FLC) production; myeloma cast nephropathy is the predominant renal pathology in patients presenting with severe RI secondary to AKI. The majority of patients have mild to moderate RI and recover renal function. However, patients with more severe RI, in particular those with a requirement for dialysis, are less likely to recover renal function. Rapid diagnosis and prompt institution of anti-myeloma therapy is an important determinant of renal function recovery, through targeting early and sustained reduction of involved monoclonal FLC. Novel agents are associated with excellent disease response, and bortezomib is now widely used as a first-line agent in the management of MM in patients with severe RI. Extended haemodialysis using high cut-off dialysers is more effective for extracorporeal removal of FLC than plasma exchange, and clinical trials are in process. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation does have a role in patients with severe RI but requires careful patient selection. KEY MESSAGES RI is very common in patients with MM, and renal function recovery is associated with improved clinical outcomes. We summarise the epidemiology of MM in the UK, present the impact of RI and renal function recovery on patient outcome, and describe the current management of MM in western countries. FACTS FROM EAST AND WEST (1) A serum creatinine level >2 mg/dl has been reported in 16, 21, 24, and 33% of patients with MM in cohort studies from Japan, Europe, China, and Korea, respectively. A creatinine clearance rate <30 ml/min was observed in 30 and 15% of patients in Chinese and Western MM cohorts, respectively. The commonest cause of severe RI in patients with MM is myeloma cast nephropathy. (2) The efficacy of novel treatments (bortezomib, carfilzomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide) has predominantly been assessed in Western patients. Bortezomib and dexamethasone are the current standard of care for MM and severe RI in the West. Severe RI is not a contraindication to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Most of the data are from the West; there are case reports from China describing good outcomes with ASCT. The removal of FLC by high-cut-off hemodialysis is under evaluation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the West. Studies in this area are not yet conducted in China. In China, new treatments, such as bortezomib, are more widely used than before, and favorable results are being reported; however, RCT studies are still needed in this area to confirm the efficacy and safety of this and other novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punit Yadav
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Cook
- Birmingham Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Department of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Cockwell
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zagouri F, Terpos E, Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA. An update on the use of lenalidomide for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1865-77. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1067681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
15
|
Grzasko N, Morawska M, Hus M. Optimizing the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2014; 15:187-98. [PMID: 25458082 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal impairment is a common complication of multiple myeloma. It is found in about 20% to 25% of patients at diagnosis and in ≤ 50% at some point during the disease course. The presence of renal insufficiency diminishes patients' quality of life and has been associated with increased mortality, although the outcomes of patients after successful induction therapy have been comparable to those with normal renal function. Therefore, the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment is a major challenge and should aim to achieve remission in a large proportion of patients. New drugs introduced to treat multiple myeloma during the past decade have an established place in the treatment of patients with renal failure. Bortezomib appears to be most beneficial in this setting and, combined with other drugs, provides a chance for rapid remission and related improvement of renal function. Immunomodulatory drugs such as thalidomide and lenalidomide have also been used successfully in patients with renal insufficiency, although for the latter drug appropriate dose adjustments are necessary. The presence of renal failure is not a contraindication to autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients eligible for this procedure. Among the classic cytotoxic agents, bendamustine, in particular, should be considered for patients with renal insufficiency. Appropriate supportive care is also extremely important in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and renal failure. It can include plasmapheresis and removal of free light chains with high cut-off hemodialysis, adapted dosages of bisphosphonates, and avoidance of drugs and conditions that can impair renal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Grzasko
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Morawska
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Hus
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kawano N, Yokota-Ikeda N, Minoda K, Hashiguchi H, Yoshida S, Kuriyama T, Yamashita K, Miyazaki Y, Inoue S, Shimao Y, Kodama K, Uezono S, Ueda A. Successful treatment of bortezomib-refractory multiple myeloma derived from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance with dose-adjusted lenalidomide therapy in a patient with concomitant end-stage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy requiring haemodialysis. CEN Case Rep 2014; 3:24-29. [PMID: 28509247 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-013-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy is a fatal complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring haemodialysis. However, the successful treatment of haematological malignancies has been rarely reported. We describe the case of a 63-year-old man who presented with IgA-type multiple myeloma (MM; Durie-Salmon stage IIIB) derived from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance concomitant with ESRD due to diabetic nephropathy. First, haemodialysis was initiated before chemotherapy, and bortezomib and dexamethasone were found to be ineffective. Subsequently, 8 courses of dose-adjusted lenalidomide therapy were administered according to the degree of haematological and renal functions. The patient remained in partial remission without disease progression for 21 months. Thus, lenalidomide therapy is effective for bortezomib-refractory MM concomitant with ESRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kawano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Naoko Yokota-Ikeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Hashiguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shuro Yoshida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuriyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Miyazaki
