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Bernerd F, Passeron T, Castiel I, Marionnet C. The Damaging Effects of Long UVA (UVA1) Rays: A Major Challenge to Preserve Skin Health and Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158243. [PMID: 35897826 PMCID: PMC9368482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within solar ultraviolet (UV) light, the longest UVA1 wavelengths, with significant and relatively constant levels all year round and large penetration properties, produce effects in all cutaneous layers. Their effects, mediated by numerous endogenous chromophores, primarily involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress is the major mode of action of UVA1, responsible for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA lesions and subsequent intracellular signaling cascades. These molecular changes lead to mutations, apoptosis, dermis remodeling, inflammatory reactions and abnormal immune responses. The altered biological functions contribute to clinical consequences such as hyperpigmentation, inflammation, photoimmunosuppression, sun allergies, photoaging and photocancers. Such harmful impacts have also been reported after the use of UVA1 phototherapy or tanning beds. Furthermore, other external aggressors, such as pollutants and visible light (Vis), were shown to induce independent, cumulative and synergistic effects with UVA1 rays. In this review, we synthetize the biological and clinical effects of UVA1 and the complementary effects of UVA1 with pollutants or Vis. The identified deleterious biological impact of UVA1 contributing to clinical consequences, combined with the predominance of UVA1 rays in solar UV radiation, constitute a solid rational for the need for a broad photoprotection, including UVA1 up to 400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bernerd
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-48-68-95-95
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, University Côte d’Azur, 151, Route de Ginestière, 06200 Nice, France;
- Research Center C3M, INSERM Unit 1065, University Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Castiel
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 3 Rue Dora Maar, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France;
| | - Claire Marionnet
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France;
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2
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Lu Q, Yang C, Wu J, Wei Z, Xu S, Wang C, Jiang G. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, a diagnostic alternative for five pigmented lesions on the face: An observational study. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:871-876. [PMID: 31342558 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quansheng Lu
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an Huai'an China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an Huai'an China
| | - Zhiping Wei
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an Huai'an China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
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Ilie MA, Caruntu C, Lixandru D, Tampa M, Georgescu SR, Constantin MM, Constantin C, Neagu M, Zurac SA, Boda D. In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of skin inflammation: Clinical applications and research directions. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:1004-1011. [PMID: 30679966 PMCID: PMC6327452 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a novel imaging technique that provides noninvasive, morphological characterization of skin structures with a resolution that is very close to that of light microscopy. Moreover, as it allows repeated imaging of the same skin area at different time-points, it is an excellent method for monitoring disease course, response to treatment or specific stimuli and a path to study dynamic phenomena in real-time. To date, two different variants of in vivo CLSM have been authorized in dermatological field, namely the reflectance confocal microscopy predominantly for clinical diagnosis and the fluorescence confocal microscopy mainly for research purposes. This study describes the principles of in vivo CLSM technique, its role in the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory skin diseases, as well as some promising research directions to study the dynamics of skin inflammation using this method. In vivo CLSM evaluation of inflammatory dermatoses and of the skin inflammatory component in various diseases has an undoubted potential with broad applications ranging from clinical, morphological to experimental, functional studies involving the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Biochemistry, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Prof. N. Paulescu' National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Lixandru
- Department of Biochemistry, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Tampa
- Department of Dermatology, 'Victor Babes' Hospital, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona-Roxana Georgescu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Victor Babes' Hospital, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Carolina Constantin
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Andrada Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Prof. N. Paulescu' National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Batani A, Brănișteanu DE, Ilie MA, Boda D, Ianosi S, Ianosi G, Caruntu C. Assessment of dermal papillary and microvascular parameters in psoriasis vulgaris using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1241-1246. [PMID: 29434710 PMCID: PMC5774437 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a modern, non-invasive imaging technique, which allows for real-time examination of the upper layers of the skin at a resolution similar to that of classic microscopy. In addition, it has the advantage of real-time evaluation of blood flow and dynamic monitoring of cutaneous changes while preserving tissue integrity. The present study reported on the in vivo RCM technique as an objective method for the noninvasive assessment of psoriasis vulgaris that is potentially applicable in clinical studies and in monitoring the evolution