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Wu CC, Klaesson A, Buskas J, Ranefall P, Mirzazadeh R, Söderberg O, Wolf JBW. In situ quantification of individual mRNA transcripts in melanocytes discloses gene regulation of relevance to speciation. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb194431. [PMID: 30718374 PMCID: PMC6650291 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.194431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional validation of candidate genes involved in adaptation and speciation remains challenging. Here, we exemplify the utility of a method quantifying individual mRNA transcripts in revealing the molecular basis of divergence in feather pigment synthesis during early-stage speciation in crows. Using a padlock probe assay combined with rolling circle amplification, we quantified cell-type-specific gene expression in the histological context of growing feather follicles. Expression of Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1), Solute Carrier Family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) and Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (HPGDS) was melanocyte-limited and significantly reduced in follicles from hooded crow, explaining the substantially lower eumelanin content in grey versus black feathers. The central upstream Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor (MITF) only showed differential expression specific to melanocytes - a feature not captured by bulk RNA-seq. Overall, this study provides insight into the molecular basis of an evolutionary young transition in pigment synthesis, and demonstrates the power of histologically explicit, statistically substantiated single-cell gene expression quantification for functional genetic inference in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chih Wu
- Science of Life Laboratories and Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Klaesson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Buskas
- Science of Life Laboratories and Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petter Ranefall
- Science of Life Laboratories and Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Reza Mirzazadeh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17165, Sweden
| | - Ola Söderberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen B W Wolf
- Science of Life Laboratories and Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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2
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Hasse S, Müller MC, Schallreuter KU, von Woedtke T. Stimulation of melanin synthesis in melanoma cells by cold plasma. Biol Chem 2018; 400:101-109. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Skin color is derived from epidermal melanocytes that contain specialized organelles in which melanin is formed. The formation of melanin is a well-orchestrated process, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in numerous enzymatic conversions, such as the reactions catalyzed by tyrosinase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Currently, there is ample evidence that cold plasma exerts biological effects on cells through the impact of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Modulation of melanin biosynthesis by cold plasma has not yet been investigated. This study investigated melanin biosynthesis of human melanoma cell lines with different endogenous melanin contents (SK-Mel 28, G-361, FM-55-P and MNT-1) in response to cold plasma-derived reactive species. Initially, the distribution of melanosomes, via immunofluorescence, and the influence of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF), as a key transcription factor, was investigated. In our experimental setup, all of the tested cell lines had an elevated melanin content after exposure to cold plasma. These promising results suggest a novel potential application of cold plasma for the regulation of melanogenesis and may be a useful tool for influencing skin color in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Hasse
- Department Plasma Life Science , Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP) , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2 , D-17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Müller
- Department Plasma Life Science , Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP) , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2 , D-17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Karin Uta Schallreuter
- Institute for Pigmentary Disorders e.V. , Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a , D-17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Department Plasma Life Science , Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP) , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2 , D-17489 Greifswald , Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald , Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. , D-17475 Greifswald , Germany
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3
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Optimization of the method for the culture of melanocyte precursors from hair follicles and their activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:967-972. [PMID: 24137299 PMCID: PMC3797309 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocytes in vitiligo repigmentation are derived predominantly from melanocyte precursors (MPs) present in the outer root sheath (ORS) of hair follicles. The methods currently used for culturing MPs are unstable, and the cultured cells have the capacity to produce melanin. These factors are problematic when conducting in vitro studies to investigate the mechanism of repigmentation. Although 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VID) has been demonstrated to be highly effective in the treatment of vitiligo in the clinic, its precise mode of action has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, the method for the culture of MPs from the ORS of hair follicles was optimized and the ability of VID to activate MPs was investigated. The results suggested that the MPs cultured using the optimized method mainly exhibited bipolar morphology. The cells proliferated well and were negative for 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) staining. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cytoplasm of the MPs contained numerous stage I and stage II melanosomes; however, stage III and IV melanosomes were not observed. Following VID treatment, the MPs showed increased dendritic morphology, the cells stained positive for DOPA and stage III and IV melanosomes appeared in the cells. Western blotting revealed that microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2 were expressed in the MPs and that VID increased the expression levels of MITF, TYR and TRP-1. However, the levels of MITF, TYR and TRP-1 in the MPs prior to and following VID treatment were significantly lower compared with those in cultured epidermal melanocytes, while the levels of TRP-2 in these three groups were not significantly different. Subsequent to VID treatment, the TYR activity in the MPs increased significantly, as did the corresponding melanin levels. In conclusion, the present study successfully optimized the method for MP culture. The MPs demonstrated no significant TYR activity or melanin synthesis; therefore, the MP cultures exhibited the features of MPs in vivo. In addition, VID significantly promoted the differentiation of MPs.