- Department of Orthopedics, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Inoue
- Department of Orthopedics, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimao
- Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Keiko Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Uezono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone in elderly patients with advanced, relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma and renal failure. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2013; 5:e2013037. [PMID: 23795275 PMCID: PMC3684317 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2013.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvage therapy of elderly patients with advanced, relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) is often limited by poor marrow reserve and multi-organ impairment. In particular, renal failure occurs in up to 50% of such patients, and this can potentially limit the therapeutic options. Both thalidomide and bortezomib have proven effective in these patients, with an acceptable toxicity, while, in clinical practice, lenalidomide is generally not considered a first-choice drug for MM patients with renal failure as early reports showed an increased hematological toxicity unless appropriate dose reduction is applied. Aim of this study was a retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of the combination Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone in a population of elderly MM patients treated in 5 Italian Centers. The study included 20 consecutive MM patients (9 M, 11 F, median age 76.5 years) with relapsed (N= 6) or refractory (N=13) MM and moderate to severe renal failure, defined as creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) < 50ml/min. Four patients were undergoing hemodyalisis at study entry. 85 % of the patients had been previously treated with bortezomib-containing regimens. Lenalidomide dose was adjusted according to renal function and patients clinical conditions Median treatment duration was 16 months (1–22), therapy was interrupted after 1 21-day cycle in 2 patients. Grade III–IV neutropenia was observed in 7 patients (35%); grade III–IV non hematological toxicity was recorded in 3 cases (28%). A > partial response was observed in 8 patients (40%), 1 of whom obtained a VGPR; 4 additional patients achieved a minor response. Median response duration was 16 months (range 2–19+ months). A complete and partial renal response was obtained in 4 and 3 patients, respectively, all of them were responsive to Lenalidomide-dexamethasone According to our data, LEN+DEX has shown efficacy and acceptable toxicity in this population of elderly patients with advanced MM and renal failure
Collapse
|
18
|
Kastritis E, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Current treatments for renal failure due to multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1477-95. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.803068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib have considerably improved the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. These agents have specific adverse event (AE) profiles, and it is especially important to consider severe AEs that may lead to premature discontinuation, negatively affecting outcomes. AEs of particular concern are peripheral neuropathy (associated with thalidomide and bortezomib), venous thromboembolism (associated with thalidomide and lenalidomide), and myelosuppression (associated with lenalidomide and bortezomib). AEs are usually predictable and easily managed with monitoring, appropriate dose adjustments, and supportive care. AEs are generally transient, occurring early in the course of treatment, providing evidence for the feasibility of continuous therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Suzuki K. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis with focus on improvement of renal lesion. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 16:659-71. [PMID: 22968855 PMCID: PMC3465548 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-012-0684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) and AL amyloidosis are caused by the expansion of monoclonal plasma cells and secretion of dysproteinemia (Bence Jones protein and free light chain) and some patients require the hemodialysis. Myeloma kidney is mainly caused by the cast nephropathy of the distal tubuli, whereas, AL amyloid-protein is mainly deposited in glomeruli with massive fibrillar involvement. Therefore, almost MM patients presents a symptom of renal insufficiency, whereas, almost patients of AL amyloidosis present a nephrotic syndrome with severe hypoalbuminemia. These two diseases have some similar characteristics such as up-regulation of cyclin D1 gene by 11:14 chromosomal translocation. High-dose chemotherapy supported with autologous peripheral blood stem cells is effective for these two diseases. However, they are still difficult to be cured and require long-term disease control. In recent years, introduction of novel agents has changed their treatment strategies from the palliation therapy to the clinical cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Suzuki
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 4-1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kastritis E, Dimopoulos MA, Bladé J. Evolving chemotherapy options for the treatment of myeloma kidney: a 40-year perspective. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2012; 19:312-23. [PMID: 22920642 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kidney impairment (KI) at the time of initial diagnosis is common in myeloma. The improvement of kidney function and the reversal of KI are of utmost importance. Recent advances have made it possible to reverse acute kidney damage due to myeloma in most patients, at least if treatment is immediately implemented. Immediate antimyeloma therapy and appropriate hydration are the most commonly used treatment modalities for the management of acute KI related to myeloma. Mechanical approaches can only temporarily reduce the free light-chain load, and without effective chemotherapy they are probably not able to significantly improve kidney function. However, the role of mechanical approaches together with effective chemotherapy is still being explored. Thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib have improved the survival of myeloma patients, but they have also improved the outcome of patients presenting with KI. Thalidomide is safe to use on patients with KI without dose adjustments. Lenalidomide needs dose modification, but it can improve kidney function in many patients. Bortezomib seems to be the agent of choice for most patients presenting with KI without dose modifications. This review focuses on the management of patients presenting with "myeloma kidney" using modern chemotherapy approaches, especially novel agents.