of lesions under treatment. In psoriasis lesions, RCM virtual horizontal sections at the level of the dermo-epidermal junction featured numerous and prominent dermal papillae that were not surrounded by bright rings of basal cells. Micromorphological examination of the lesions using this technique revealed that mean values of the section area, the perimeter and the Feret's diameter of the dermal papillae were significantly higher in psoriatic lesions than in normal skin. An increased number of capillary vessels per lesional dermal papilla as compared to healthy skin was observed. Furthermore, micromorphological parameters of dermal capillaries were increased in psoriatic skin. These observations point to the utility of in vivo RCM as a promising technique for the non-invasive diagnosis of psoriasis vulgaris, for monitoring the evolution of lesions at a micromorphological level under various treatments and for gaining a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes that occur in the evolution of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Batani
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daciana Elena Brănișteanu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iassy, Romania
| | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Ianosi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ianosi
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Military Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Physiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, N. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
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Mercurio D, Jdid R, Morizot F, Masson P, Maia Campos P. Morphological, structural and biophysical properties of French and Brazilian photoaged skin. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:553-61. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.G. Mercurio
- NEATEC; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - R. Jdid
- Chanel Research and Technology Centre; Pantin France
| | - F. Morizot
- Chanel Research and Technology Centre; Pantin France
| | | | - P.M.B.G. Maia Campos
- NEATEC; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Richtig E, Arzberger E, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Fink-Puches R. Assessment of changes in lentigo maligna during radiotherapy by in-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy: a pilot study. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:81-7. [PMID: 24889911 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for therapy of lentigo maligna (LM). OBJECTIVES To investigate the usefulness of in-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in radiotherapy of LM and document the changes within the lesions during treatment. METHODS A total of six lesions in six patients were investigated by RCM before, during and after radiotherapy. For diagnostic assessment three observers with experience in RCM diagnosis, blinded as to the stage of treatment, assessed the RCM images of each lesion and documented the findings by consensus. RESULTS Epidermal disarray worsened in three patients during radiotherapy and superficial necrosis was observed in four patients. Large pagetoid round/dendritic cells decreased or even vanished during or after radiotherapy. Dilated vessels and apoptotic cells were seen in all patients during radiotherapy as well as an increase of inflammatory cells in the epidermis and dermis in most of the patients. Dendritic cells with small dendrites were observed during radiotherapy in all patients with an increase in number in three patients. Melanophages appeared in five patients at least once during the examination period. All RCM images were assessed correctly by the three observers. CONCLUSIONS Reflectance confocal microscopy is a useful method to visualize changes during and after radiotherapy and might also be used for early detection of potential treatment failures. In addition, it might be helpful in planning radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richtig
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria
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Koller S, Inzinger M, Rothmund M, Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Massone C, Arzberger E, Wolf P, Hofmann-Wellenhof R. UV-induced alterations of the skin evaluated over time by reflectance confocal microscopy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Koller
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - M. Inzinger
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - M. Rothmund
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - V. Ahlgrimm-Siess
- Department of Dermatology; Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - C. Massone
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - E. Arzberger
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - P. Wolf
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
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Juzeniene A, Moan J. Beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:109-17. [PMID: 22928066 PMCID: PMC3427189 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of the positive effects of solar radiation are mediated via ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced production of vitamin D in skin. However, several other pathways may exist for the action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans as focused on in this review. One is induction of cosmetic tanning (immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening and delayed tanning). UVB-induced, delayed tanning (increases melanin in skin after several days), acts as a sunscreen. Several human skin diseases, like psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and localized scleroderma, can be treated with solar radiation (heliotherapy) or artificial UV radiation (phototherapy). UV exposure can suppress the clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis independently of vitamin D synthesis. Furthermore, UV generates nitric oxide (NO), which may reduce blood pressure and generally improve cardiovascular health. UVA-induced NO may also have antimicrobial effects and furthermore, act as a neurotransmitter. Finally, UV exposure may improve mood through the release of endorphins.
