1
|
Annular epidermolytic ichthyosis: a case report and literature review. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95:484-489. [PMID: 32482553 PMCID: PMC7335885 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Annular epidermolytic ichthyosis is a rare subtype of epidermolytic ichthyosis that is characterized by erythematous, polycyclic, and migratory scaly plaques accompanied by palmoplantar keratoderma. This report presents the case of an 8-year-old girl who developed migratory, erythematous, scaly plaques associated with palmoplantar keratoderma. The initial hypothesis was erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva; however, the finding of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis in histopathological examination led to the diagnosis of annular epidermolytic ichthyosis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Reolid A, Carrasco L, Noguera-Morel L, Torrelo A, Colmenero I, Ortiz-Cabrera NV, Hernández-Martin Á. Annular epidermolytic ichthyosis: An exceptional mild subtype of epidermolytic ichthyosis without genotype and phenotype correlation. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 6:46-50. [PMID: 31909138 PMCID: PMC6938839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Reolid
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Loreto Carrasco
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Torrelo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isdabel Colmenero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángela Hernández-Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence to: Ángela Hernández-Martin, MD, PhD, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Av De Menéndez Pelayo, 65, 28009, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sung JY, Oh SW, Kim SE, Kim SC. Mild phenotype of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis mimicking ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is related to specific mutation in 2B domain of KRT1. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:220-2. [PMID: 23623204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Schmuth M, Gruber R, Elias PM, Williams ML. Ichthyosis update: towards a function-driven model of pathogenesis of the disorders of cornification and the role of corneocyte proteins in these disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:231-56. [PMID: 18159904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, VAMC Metabolism 111F, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uezato H, Yamamoto YI, Kuwae C, Nonaka K, Oshiro M, Kariya KI, Nonaka S. A case of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE) caused by a mutation in the 1A helix initiation motif of keratin 1. J Dermatol 2006; 32:801-8. [PMID: 16361731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE) is an autosomally dominant inherited disorder characterized by erythematous, erosive, and bullous skin lesions over the entire body at birth and abnormal hyperkeratosis on the palmoplantar sufaces as the patient grows older. BCIE is caused by a mutation in the keratin 1 (K1) and/or keratin 10 (K10) genes, and most pathogenic mutations are found within the helix initiation and termination motifs of the central helical rod domain (K1 and K10) or the upstream H1 homology domain (K10). In addition to inherited cases, sporadic cases due to a new mutation account for approximately half the total cases of BCIE. We report herein a typical sporadic case of BCIE with erythroderma, erosion, and blisters on the entire body surface at birth and palmoplantar and flexuaral areas of hyperkeratosis in the later stage. We found in this case a novel mutation, 559C to T, at amino acid position 187, which resulted in a leucine to phenylalanine substitution within the helix initiation motif of K1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Uezato
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The palmoplantar skin is a highly specialized tissue which is able to resist mechanical trauma and other physical stress. In recent years the more descriptive classification of keratodermas has switched to an exact molecular genetic view where gene functions are considered. Palmoplantar keratodermas can be separated in the following functional subgroups: disturbed gene fuctions in structural proteins (keratins), cornified envelope (loricrin, transglutaminase), cohesion (plakophilin, desmoplakin, desmoglein1), cell-to-cell communication (connexins), and transmembrane signal transduction (cathepsin C). This review intends to emphasize the typical clinical aspects and symptom complexes associated with palmoplantar keratodermas which enable the astute dermatologist to make a clinical diagnosis. In addition the molecular genetic knowledge on the topic is given which is necessary to confirm the clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biopsy, Needle
- Connexins/genetics
- Desmosomes/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Incidence
- Keratins/genetics
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/diagnosis
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/epidemiology
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/genetics
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/epidemiology
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/genetics
- Male
- Prognosis
- Risk Assessment
