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Li Y, Li Q, Cao Z, Wu J. Multicenter proteome-wide Mendelian randomization study identifies causal plasma proteins in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Commun Biol 2024; 7:857. [PMID: 39003418 PMCID: PMC11246481 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in malignant melanoma (MM) and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). We aim to identify circulating proteins causally linked to MM and NMSC traits using a multicenter Mendelian randomization (MR) framework. We utilized large-scale cis-MR to estimate the impact of numerous plasma proteins on MM, NMSC, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). To ensure robustness, additional analyses like MR Steiger and Bayesian colocalization are conducted, followed by replication through meta-analytical methods. The associations between identified proteins and outcomes are also validated at the tissue level using Transcriptome-Wide Association Study methods. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction analysis is conducted to explore the relationship between identified proteins and existing cancer medication targets. The MR analysis has identified associations of 13 plasma proteins with BCC, 2 with SCC, and 1 with MM. Specifically, ASIP and KRT5 are associated with BCC, with ASIP also potentially targeting MM. CTSS and TNFSF8 are identified as promising druggability candidates for BCC. This multidimensional approach nominates ASIP, KRT5, CTSS, and TNFSF8 as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajia Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiangxiang Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqin Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jianhuang Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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2
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Johansen P, Andersen JD, Madsen LN, Ullum H, Glud M, Børsting C, Gniadecki R, Morling N. Pigmentary Markers in Danes--Associations with Quantitative Skin Colour, Nevi Count, Familial Atypical Multiple-Mole, and Melanoma Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150381. [PMID: 26938746 PMCID: PMC4777533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether pigmentation genes involved in the melanogenic pathway (melanogenesis) contributed to melanoma predisposition, we compared pigmentary genetics with quantitative skin pigmentation measurements, the number of atypical nevi, the total nevus count, and the familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome. We typed 32 pigmentary SNP markers and sequenced MC1R in 246 healthy individuals and 116 individuals attending periodic control for malignant melanoma development, 50 of which were diagnosed with FAMMM. It was observed that individuals with any two grouped MC1R variants (missense, NM_002386:c. 456C > A (p.TYR152*), or NM_002386:c.83_84insA (p.Asn29Glnfs*14) had significantly (p<0.001) lighter skin pigmentation of the upper-inner arm than those with none or one MC1R variant. We did not observe any significant association of the MC1R variants with constitutive pigmentation measured on the buttock area. We hypothesize that the effect of MC1R variants on arm pigmentation is primarily reflecting the inability to tan when subjected to UVR. A gender specific effect on skin pigmentation was also observed, and it was found that the skin pigmentation of females on average were darker than that of males (p<0.01). We conclude that MC1R variants are associated with quantitative skin colour in a lightly pigmented Danish population. We did not observe any association between any pigmentary marker and the FAMMM syndrome. We suggest that the genetics of FAMMM is not related to the genetics of the pigmentary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johansen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Dyrberg Andersen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linnea Nørgård Madsen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Glud
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Børsting
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Morling
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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3
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Tagliabue E, Fargnoli MC, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T, Han J, Kumar R, Gruis NA, Ferrucci L, Branicki W, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Helsing P, Autier P, García-Borrón JC, Kanetsky PA, Landi MT, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Raimondi S. MC1R gene variants and non-melanoma skin cancer: a pooled-analysis from the M-SKIP project. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:354-63. [PMID: 26103569 PMCID: PMC4506395 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene regulates human pigmentation and is highly polymorphic in populations of European origins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between MC1R variants and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and to investigate whether risk estimates differed by phenotypic characteristics. METHODS Data on 3527 NMSC cases and 9391 controls were gathered through the M-SKIP Project, an international pooled-analysis on MC1R, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics. We calculated summary odds ratios (SOR) with random-effect models, and performed stratified analyses. RESULTS Subjects carrying at least one MC1R variant had an increased risk of NMSC overall, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): SOR (95%CI) were 1.48 (1.24-1.76), 1.39 (1.15-1.69) and 1.61 (1.35-1.91), respectively. All of the investigated variants showed positive associations with NMSC, with consistent significant results obtained for V60L, D84E, V92M, R151C, R160W, R163Q and D294H: SOR (95%CI) ranged from 1.42 (1.19-1.70) for V60L to 2.66 (1.06-6.65) for D84E variant. In stratified analysis, there was no consistent pattern of association between MC1R and NMSC by skin type, but we consistently observed higher SORs for subjects without red hair. CONCLUSIONS Our pooled-analysis highlighted a role of MC1R variants in NMSC development and suggested an effect modification by red hair colour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tagliabue
