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Shi W, Chen S, Chi F, Qiu Q, Zhong Y, Bian X, Zhang H, Xi J, Qian H. Advances in Tumor Antigen‐Based Anticancer Immunotherapy: Recent Progress, Prevailing Challenges, and Future Perspective. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Fanglian Chi
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Bian
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Science China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Junting Xi
- School of Science China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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How CW, Ong YS, Low SS, Pandey A, Show PL, Foo JB. How far have we explored fungi to fight cancer? Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:976-989. [PMID: 33737109 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of fungal cultures have been well documented in human history. Although its used in healthcare, like penicillin and statins, have saved countless of lives, but there is still no fungal products that are specifically indicated for cancers. Research into fungal-derived materials to curb cancers in the recent decades have made a considerable progress in terms of drug delivery vehicles, anticancer active ingredients and cancer immunotherapy. Various parts of the organisms have successfully been exploited to achieve specific tasks. Apart from the identification of novel anticancer compound from fungi, its native capsular structure can also be used as drug cargo to achieve higher oral bioavailability. This review summarises the anticancer potential of fungal-derived materials, highlighting the role of capsular polysaccharides, proteins, and other structures in variety of innovative utilities to fit the current pharmaceutical technology. Many bioactive compounds isolated from fungi have also been formulated into nanoparticles to achieve greater anticancer activity. The progress of fungal compounds and their analogues in clinical trials is also highlighted. In addition, the potential of various fungal species to be developed for anticancer immunotherapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Shin Low
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Yazdani Z, Rafiei A, Irannejad H, Yazdani M, Valadan R. Designing a novel multiepitope peptide vaccine against melanoma using immunoinformatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3312-3324. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1846625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yazdani
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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5
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Xv Z, Lv J, Jiang J, Wang W, Feng F, Zhang L, Xue X, Li W. Effective Neutralizing Antibody Produced in Mice Directly Immunized with Integrated Pichia pastoris Expressing HPV16L1 Protein. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:308-317. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xv
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Lv
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Uterology of Wenzhou City People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenshu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Sneaking Out for Happy Hour: Yeast-Based Approaches to Explore and Modulate Immune Response and Immune Evasion. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090667. [PMID: 31480411 PMCID: PMC6770942 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) have developed a wide variety of mechanisms to evade their host immune system. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has successfully been used to decipher some of these immune evasion strategies. This includes the cis-acting mechanism that limits the expression of the oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 and thus of antigenic peptides derived from this essential but highly antigenic viral protein. Studies based on budding yeast have also revealed the molecular bases of epigenetic switching or recombination underlying the silencing of all except one members of extended families of genes that encode closely related and highly antigenic surface proteins. This mechanism is exploited by several parasites (that include pathogens such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Candida, or Pneumocystis) to alternate their surface antigens, thereby evading the immune system. Yeast can itself be a pathogen, and pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, which is phylogenetically very close to S. cerevisiae, have developed stealthiness strategies that include changes in their cell wall composition, or epitope-masking, to control production or exposure of highly antigenic but essential polysaccharides in their cell wall. Finally, due to the high antigenicity of its cell wall, yeast has been opportunistically exploited to create adjuvants and vectors for vaccination.