Collapse
|
22
|
van de Donk NW, Görgün G, Groen RW, Jakubikova J, Mitsiades CS, Hideshima T, Laubach J, Nijhof IS, Raymakers RA, Lokhorst HM, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Lenalidomide for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer Manag Res 2012; 4:253-68. [PMID: 22956884 PMCID: PMC3430086 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lenalidomide is an amino-substituted derivative of thalidomide with direct antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on the myeloma tumor cell, as well as antiangiogenic activity and immunomodulatory effects. Together with the introduction of bortezomib and thalidomide, lenalidomide has significantly improved the survival of patients with relapsed and refractory myeloma. The most common adverse events associated with lenalidomide include fatigue, skin rash, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. In addition, when lenalidomide is combined with dexamethasone or other conventional cytotoxic agents, there is an increase in the incidence of venous thromboembolic events. There is now evidence that continued treatment with lenalidomide has a significant impact on survival by improving the depth and duration of response. This highlights the value of adverse event management and appropriate dose adjustments to prevent toxicity, and of allowing continued treatment until disease progression. In this review, we will discuss the different lenalidomide-based treatment regimens for patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma. This is accompanied by recommendations of how to manage and prevent adverse events associated with lenalidomide-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Wcj van de Donk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
The role of novel agents on the reversibility of renal impairment in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2012; 27:423-9. [PMID: 22763386 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of thalidomide, bortezomib and lenalidomide in multiple myeloma patients presenting with renal impairment was evaluated in 133 consecutive newly diagnosed patients who were treated with a novel agent-based regimen. A significant improvement of renal function (renalPR (renal partial response)) was observed in 77% of patients treated with bortezomib, in 55% with thalidomide and in 43% with lenalidomide (P=0.011). In multivariate analysis, bortezomib-based therapy was independently associated with a higher probability of renal response compared with thalidomide- or lenalidomide-based therapy. Other important variables included eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) ≥30 ml/min, age ≤65 years and myeloma response. Patients treated with bortezomib achieved at least renalPR in a median of 1.34 months vs 2.7 months for thalidomide and >6 months for lenalidomide-treated patients (P=0.028). In multivariate analysis bortezomib-based therapy, higher doses of dexamethasone (≥160 mg during the first month of treatment), an eGFR ≥30 ml/min and age ≤65 years were independently associated with shorter time to renal response. In conclusion, bortezomib-based therapies may be more appropriate for the initial management of patients with myeloma-related renal failure; however, thalidomide and lenalidomide are also associated with significant probability of improvement of their renal function.