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - M C Fargnoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of L'Aquila, 47100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - P Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - F Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Ferrucci
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - W Branicki
- Institute of Forensic Research, 31-033 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - L Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 Australia
| | - P Helsing
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - P Autier
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon 69006, France
| | - J C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - M T Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA
| | - J Little
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ON K1N 6N5
| | - J Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - F Sera
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - S Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
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Abstract
Horses are valued for the beauty and variety of colouration and coat patterning. To date, eleven different genes have been characterized that contribute to the variation observed in the horse. Unfortunately, mutations involving pigmentation often lead to deleterious effects in other systems, some of which have been described in the horse. This review focuses on six such pleiotropic effects or associations with pigmentation genes. These include neurological defects (lethal white foal syndrome and lavender foal syndrome), hearing defects, eye disorders (congenital stationary night blindness and multiple congenital ocular anomalies), as well as horse-specific melanoma. The pigmentation phenotype, disorder phenotype, mode of inheritance, genetic or genomic methods utilized to identify the genes involved and, if known, the causative mutations, molecular interactions and other susceptibility loci are discussed. As our understanding of pigmentation in the horse increases, through the use of novel genomic tools, we are likely to unravel yet unknown pleiotropic effects and determine additional interactions between previously discovered loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Bellone
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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5
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Pośpiech E, Ligęza J, Wilk W, Gołas A, Jaszczyński J, Stelmach A, Ryś J, Blecharczyk A, Wojas-Pelc A, Jura J, Branicki W. Variants of SCARB1 and VDR Involved in Complex Genetic Interactions May Be Implicated in the Genetic Susceptibility to Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:860405. [PMID: 25945350 PMCID: PMC4402472 DOI: 10.1155/2015/860405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current data are still inconclusive in terms of a genetic component involved in the susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma. Our aim was to evaluate 40 selected candidate polymorphisms for potential association with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) based on independent group of 167 patients and 200 healthy controls. The obtained data were searched for independent effects of particular polymorphisms as well as haplotypes and genetic interactions. Association testing implied position rs4765623 in the SCARB1 gene (OR = 1.688, 95% CI: 1.104-2.582, P = 0.016) and a haplotype in VDR comprising positions rs739837, rs731236, rs7975232, and rs1544410 (P = 0.012) to be the risk factors in the studied population. The study detected several epistatic effects contributing to the genetic susceptibility to ccRCC. Variation in GNAS1 was implicated in a strong synergistic interaction with BIRC5. This effect was part of a model suggested by multifactor dimensionality reduction method including also a synergy between GNAS1 and SCARB1 (P = 0.036). Significance of GNAS1-SCARB1 interaction was further confirmed by logistic regression (P = 0.041), which also indicated involvement of SCARB1 in additional interaction with EPAS1 (P = 0.008) as well as revealing interactions between GNAS1 and EPAS1 (P = 0.016), GNAS1 and MC1R (P = 0.031), GNAS1 and VDR (P = 0.032), and MC1R and VDR (P = 0.035).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pośpiech
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Janusz Ligęza
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Wacław Wilk
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aniela Gołas
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Janusz Jaszczyński
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stelmach
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Centre of Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Blecharczyk
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Wojas-Pelc
- Department of Dermatology, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jura
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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6
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Pasquali E, García-Borrón JC, Fargnoli MC, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Bagnardi V, Specchia C, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T, Nagore E, Kumar R, Hansson J, Kanetsky PA, Ghiorzo P, Debniak T, Branicki W, Gruis NA, Han J, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Landi MT, Palmieri G, Ribas G, Stratigos A, Council M, Autier P, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Raimondi S. MC1R variants increased the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma in darker-pigmented Caucasians: a pooled-analysis from the M-SKIP project. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:618-31. [PMID: 24917043 PMCID: PMC4378685 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The MC1R gene is a key regulator of skin pigmentation. We aimed to evaluate the association between MC1R variants and the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma (CM) within the M-SKIP project, an international pooled-analysis on MC1R, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics. Data included 5,160 cases and 12,119 controls from 17 studies. We calculated a summary odds ratio (SOR) for the association of each of the nine most studied MC1R variants and of variants combined with CM by using random-effects models. Stratified analysis by phenotypic characteristics were also performed. Melanoma risk increased with presence of any of the main MC1R variants: the SOR for each variant ranged from 1.47 (95%CI: 1.17-1.84) for V60L to 2.74 (1.53-4.89) for D84E. Carriers of any MC1R variant had a 66% higher risk of developing melanoma compared with wild-type subjects (SOR; 95%CI: 1.66; 1.41-1.96) and the risk attributable to MC1R variants was 28%. When taking into account phenotypic characteristics, we found that MC1R-associated melanoma risk increased only for darker-pigmented Caucasians: SOR (95%CI) was 3.14 (2.06-4.80) for subjects with no freckles, no red hair and skin Type III/IV. Our study documents the important role of all the main MC1R variants in sporadic CM and suggests that they have a direct effect on melanoma risk, independently on the phenotypic characteristics of carriers. This is of particular importance for assessing preventive strategies, which may be directed to darker-pigmented Caucasians with MC1R variants as well as to lightly pigmented, fair-skinned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pasquali
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - José C. García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Maisonneuve
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Specchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Genetics of Rare Hereditary Cancers, IRCCS AOU San Martino –IST, Genoa
| | - Tadeusz Debniak
- Department of Genetic and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Polabska, Poland
| | | | - Nelleke A. Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terry Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Dptd. Oncologia medica y hematologia, Fundación Investigación Clínico de Valencia Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria- INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M.Laurin Council
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Julian Little
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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7
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Binstock M, Hafeez F, Metchnikoff C, Arron S. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes and nonmelanoma skin cancer predisposition: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:713-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Binstock
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - F. Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - C. Metchnikoff
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - S.T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
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8
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Kosiniak-Kamysz A, Marczakiewicz-Lustig A, Marcińska M, Skowron M, Wojas-Pelc A, Pośpiech E, Branicki W. Increased risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma is associated with variation in pigmentation genes and VDR, and may involve epistatic effects. Melanoma Res 2014; 24:388-96. [PMID: 24926819 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is a malicious human skin cancer that primarily affects individuals with light pigmentation and heavy sun exposure, but also has a known familial association. Multiple genes and polymorphisms have been reported as low-penetrance susceptibility loci for CMM. Here, we examined 33 candidate polymorphisms located in 11 pigmentation genes and the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) in a population of 130 cutaneous melanoma patients and 707 healthy controls. The genotypes obtained were evaluated for main association effects and potential gene-gene interactions. MC1R, TYR, VDR and SLC45A2 genes were found to be associated with CMM in our population. The results obtained for major function MC1R mutations were the most significant [with odds ratio (OR)=1.787, confidence interval (CI)=1.320-2.419 and P=1.715(-4)], followed by TYR (rs1393350) (with OR=1.569, CI=1.162-2.118, P=0.003), VDR (GCCC haplotype in rs2238136-rs4516035-rs7139166-rs11568820 block) (with OR=5.653, CI=1.794-17.811, P=0.003) and SLC45A2 (rs16891982) (with OR=0.238, CI=0.057-0.987, P=0.048). The study also detected significant intermolecular epistatic effects between MC1R and TYR, SLC45A2 and VDR, HERC2 and VDR, OCA2 and TPCN2, as well as intramolecular interactions between variants within the genes MC1R and VDR. In the final multivariate logistic regression model for CMM development, only the gene-gene interactions discovered remained significant, showing that epistasis may be an important factor in the risk of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kosiniak-Kamysz
- aDepartment of Dermatology, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University bDepartment of Analytical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College cDepartment of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University dSection of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
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9
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A large French case-control study emphasizes the role of rare Mc1R variants in melanoma risk. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925716. [PMID: 24982914 PMCID: PMC4003837 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MC1R gene implicated in melanogenesis and skin pigmentation is highly polymorphic. Several alleles are associated with red hair and fair skin phenotypes and contribute to melanoma risk. OBJECTIVE This work aims to assess the effect of different classes of MC1R variants, notably rare variants, on melanoma risk. Methods. MC1R coding region was sequenced in 1131 melanoma patients and 869 healthy controls. MC1R variants were classified as RHC (R) and non-RHC (r). Rare variants (frequency < 1%) were subdivided into two subgroups, predicted to be damaging (D) or not (nD). RESULTS Both R and r alleles were associated with melanoma (OR = 2.66 [2.20-3.23] and 1.51 [1.32-1.73]) and had similar population attributable risks (15.8% and 16.6%). We also identified 69 rare variants, of which 25 were novel. D variants were strongly associated with melanoma (OR = 2.38 [1.38-4.15]) and clustered in the same MC1R domains as R alleles (intracellular 2, transmembrane 2 and 7). CONCLUSION This work confirms the role of R and r alleles in melanoma risk in the French population and proposes a novel class of rare D variants as important melanoma risk factors. These findings may improve the definition of high-risk subjects that could be targeted for melanoma prevention and screening.