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Kumar R, Kumar P. Yeast-based vaccines: New perspective in vaccine development and application. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5298404. [PMID: 30668686 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In presently licensed vaccines, killed or attenuated organisms act as a source of immunogens except for peptide-based vaccines. These conventional vaccines required a mass culture of associated or related organisms and long incubation periods. Special requirements during storage and transportation further adds to the cost of vaccine preparations. Availability of complete genome sequence, well-established genetic, inherent natural adjuvant and non-pathogenic nature of yeast species viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris makes them an ideal model system for the development of vaccines both for public health and for on-farm consumption. In this review, we compile the work in this emerging field during last two decades with major emphases on S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris which are routinely used worldwide for expression of heterologous proteins with therapeutic value against infectious diseases along with possible use in cancer therapy. We also pointed towards the developments in use of whole recombinant yeast, yeast surface display and virus-like particles as a novel strategy in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer along with other aspects including suitability of yeast in vaccines preparations, yeast cell wall component as an immune stimulator or modulator and present status of yeast-based vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
The incidence of melanoma continues to increase even as advances in immunotherapy have led to survival benefits in advanced stages. Vaccines are capable of inducing strong, antitumor immune responses with limited toxicity. Some vaccines have demonstrated clinical benefit in clinical trials alone; however, others have not despite inducing strong immune responses. Recent advancements have improved vaccine design, and combining vaccines with other immunotherapies offers promise. This review highlights the underlying principles of vaccine development, common components of vaccines, and the remaining challenges and future directions of vaccine therapy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Kwak
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Department of Surgery, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Katie M Leick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marit M Melssen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, USA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Walch-Rückheim B, Kiefer R, Geginat G, Schmitt MJ, Breinig F. Coexpression of human perforin improves yeast-mediated delivery of DNA and mRNA to mammalian antigen-presenting cells. Gene Ther 2015; 23:103-7. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walch-Rückheim B, Schmitt MJ, Breinig F. Schizosaccharomyces pombe: A novel transport vehicle of functional DNA and mRNA into mammalian antigen-presenting cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:6029-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shin MK, Yoo HS. Animal vaccines based on orally presented yeast recombinants. Vaccine 2013; 31:4287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mohit E, Rafati S. Biological delivery approaches for gene therapy: strategies to potentiate efficacy and enhance specificity. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:599-611. [PMID: 23911418 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays many therapeutic agents such as suicide genes, anti-angiogenesis agents, cytokines, chemokines and other therapeutic genes were delivered to cancer cells. Various biological delivery systems have been applied for directing therapeutic gene to target cells. Some of these successful preclinical studies, steps forward to clinical trials and a few are examined in phase III clinical trials. In this review, the biological gene delivery systems were categorized into microorganism and cell based delivery systems. Viral, bacterial, yeast and parasite are among microorganism based delivery systems which are expanded in this review. In cell based approach, different strategies such as tumor cells, stem cells, dendritic cells and sertoli cells will be discussed. Different drawbacks are associated with each delivery system; therefore, many strategies have been improved and potentiated their direction toward specific target cells. Herein, further to the principle of each delivery system, the progresses of these approaches for development of newer generation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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IL-6-inducing whole yeast-based immunotherapy directly controls IL-12-dependent CD8 T-cell responses. J Immunother 2012; 35:14-22. [PMID: 22130158 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182356888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In current clinical trails, whole yeast-based immunotherapy expressing hepatitis C viral antigens demonstrated statistically significant improvement in end of treatment responses when combined with type I interferon based standard of care, even in standard of care resistant patients. Although preclinical data suggest yeast vaccination, such as type I interferon, facilitates CD8 T-cell immunity, the capacity of yeast to generate immunity in patients resistant to type I interferon calls into question the mechanism(s) underpinning the efficacy of this approach. We show yeast and a Toll-like receptor exclusive agonist, Pam3Cys, differ in CD8 T-cell generation when combined with an agonistic CD40 antibody. Although both yeast and PamCys were largely Toll-like receptor dependent, the primary CD8 response generated by yeast was significantly less than Pam3Cys in wild-type hosts even in a CD4 T-cell-deficient setting. In addition, immunization of IL6 mice with yeast produced a 3-fold to 6-fold increased CD8 response while the Pam3Cys response was unaffected. The yeast but not Pam3Cys-driven CD8 response was inhibited in both wild-type and IL-6 hosts by blocking interleukin (IL)-12. In addition, IL6 mice had increased CD86 expression on their dendritic cells after yeast immunization also inhibited by IL-12 blockade. Collectively, our results indicate the CD8 T-cell response to yeast but not Pam3Cys is influenced by IL-6-mediated control of IL-12 critical for dendritic cell activation. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration that yeast directly influence IL-12-associated CD8 T-cell immunity providing an additional route whereby recombinant yeast may provide efficacy independent of type I interferon.
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Bazan SB, Geginat G, Breinig T, Schmitt MJ, Breinig F. Uptake of various yeast genera by antigen-presenting cells and influence of subcellular antigen localization on the activation of ovalbumin-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. Vaccine 2011; 29:8165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhang T, Yang H, Wang R, Xu K, Xin Y, Ren G, Zhou G, Zhang C, Wang L, Zhang Z. Oral administration of myostatin-specific whole recombinant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae vaccine increases body weight and muscle composition in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:8412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Whole recombinant yeast vaccine induces antitumor immunity and improves survival in a genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma. Gene Ther 2011; 18:827-34. [PMID: 21390072 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer and its incidence is expected to rise over the next two decades. At present, there are no effective therapies for advanced melanoma. We have previously shown that administration of whole recombinant yeast expressing human MART-1 (hMART-IT) induces protective antimelanoma immunity in a B16F10 transplantable mouse model. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of the hMART-IT vaccine in a congenic strain of genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma, which recapitulates both the underlying genetics and the proper tumor microenvironment of naturally occurring melanoma. Subcutaneous administration of hMART-IT induced cytotoxicity against melanoma cells and antigen-specific production of Th1-specific cytokines by splenocytes. Weekly administration of hMART-IT significantly delayed the development of melanoma and prolonged the survival of mice compared with controls. Although histological analysis demonstrated diffuse infiltration of CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells, no reduction of regulatory T cells was observed, suggesting that hMART-IT cannot prevent immunotolerance in the tumor microenvironment. This study provides a proof of concept that genetically engineered mouse models lend valuable insights into immunotherapeutics being tested in the preclinical setting.