Collapse
|
24
|
Successful Treatment of Patients With Multiple Myeloma and Impaired Renal Function With Lenalidomide: Results of 4 German Centers. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2012; 12:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Goldschmidt H, Alegre A, Mark T, Niesvizky R. Treatment with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:1012-9. [PMID: 22609463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal impairment (RI) is a common complication affecting patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Timely identification of MM-related RI and early treatment with novel antimyeloma agents can reverse renal damage in a high proportion of patients and improve outcomes. The IMiDs® immunomodulatory compound lenalidomide (Len) in combination with dexamethasone (Dex) is an effective and well-tolerated regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory (RR) MM. A retrospective analysis of Phase III data has shown that Len/Dex remains effective and well-tolerated in patients with moderate or severe RI, albeit with an increase in myelosuppression. This analysis demonstrated that in a high proportion of patients Len/Dex treatment can reverse MM-related RI and restore normal function. Lenalidomide has a predominantly renal route of excretion and in patients with RI the plasma concentration and half-life of the drug are significantly increased. As a consequence, lower starting doses are required in patients with RI to avoid over-exposure and an increased risk of adverse events, while maintaining good therapeutic index. A prospective cohort study in 50 patients with RRMM has reported that when Len/Dex dosing was adjusted according to renal function, response rates and survival outcomes were similar in patients with and without RI, and there was no increase in adverse events in patients with RI. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the efficacy and tolerability of Len/Dex regimens in MM patients with RI, and to evaluate the impact of reversing renal damage in terms of patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vas. Sofias, Athens 11528, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hutchison CA, Bladé J, Cockwell P, Cook M, Drayson M, Fermand JP, Kastritis E, Kyle R, Leung N, Pasquali S, Winearls C. Novel approaches for reducing free light chains in patients with myeloma kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 8:234-43. [PMID: 22349488 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloma kidney is a tubulointerstitial pathology that accounts for approximately 80-90% of severe acute kidney injury in patients with multiple myeloma. Unless there is rapid intervention, progressive irreversible damage from interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy occurs. Work over the past decade has demonstrated that an early sustained reduction in serum concentrations of pathogenic monoclonal free light chains (FLCs) leads to improved renal recovery rates. In turn, an early improvement in renal function is associated with improved patient survival. An early reduction in FLC levels should therefore become standard of care, although the optimum mechanisms to achieve this depletion of FLCs remain to be determined. To provide a coordinated, cross-disciplinary approach to research in this disease, the International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group was formed. In this Review, we address the current state of knowledge in the management of myeloma kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Hutchison
- Renal Institute of Birmingham, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. c.a.hutchison@ bham.ac.uk
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chanan-Khan AA, San Miguel JF, Jagannath S, Ludwig H, Dimopoulos MA. Novel therapeutic agents for the management of patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2145-63. [PMID: 22328563 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal impairment is a major complication of multiple myeloma. Patients presenting with severe renal impairment represent a greater therapeutic challenge and generally have poorer outcome. However, once patients with renal impairment achieve remission, their outcomes are comparable with those of patients without renal impairment. Therapies that offer substantial activity in this setting are needed. Bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide have substantially improved the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. Here we review the pharmacokinetics, activity, and safety of these agents in patients with renal impairment. Bortezomib can be administered at the full approved dose and schedule in renally impaired patients; similarly, no dose reductions are required with thalidomide. The pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide is affected by its renal route of excretion, and dose adjustments are recommended for moderate/severe impairment. Substantial evidence has emerged showing that these novel agents improve outcomes of patients with renal impairment, including impairment reversal. Bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide (at the recommended doses) are active options for patients with mild to moderate impairment, although limited data are available for thalidomide. Information on lenalidomide-based combinations is still emerging, but the available data indicate considerable activity. Substantial evidence indicates that bortezomib-high-dose dexamethasone with or without a third drug (e.g., cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, or doxorubicin) is an appropriate option for patients with any degree of renal impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher A Chanan-Khan
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, and Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Palumbo A, Freeman J, Weiss L, Fenaux P. The clinical safety of lenalidomide in multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 11:107-20. [PMID: 22066855 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2011.619975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lenalidomide is an IMiDs® oral immunomodulatory compound developed for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Long-term continuous treatment with lenalidomide beyond first response may be important to optimize responses and delay relapse. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the lenalidomide mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, key clinical studies with a focus on safety and post-marketing surveillance data. The necessity for early adverse-event management, including dose modifications for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, where applicable, in order to maintain patients on treatment and achieve optimal efficacy, is discussed. Secondary primary malignancies in MM and progression to acute myeloid leukemia in MDS patients in the context of lenalidomide treatment are also discussed. Finally, as lenalidomide is renally excreted, the requirement for dose adjustment according to creatinine clearance is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Lenalidomide is highly effective and generally well tolerated. Most adverse events occur early during the course of treatment and are manageable. Lenalidomide is not associated with peripheral neuropathy and has a lack of cumulative toxicity, making it an effective treatment option for long-term use in the management of MM and low/intermediate-1-risk MDS, specifically with chromosome 5q deletion with or without other cytogenetic abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Palumbo
- Divisione di Ematologia dell'Università di Torino, Azienda Ospedaliera San Giovanni Battista, Via Genova 3, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Optimizing the use of lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: consensus statement. Leukemia 2011; 25:749-60. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|