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10
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Yoshizawa J, Abe Y, Oiso N, Fukai K, Hozumi Y, Nakamura T, Narita T, Motokawa T, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Kawada A, Tamiya G, Suzuki T. Variants in melanogenesis-related genes associate with skin cancer risk among Japanese populations. J Dermatol 2014; 41:296-302. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yoshizawa
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
| | - Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology; Kinki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Fukai
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Yutaka Hozumi
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Advanced Molecular Epidemiology Research Institute; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Tomohiko Narita
- Department of Dermatology; Kinki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | | | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences; Toyoake Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences; Toyoake Japan
| | - Akira Kawada
- Department of Dermatology; Kinki University Faculty of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Advanced Molecular Epidemiology Research Institute; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
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11
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Raimondi S, Gandini S, Fargnoli MC, Bagnardi V, Maisonneuve P, Specchia C, Kumar R, Nagore E, Han J, Hansson J, Kanetsky PA, Ghiorzo P, Gruis NA, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Fernandez-de-Misa R, Branicki W, Debniak T, Morling N, Landi MT, Palmieri G, Ribas G, Stratigos A, Cornelius L, Motokawa T, Anno S, Helsing P, Wong TH, Autier P, García-Borrón JC, Little J, Newton-Bishop J, Sera F, Liu F, Kayser M, Nijsten T. Melanocortin-1 receptor, skin cancer and phenotypic characteristics (M-SKIP) project: study design and methods for pooling results of genetic epidemiological studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012; 12:116. [PMID: 22862891 PMCID: PMC3502117 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For complex diseases like cancer, pooled-analysis of individual data represents a powerful tool to investigate the joint contribution of genetic, phenotypic and environmental factors to the development of a disease. Pooled-analysis of epidemiological studies has many advantages over meta-analysis, and preliminary results may be obtained faster and with lower costs than with prospective consortia. Design and methods Based on our experience with the study design of the Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, SKin cancer and Phenotypic characteristics (M-SKIP) project, we describe the most important steps in planning and conducting a pooled-analysis of genetic epidemiological studies. We then present the statistical analysis plan that we are going to apply, giving particular attention to methods of analysis recently proposed to account for between-study heterogeneity and to explore the joint contribution of genetic, phenotypic and environmental factors in the development of a disease. Within the M-SKIP project, data on 10,959 skin cancer cases and 14,785 controls from 31 international investigators were checked for quality and recoded for standardization. We first proposed to fit the aggregated data with random-effects logistic regression models. However, for the M-SKIP project, a two-stage analysis will be preferred to overcome the problem regarding the availability of different study covariates. The joint contribution of MC1R variants and phenotypic characteristics to skin cancer development will be studied via logic regression modeling. Discussion Methodological guidelines to correctly design and conduct pooled-analyses are needed to facilitate application of such methods, thus providing a better summary of the actual findings on specific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raimondi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ramusio 1, Milan, 20141, Italy.