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sex Distribution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Itin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In the years following the initial reports of keratin gene mutations in epidermolysis bullosa simplex, great strides have been made in understanding the basic biology of human keratins and in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of specific human single gene disorders. A total of 19 human keratin genes is now linked to specific diseases. This article summarizes current knowledge in relation to basic keratin biology, known disease associations, and genotype correlation in this diverse and complex group of conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Irvine
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin Dublin 12, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Terrinoni A, Didona B, Melino G, Atherton DJ, Irvine AD, McLean WHI. Atypical epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma presentation associated with a mutation in the keratin 1 gene. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:1096-103. [PMID: 15214894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by epidermolytic hyperkeratosis strictly confined to the palms and soles, and usually associated with mutations in the keratin K9 gene (KRT9). Mutations in the keratin K1 gene (KRT1) have been shown to underlie a variety of phenotypes typically involving generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, but in some cases the phenotype can be more regionally restricted. OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic defect in two unrelated families initially presenting with EPPK but where careful examination revealed hyperkeratosis extending on to the proximal wrist flexure. Methods Linkage analysis and DNA sequencing. RESULTS We found that this phenotype is caused by a heterozygous missense mutation in the K1 gene, designated I479T. This mutation lies in the highly conserved helix termination motif of K1, previously shown to be important for keratin assembly and filament formation. In general, mutations in this region of keratins are associated with more severe disease phenotypes. However, K1 mutations in this region and the I479T mutation in particular have previously been associated with both severe and mild bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma phenotypes. When further clinical enquiries were made, several affected individuals in the families studied here were found to have had transient flexural peeling and hyperkeratosis in the neonatal period. CONCLUSIONS K1 mutations may underlie a phenotype closely resembling EPPK. A history of transient flexural peeling and hyperkeratosis in childhood and palmoplantar keratoderma which extends beyond the boundary of the palmoplantar margins may indicate a K1 mutation rather than a K9 defect. As K1 mutations are also associated with severe widespread phenotypes, with important implications for prognostic and genetic counselling, whole body examination is recommended for patients presenting with EPPK.
Collapse
|
9
|
Barnhart KF, Credille KM, Ambrus A, Dunstan RW. A Heritable Keratinization Defect of the Superficial Epidermis in Norfolk Terriers. J Comp Pathol 2004; 130:246-54. [PMID: 15053927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although well-characterized in man, abnormal cornification secondary to heritable superficial keratin defects is rarely reported in animals. This report describes a mild cornification defect in seven related Norfolk terrier dogs. Lesions were present at birth and pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The affected dogs had hyperpigmented skin with scaling following mild trauma. The lesions were generalized but most prominent in the glabrous skin of the axillary and inguinal regions-areas where the epidermis is not protected by hair and is subject to frequent trauma. The most striking histological change was vacuolation in the upper epidermis, which often resulted in epidermolysis and blister formation. All of the affected dogs showed similar gross and histological changes. Ultrastructural changes included abnormal keratin filament clumping, prominent clear spaces in the cytoplasm of suprabasal keratinocytes, and abnormal keratohyaline granules. Immunohistochemical labelling for keratin 10 demonstrated a lack of expression in the superficial epidermis of affected dogs. All of the morphological changes noted in the Norfolk terriers were consistent with a mild form of a heritable defect in superficial keratin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Barnhart
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
Keratins are the type I and II intermediate filament proteins which form a cytoskeletal network within all epithelial cells. They are expressed in pairs in a tissue- and differentiation-specific fashion. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) was the first human disorder to be associated with keratin mutations. The abnormal keratin filament aggregates observed in basal cell keratinocytes of some EBS patients are composed of keratins K5 and K14. Dominant mutations in the genes encoding these proteins were shown to disrupt the keratin filament cytoskeleton resulting in cells that are less resilient and blister with mild physical trauma. Identification of mutations in other keratin genes soon followed with attention focussed on disorders showing abnormal clumping of keratin filaments in specific cells. For example, in bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, clumping of filaments in the suprabasal cells led to the identification of mutations in the suprabasal keratins, K1 and K10. Mutations have now been identified in 18 