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Moan J, Nielsen KP, Juzeniene A. Immediate pigment darkening: its evolutionary roles may include protection against folate photosensitization. FASEB J 2011; 26:971-5. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchNorwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalMontebelloNorway
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchNorwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalMontebelloNorway
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10
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Kang HY, le Duff F, Passeron T, Lacour JP, Ortonne JP, Bahadoran P. A noninvasive technique, reflectance confocal microscopy, for the characterization of melanocyte loss in untreated and treated vitiligo lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:e97-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Astner S, González S, Cuevas J, Röwert-Huber J, Sterry W, Stockfleth E, Ulrich M. Preliminary evaluation of benign vascular lesions using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36:1099-110. [PMID: 20653723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a novel noninvasive imaging technique for in vivo evaluation of cutaneous lesions at near-histologic resolution. The applicability of RCM for various neoplastic and inflammatory skin diseases has been shown, but a descriptive evaluation of different vascular lesions has not yet been performed. OBJECTIVES To define specific RCM criteria for congenital and acquired vascular lesions and to determine whether these criteria may assist in their differential diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven patients with a clinical diagnosis of vascular lesion, including spider angioma, venous lake, cherry angioma, pyogenic granuloma, port wine stain, angiokeratoma, and lymphangioma, participated in this study. Skin sites were systematically analyzed using RCM, and biopsy was obtained for clinically indeterminate lesions. RESULTS For each entity, characteristic RCM criteria could be identified and selected parameters correlated well to established histopathologic findings. The most relevant criteria included the diameter of the vessels and degree of vascular tortuosity or dilation. Additional findings such as flow velocity, inflammation, and disruption of the epidermal architecture could be documented. CONCLUSION The findings of this preliminary evaluation indicate that RCM may aid in the noninvasive characterization of inflammatory, proliferative, and ectatic vascular malformations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Astner
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Yamashita T, Negishi K, Hariya T, Yanai M, Iikura T, Wakamatsu S. In vivo microscopic approaches for facial melanocytic lesions after quality-switched ruby laser therapy: time-sequential imaging of melanin and melanocytes of solar lentigo in Asian skin. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36:1138-47. [PMID: 20653729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality-switched ruby laser (QSRL) has been widely used for the treatment of pigmented lesions, but clinical evaluations in most studies have been conducted on macroscopic skin color observation comparing the laser-treated skin with its nontreated surrounding area. A few investigations examined skin changes after laser therapy at a cellular level, but almost none did so noninvasively. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the dynamic changes after QSRL irradiation of facial solar lentigo using noninvasive optical techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Time-sequential imaging of Japanese female patients with a clinical diagnosis of solar lentigo was performed using ultraviolet photography, high-magnification videomicroscopy, and reflectance-mode confocal microscopy to examine pigmentary change after QSRL irradiation. RESULTS The present study showed that remaining melanocytes were visible in the solar lentigo of all subjects when crusts peeled off, despite hardly observable skin pigmentation to the naked eye. Moreover, noninvasive confocal imaging revealed that pigmented melanocytes varied in each solar lentigo after QSRL treatment, as indicated by melanin reflection level. CONCLUSIONS Optical techniques facilitate the evaluation of the in vivo dynamics of epidermal-melanocytic changes in solar lentigo after QSRL therapy and may be useful for monitoring outcomes after laser irradiation.
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Engel E, Vasold R, Santarelli F, Maisch T, Gopee NV, Howard PC, Landthaler M, Bäumler W. Tattooing of skin results in transportation and light-induced decomposition of tattoo pigments â a first quantification in vivo using a mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:54-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive, repetitive imaging tool that provides real-time images at nearly cellular histological resolution. Application of this technology to skin imaging during the last decade has been a great advance in dermatology. As melanin is the strongest endogenous contrast in human skin, pigmentary disorders caused by abnormal amounts of melanin in the skin could be the most suitable candidates for RCM examination. This article reviewed the RCM applications in the characterization and management of pigmentary disorders. The application of RCM in pigmentary disorders has been expanded to describe hyper- and hypopigmentary disorders as well as pigmented skin tumors. The great advantages of non-invasive and repetitive examination of RCM may provide its usefulness not only in the diagnosis and management of pigmentary disorders, but also in researching pathogenesis of pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Ulrich M, Rüter C, Astner S, Sterry W, Lange-Asschenfeldt B, Stockfleth E, Röwert-Huber J. Comparison of UV-induced skin changes in sun-exposed vs. sun-protected skin- preliminary evaluation by reflectance confocal microscopy. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161 Suppl 3:46-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koller S, Gerger A, Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Weger W, Smolle J, Hofmann-Wellenhof R. In vivoreflectance confocal microscopy of erythematosquamous skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:536-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Confocal microscopy: innovative diagnostic tools for monitoring of noninvasive therapy in cutaneous malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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