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12
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Maccioni L, Rachakonda PS, Scherer D, Bermejo JL, Planelles D, Requena C, Hemminki K, Nagore E, Kumar R. Variants at chromosome 20 (ASIP locus) and melanoma risk. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:42-54. [PMID: 22628150 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) locus on chromosome 20q11 is implicated, as shown by genome-wide association studies, in phenotype variation and melanoma risk. We genotyped 837 melanoma cases and 1,154 controls for 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) informative for 495 polymorphisms at the locus. Our data showed an increased risk of melanoma (odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03-1.57) in carriers of the rs4911414 variant, located 120 kb upstream of ASIP. The main effect of rs4911414, as reported previously, was in tandem with a 10 kb adjacent polymorphism rs1015362; two constituted risk-associated haplotype/diplotype. Except for rs1015363, none of the 12 tagging SNPs, genotyped to cover 239.9 kb region with polymorphisms linked to rs4911414 and rs1015362, were associated with melanoma. Our data confirmed a previous association of melanoma risk (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.37-2.41) with rs4911442, located in intron 5 of the nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6) gene. The rs910871, one of the six variants, genotyped to cover NCOA6, showed an association with melanoma risk (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.70). Both, rs4911442 and rs910871 were in moderate linkage with a, previously reported, risk-associated rs910873 polymorphism. A haplotype from the variants within NCOA6 showed an association with risk of melanoma (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.88). Interaction between risk-associated polymorphisms and previously genotyped melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) variants, in our study, was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the carriers of the variant alleles over the background of MC1R variants were at a higher risk than the carriers not enriched for MC1R variants. Our data confirmed the association of different variants at chromosome 20q11 with melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maccioni
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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KOSINIAK-KAMYSZ A, POŚPIECH E, WOJAS-PELC A, MARCIŃSKA M, BRANICKI W. Potential association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in pigmentation genes with the development of basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol 2012; 39:693-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Lesiak A, Norval M, Wodz-Naskiewicz K, Pawliczak R, Rogowski-Tylman M, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Sobjanek M, Wlodarkiewicz A, Narbutt J. An enhanced risk of basal cell carcinoma is associated with particular polymorphisms in the VDR and MTHFR genes. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:800-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Williams PF, Olsen CM, Hayward NK, Whiteman DC. Melanocortin 1 receptor and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis and estimates of population burden. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1730-40. [PMID: 21128237 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene have been associated with increased risks of melanoma, but different approaches to study design, analysis, and reporting have hindered comparisons of findings. We aimed to harmonize the published data by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of MC1R variants and thereby estimate relative risks and population attributable fractions (PAFs). We identified 20 analytic studies reporting on 25 populations, which presented quantitative data on melanoma risks associated with any of nine MC1R variants. We separately pooled estimates of risk per person and risk per chromosome using a random effects model. Red hair color (RHC) variants had the highest risk of melanoma [summary odds ratios (OR) 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-3.45, PAF 16.8% CI 0.119-0.202], but non-RHC variants were also associated with increased risk (summary OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.51, PAF 7.4% CI 0.030-0.112). The summary risk of melanoma associated with individual variants ranged from OR 2.40 for R142H to 1.18 for V60L, although significant heterogeneity was evident for most variants. PAFs ranged from 0.55% for I155T to 6.28% for R151C. Our findings suggest the nine most common MC1R variants make a sizeable contribution to the burden of melanoma. Melanoma research would be greatly assisted by standardized classifications for MC1R variants and consistent reporting conventions. More compatible and comparable research would allow for more powerful data that could be clinically applied to predict melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Williams
- Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Norval M, Lucas RM, Cullen AP, de Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Takizawa Y, van der Leun JC. The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:199-225. [PMID: 21253670 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp90044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer has led to increased solar UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) at the surface of the Earth. This change is likely to have had an impact on human exposure to UV-B radiation with consequential detrimental and beneficial effects on health, although behavioural changes in society over the past 60 years or so with regard to sun exposure are of considerable importance. The present report concentrates on information published since our previous report in 2007. The adverse effects of UV radiation are primarily on the eye and the skin. While solar UV radiation is a recognised risk factor for some types of cataract and for pterygium, the evidence is less strong, although increasing, for ocular melanoma, and is equivocal at present for age-related macular degeneration. For the skin, the most common harmful outcome is skin cancer, including melanoma and the non-melanoma skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of all three of these tumours has risen significantly over the past five decades, particularly in people with fair skin, and is projected to continue to increase, thus posing a significant world-wide health burden. Overexposure to the sun is the major identified environmental risk factor in skin cancer, in association with various genetic risk factors and immune effects. Suppression of some aspects of immunity follows exposure to UV radiation and the consequences of this modulation for the immune control of