keratins, all of which produce a fragile cell phenotype. These include ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens (K2e), epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (K1, K9), pachyonychia congenita (K6a, K6b, K16, K17), white sponge nevus (K4, K13), Meesmann's corneal dystrophy (K3, K12), cryptogenic cirrhosis (K8, K18) and monilethrix (hHb6, hHb1).In general, these disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant traits and the mutations act in a dominant-negative manner. Therefore, treatment in the form of gene therapy is difficult, as the mutant gene needs to be inactivated. Ways of achieving this are actively being studied. Reliable mutation detection methods from genomic DNA are now available. This enables rapid screening of patients for keratin mutations. For some of the more severe phenotypes, prenatal diagnosis may be requested and this can now be performed from chorionic villus samples at an early stage of the pregnancy. This review article describes the discovery of, to date, mutations in 18 keratin genes associated with inherited human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Paller AS, Compton J, Atherton DJ, McLean WHI, Irvine AD. Two cases of primarily palmoplantar keratoderma associated with novel mutations in keratin 1. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:966-71. [PMID: 12406346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in keratin 1 were initially described in the classical form of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (also known as epidermolytic hyperkeratosis). More recently the range of phenotypes associated with mutations in this gene has been extended to include annular ichthyosiform erythroderma and mild epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Here we present two novel mutations in the keratin 1 gene (KRT1): a 5' donor splice site mutation in exon 1 (591 + 2T > A) that predicts a 22 amino acid in-frame deletion in the keratin 1 1A domain; and an in-frame deletion in exon 7 (1376del24) that predicts a foreshortened 2B coiled-coil domain of keratin 1. In each case these mutations are associated with palmoplantar keratoderma and mild ichthyosis, largely limited to the flexural areas. These mutations appear to have a less damaging effect than previously reported mis-sense mutations sited in the helix boundary motifs. This report extends the range of phenotypes associated with mutations in KRT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Terron-Kwiatkowski
- Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kimyai-Asadi A, Kotcher LB, Jih MH. The molecular basis of hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47:327-43; quiz 344-6. [PMID: 12196741 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2002.124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the gene defects causing many types of hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma have been discovered. These genes encode a variety of proteins involved in the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and the formation of the cornified cell envelope. In this article, we review the molecular defects underlying various palmoplantar keratodermas with particular attention to the role of these molecules in the terminal differentiation of palmoplantar epidermis. Of the proteins involved in keratodermas, loricrin, keratins, and desmosomal proteins provide the protein structure of the cornified cell envelope. Connexins form intercellular gap junctions, which regulate ionic calcium signals necessary for the expression of the proteins that form the cornified cell envelope. Cathepsins likely mediate enzymatic processes necessary for the formation and dissolution of the cornified cell envelope. The clinical phenotypes produced by various mutations affecting these proteins are discussed vis-à-vis data from genetic, cellular, and molecular experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kimyai-Asadi
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, The New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hatsell SJ, Eady RA, Wennerstrand L, Dopping-Hepenstal P, Leigh IM, Munro C, Kelsell DP. Novel splice site mutation in keratin 1 underlies mild epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma in three kindreds. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:606-9. [PMID: 11286630 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.13041234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel mutation in the exon 6 splice donor site of keratin 1 (G4134A) that segregates with a palmoplantar keratoderma in three kindreds. The nucleotide substitution leads to the utilization of a novel in-frame splice site 54 bases downstream of the mutation with the subsequent insertion of 18 amino acids into the 2B rod domain. This mutation appears to have a milder effect than previously described mutations in the helix initiation and termination sequence on the function of the rod domain, with regard to filament assembly and stability. Affected individuals displayed only mild focal epidermolysis in the spinous layer of palmoplantar epidermis, in comparison with cases of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma also due to keratin 1 mutations, which show widespread and severe epidermolysis. This study describes a novel mutation in KRT1 that results in a phenotype distinct from classical bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Hatsell
- Center for Cutaneous Research, St. Bartholomews, and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|