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Ardiani A, Higgins JP, Hodge JW. Vaccines based on whole recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 10:1060-9. [PMID: 20707820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of therapeutic vaccines is to activate and exploit the patient's own immune system to vigorously and dynamically seek and eradicate established malignant or virally infected cells. Therapeutic vaccines also offer the potential for preventing disease recurrence. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based vaccines, where the yeast is engineered to express viral or tumor antigens, represent an ideal therapeutic approach due to their ability to stimulate tumor- or viral-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses that are capable of reducing disease burden. This review describes preclinical and clinical studies supporting the development of S. cerevisiae-based therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cancer and viral diseases, as well as multimodal strategies in which therapeutic vaccines are combined with cytotoxic drugs to achieve a greater clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Ardiani
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lee TH, Cho HK, Cho YH, Lee MG. Development of an effective method for dendritic cell immunotherapy of mouse melanoma. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:85-92. [PMID: 19630913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is a strong candidate for the treatment of incurable cancers especially malignant melanoma. Nevertheless, the proper guideline of DC immunotherapy does not exist. The absence of the guideline is also an obstacle to clinical trials of DC immunotherapy. So we conducted this study in order to develop an effective DC preparation method for immunotherapy in mouse malignant melanoma. Mouse bone marrow-derived DC were stimulated with tumour antigen alone or tumour antigen plus a cocktail (anti-CD40 antibody +TNF-alpha+ IL-1beta) for 8, 24 or 48 h and the characteristics of these DC, such as surface molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC class II, CCR7), cytokines(IL-12, IFN-gamma, and IL-10), DC-induced T cell proliferation in vitro, and the production of IFN-gamma by those cells, were evaluated. Mice with melanoma were then treated with DC stimulated with tumour antigen alone and tumour antigen plus cocktail for 8 or 48 h. The tumour size and survival rate of these mice were then evaluated. (1) Beneficial clinical effects such as a reduction of tumour size and an increased survival rate were best observed in the group treated with DC stimulated for 8 h with tumour antigen plus cocktail. (2) The single prominent characteristic of DC stimulated for 8 h with tumour antigen plus cocktail was an elevated IL-12 secretion. The cytokine IL-12 was not secreted by other DC. Consequently, proper production of IL-12 was found to be an important requirement for DC used in immunotherapy of mouse melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) and represents a promising candidate for cancer vaccine development. Effective cross-presentation of antigen delivered to DCs is necessary for successful induction of cellular immunity. Here, we present a yeast-based vaccine approach that is independent of yeast's ability to express the chosen antigen, which is instead produced separately and conjugated to the yeast cell wall. The conjugation method is site-specific (based on the SNAP-tag) and designed to facilitate antigen release in the DC phagosome and subsequent translocation for cross-presentation. We demonstrate that nonsite-specific chemical conjugation of the same protein hinders cross-presentation. Phagosomal antigen release was further expedited through the insertion of the invariant chain ectodomain as a linker, which is rapidly cleaved by Cathepsin S. The dose of delivered antigen was increased in several ways: by using yeast strains with higher surface amine densities, by using yeast hulls (cell wall fragments) instead of whole cells, and by conjugating multiple layers of antigen. The novel multilayer conjugation scheme takes advantage of Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase and remains site-specific; it enables the antigen dose to grow linearly with the number of layers. We show that whole yeast cells coated with 1 layer of the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 and yeast hulls bearing 3 layers were able to cross-prime naive CD8 T cells in vitro, with the latter resulting in higher frequencies of antigen-specific cells after 10 days. This cross-presentation-efficient antigen conjugation scheme is not limited to yeast and can readily be applied toward the development of other particulate vaccines.
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