infectious diseases, for vaccination and for tumours, are additional concerns. In a common sun allergy (polymorphic light eruption), there is an imbalance in the immune response to UV radiation, resulting in a sun-evoked rash. The major health benefit of exposure to solar UV-B radiation is the production of vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in bone metabolism and is also implicated in protection against a wide range of diseases. Although there is some evidence supporting protective effects for a range of internal cancers, this is not yet conclusive, but strongest for colorectal cancer, at present. A role for vitamin D in protection against several autoimmune diseases has been studied, with the most convincing results to date for multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D is starting to be assessed for its protective properties against several infectious and coronary diseases. Current methods for protecting the eye and the skin from the adverse effects of solar UV radiation are evaluated, including seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and sunglasses, and using sunscreens. Newer possibilities are considered such as creams that repair UV-induced DNA damage, and substances applied topically to the skin or eaten in the diet that protect against some of the detrimental effects of sun exposure. It is difficult to provide easily understandable public health messages regarding "safe" sun exposure, so that the positive effects of vitamin D production are balanced against the negative effects of excessive exposure. The international response to ozone depletion has included the development and deployment of replacement technologies and chemicals. To date, limited evidence suggests that substitutes for the ozone-depleting substances do not have significant effects on human health. In addition to stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change is predicted to affect human health, and potential interactions between these two parameters are considered. These include altering the risk of developing skin tumours, infectious diseases and various skin diseases, in addition to altering the efficiency by which pathogenic microorganisms are inactivated in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland.
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17
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Model-based prediction of human hair color using DNA variants. Hum Genet 2011; 129:443-54. [PMID: 21197618 PMCID: PMC3057002 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Predicting complex human phenotypes from genotypes is the central concept of widely advocated personalized medicine, but so far has rarely led to high accuracies limiting practical applications. One notable exception, although less relevant for medical but important for forensic purposes, is human eye color, for which it has been recently demonstrated that highly accurate prediction is feasible from a small number of DNA variants. Here, we demonstrate that human hair color is predictable from DNA variants with similarly high accuracies. We analyzed in Polish Europeans with single-observer hair color grading 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 12 genes previously associated with human hair color variation. We found that a model based on a subset of 13 single or compound genetic markers from 11 genes predicted red hair color with over 0.9, black hair color with almost 0.9, as well as blond, and brown hair color with over 0.8 prevalence-adjusted accuracy expressed by the area under the receiver characteristic operating curves (AUC). The identified genetic predictors also differentiate reasonably well between similar hair colors, such as between red and blond-red, as well as between blond and dark-blond, highlighting the value of the identified DNA variants for accurate hair color prediction.
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18
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Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common human malignancy in populations of European origin, and Australia has the highest incidence of basal cell carcinoma in the world. Great advances in the understanding of the genetics of this cancer have occurred in recent years. Mutations of the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) lead to basal cell carcinoma predisposition in Gorlin syndrome. PTCH1 is part of the hedgehog signalling pathway, and derangements within this pathway are now known to be important in the carcinogenesis of many different cancers including sporadic basal cell carcinoma. The molecular biology of the hedgehog pathway is discussed, and mouse models of basal cell carcinoma based on this pathway are explored. New developments in non-surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma are based on this knowledge. Other genes of importance to basal cell carcinoma development include the tumour suppressor gene P53 and the melanocortin-1 receptor gene. In addition, we discuss molecules of possible importance such as the glutathione-S-transferases, DNA repair genes, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, Brahma and connexins. Evidence of familial aggregation of this cancer is explored and supports the possibility of genetic predisposition to this common malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E de Zwaan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Flohil SC, de Vries E, van Meurs JBJ, Fang Y, Stricker BHC, Uitterlinden AG, Nijsten T. Vitamin D-binding protein polymorphisms are not associated with development of (multiple) basal cell carcinomas. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:1103-5. [PMID: 20812960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) may affect skin carcinogenesis. The objective was to test the association between two functional VDBP SNPs and the susceptibility to (multiple) basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Of the 7983 participants, 5790 (72.5%) and 5823 (72.9%) participants were genotyped for rs7041 and rs4588, respectively, and three haplotypes (Gc1s, Gc2 and Gc1f) were analysed. Two hundred and thirty-three persons developed a BCC of whom 122 (52.4%) developed multiple BCCs during a mean follow-up of 11.6 years. The VDBP genotype was not associated with (multiple) BCC development using Cox proportional hazards and Andersen-Gill analyses, respectively. Stratifying age groups demonstrated that in the youngest age-group, the A/T variant of rs7041 was associated with BCC development [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.88 (95%CI 1.10-3.20)], while homozygote Gc1s carriers had a significantly lower BCC risk [adjusted HR = 0.53 (95%CI 0.31-0.91)]. In conclusion, the VDBP polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to (multiple) BCCs, but age-gene interactions were observed.
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20
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Ibarrola-Villava M, Fernandez LP, Pita G, Bravo J, Floristan U, Sendagorta E, Feito M, Avilés JA, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lázaro P, Benítez J, Ribas G. Genetic analysis of three important genes in pigmentation and melanoma susceptibility: CDKN2A, MC1R and HERC2/OCA2. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:836-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Scherer D, Kumar R. Genetics of pigmentation in skin cancer--a review. Mutat Res 2010; 705:141-153. [PMID: 20601102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is one of the most overt human physical traits with consequences on susceptibility to skin cancer. The variations in skin pigmentation are dependent on geographic location and population ethnicity. Skin colouration is mainly due to the pigmentation substance melanin, produced in specialized organelles (melanosomes) within dendritic melanocytes, and transferred to neighbouring keratinocytes. The two types of melanin synthesized in well defined chemical reactions are the protective dark coloured eumelanin and the sulphur containing light red-yellow pheomelanin. The events leading to the synthesis of melanin are controlled by signalling cascades that involve a host of genes encoding ligands, receptors, transcription factors, channel transporters and many other crucial molecules. Several variants within the genes involved in pigmentation have been associated with high risk phenotypes like fair skin, brown-red hair and green-blue eyes. Many of those variants have also been implicated in the risk of various skin cancers. The variants within the key pigmentation gene, melanocortin-receptor 1 (MC1R), in particular have been ubiquitously linked with high risk traits and skin cancers involving both pigmentary and non-pigmentary functions and likely interaction with variants in other genes. Many of the variants in other genes, functional in pigmentation pathway, have also been associated with phenotypic variation and risk of skin cancers. Those genes include agouti signalling protein (ASIP), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2), various solute carrier genes and transporters. Most of those associations have been confirmed in genome wide association studies that at the same time have also identified new loci involved in phenotypic variation and skin cancer risk. In conclusion, the genetic variants within the genes involved in skin pigmentation besides influencing phenotypic traits are important determinants of risk of several skin cancers. However, ultimate risk of skin cancer is dependent on interplay between genetic and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Scherer
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Kyrgidis A, Tzellos TG, Vahtsevanos K, Triaridis S. New Concepts for Basal Cell Carcinoma. Demographic, Clinical, Histological Risk Factors, and Biomarkers. A Systematic Review of Evidence Regarding Risk for Tumor Development, Susceptibility for Second Primary and Recurrence. J Surg Res 2010; 159:545-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.11.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kosmadaki M, Stratigos A, Antoniou C, Katsambas A. DNA Polymorphisms: What They Are and Their Role in Human Pigmentation. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2009; 100 Suppl 2:84-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(09)73383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Beaumont KA, Liu YY, Sturm RA. The melanocortin-1 receptor gene polymorphism and association with human skin cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 88:85-153. [PMID: 20374726 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)88004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is a key gene involved in the regulation of melanin synthesis and encodes a G-protein coupled receptor expressed on the surface of the melanocyte in the skin and hair follicles. MC1R activation after ultraviolet radiation exposure results in the production of the dark eumelanin pigment and the tanning process in humans, providing physical protection against DNA damage. The MC1R gene is highly polymorphic in Caucasian populations with a number of MC1R variant alleles associated with red hair, fair skin, freckling, poor tanning, and increased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Variant receptors have shown alterations in biochemical function, largely due to intracellular retention or impaired G-protein coupling, but retain some signaling ability. The association of MC1R variant alleles with skin cancer risk remains after correction for pigmentation phenotype, indicating regulation of nonpigmentary pathways. Notably, MC1R activation has been linked to DNA repair and may also contribute to the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Beaumont
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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25
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Bauer J, Weng J, Kebebew E, Soares P, Trovisco V, Bastian BC. Germline variation of the melanocortin-1 receptor does not explain shared risk for melanoma and thyroid cancer. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:548-52. [PMID: 19493000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, germline variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) have been shown to be associated with an increased risk for BRAF mutant but not BRAF wild-type cutaneous melanoma. Similar to melanoma, BRAF mutations are also commonly found in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Furthermore, patients with melanoma have an increased risk for thyroid carcinoma and vice versa. METHODS To determine whether MC1R variation also represents a risk factor for BRAF mutant thyroid carcinomas, we sequenced BRAF and MC1R in two separate case-control cohorts. RESULTS We demonstrate that MC1R is expressed in normal and neoplastic thyroid epithelial cells, albeit at lower levels than in melanocytes. In the first cohort of 66 follicular and 62 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), and 128 matched controls from the San Francisco Bay Area we found no association between the number of MC1R variant alleles and thyroid cancer. Patients with BRAF-mutated tumors had a higher frequency of MC1R variant alleles than their matched controls (P = 0.039). However, contrary to the findings in melanoma, the odds ratio for having a BRAF mutant cancer decreased from 3.9 for carriers of one MC1R allele to 1.5 for carriers of two or more alleles. As the frequency of MC1R alleles varies highly among different ethnic populations, we analysed a second, ethnically more homogeneous cohort from Spain and Portugal, and found no association with PTC nor with BRAF-mutated PTC. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the strong association between BRAF mutations and MC1R variants previously found in melanoma does not extend to thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Fernandez LP, Milne RL, Pita G, Floristan U, Sendagorta E, Feito M, Avilés JA, Martin-Gonzalez M, Lázaro P, Benítez J, Ribas G. Pigmentation-related genes and their implication in malignant melanoma susceptibility. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:634-42. [PMID: 19320733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human pigmentation appears to be one of the main modulators of individual risk of developing malignant melanoma (MM). A large number of genes are known to be involved in rare pigmentary disorders and explain most of the variation in pigmentation phenotypes seen in human populations. This Spanish case-control study included 205 patients with melanoma and 245 control subjects. Thirty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that had been mainly associated with congenital pigmentation syndromes (ADTB3A, ATRN, CHS1, EDNRB, HPS, KIT, MGRN1, MITF, MLANA, MYO5A, MYO7A, OA1, OCA2, PAX3 and SOX10) were selected. We found that the variant allele of OCA2 R419Q (rs1800407) was associated with increased risk of MM (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.31, P = 0.03). This effect on melanoma risk appeared to be stronger among individuals with solar lentigines, or at least 50 nevi. We also describe, for the first time, an association with the variant S1666C (rs2276288) in the MYO7A gene (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.04-1.76; P = 0.03). Again, this association appeared to be stronger in several phenotypic groups such as individuals with fair skin and those with childhood sunburns. We also found that several variants in the pigmentation genes considered were associated with intermediate phenotypic characteristics. Our findings highlight the potential importance of pigmentation genes in sporadic MM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Fernandez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid E-28029, Spain
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27
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Association of the SLC45A2 gene with physiological human hair colour variation. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:966-971. [PMID: 18806926 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation is a complex physical trait with multiple genes involved. Several genes have already been associated with natural differences in human pigmentation. The SLC45A2 gene encoding a transporter protein involved in melanin synthesis is considered to be one of the most important genes affecting human pigmentation. Here we present results of an association study conducted on a population of European origin, where the relationship between two non-synonymous polymorphisms in the SLC45A2 gene - rs26722 (E272K) and rs16891982 (L374F) - and different pigmentation traits was examined. The study revealed a significant association between both variable sites and normal variation in hair colour. Only L374F remained significantly associated with hair colour when both SNPs were included in a logistic regression model. No association with other pigmentation traits was detected in this population sample. Our results indicate that the rare allele L374 significantly increases the possibility of having black hair colour (OR = 7.05) and thus may be considered as a future marker for black hair colour prediction.
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