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Nicolaou A. Eicosanoids in skin inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:131-8. [PMID: 22521864 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids play an integral part in homeostatic mechanisms related to skin health and structural integrity. They also mediate inflammatory events developed in response to environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and inflammatory and allergic disorders, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. This review article discusses biochemical aspects related to cutaneous eicosanoid metabolism, the contribution of these potent autacoids to skin inflammation and related conditions, and considers the importance of nutritional supplementation with bioactives such as omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant-derived antioxidants as means of addressing skin health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Virtue S, Feldmann H, Christian M, Tan CY, Masoodi M, Dale M, Lelliott C, Burling K, Campbell M, Eguchi N, Voshol P, Sethi JK, Parker M, Urade Y, Griffin JL, Cannon B, Vidal-Puig A. A new role for lipocalin prostaglandin d synthase in the regulation of brown adipose tissue substrate utilization. Diabetes 2012; 61:3139-47. [PMID: 22923471 PMCID: PMC3501861 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we define a new role for lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) in the control of metabolic fuel utilization by brown adipose tissue (BAT). We demonstrate that L-PGDS expression in BAT is positively correlated with BAT activity, upregulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α or 1β and repressed by receptor-interacting protein 140. Under cold-acclimated conditions, mice lacking L-PGDS had elevated reliance on carbohydrate to provide fuel for thermogenesis and had increased expression of genes regulating glycolysis and de novo lipogenesis in BAT. These transcriptional differences were associated with increased lipid content in BAT and a BAT lipid composition enriched with de novo synthesized lipids. Consistent with the concept that lack of L-PGDS increases glucose utilization, mice lacking L-PGDS had improved glucose tolerance after high-fat feeding. The improved glucose tolerance appeared to be independent of changes in insulin sensitivity, as insulin levels during the glucose tolerance test and insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were unchanged. Moreover, L-PGDS knockout mice exhibited increased expression of genes involved in thermogenesis and increased norepinephrine-stimulated glucose uptake to BAT, suggesting that sympathetically mediated changes in glucose uptake may have improved glucose tolerance. Taken together, these results suggest that L-PGDS plays an important role in the regulation of glucose utilization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Helena Feldmann
- Wenner-Gren Institute, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Christian
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Chong Yew Tan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Human Nutrition Research and the Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Martin Dale
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Chris Lelliott
- Department of Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Keith Burling
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark Campbell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Peter Voshol
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jaswinder K. Sethi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Malcolm Parker
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Julian L. Griffin
- Human Nutrition Research and the Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Wenner-Gren Institute, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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6
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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7
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Virtue S, Masoodi M, Velagapudi V, Tan CY, Dale M, Suorti T, Slawik M, Blount M, Burling K, Campbell M, Eguchi N, Medina-Gomez G, Sethi JK, Orešič M, Urade Y, Griffin JL, Vidal-Puig A. Lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase and PPARγ2 coordinate to regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39512. [PMID: 22792179 PMCID: PMC3390315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) have unexpectedly normal glucose tolerance and mild insulin resistance. Mice lacking PPARγ2 were found to have elevated levels of Lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) expression in BAT and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). To determine if induction of L-PGDS was compensating for a lack of PPARγ2, we crossed L-PGDS KO mice to PPARγ2 KO mice to generate Double Knock Out mice (DKO). Using DKO mice we demonstrated a requirement of L-PGDS for maintenance of subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) function. In scWAT, DKO mice had reduced expression of thermogenic genes, the de novo lipogenic program and the lipases ATGL and HSL. Despite the reduction in markers of lipolysis in scWAT, DKO mice had a normal metabolic rate and elevated serum FFA levels compared to L-PGDS KO alone. Analysis of intra-abdominal white adipose tissue (epididymal WAT) showed elevated expression of mRNA and protein markers of lipolysis in DKO mice, suggesting that DKO mice may become more reliant on intra-abdominal WAT to supply lipid for oxidation. This switch in depot utilisation from subcutaneous to epididymal white adipose tissue was associated with a worsening of whole organism metabolic function, with DKO mice being glucose intolerant, and having elevated serum triglyceride levels compared to any other genotype. Overall, L-PGDS and PPARγ2 coordinate to regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chong Yew Tan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Dale
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tapani Suorti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marc Slawik
- Department of Medicine Innenstadt, Endocrinology/Diabetes University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Margaret Blount
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Burling
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Campbell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gema Medina-Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaswinder K. Sethi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Colanesi S, Taylor KL, Temperley ND, Lundegaard PR, Liu D, North TE, Ishizaki H, Kelsh RN, Patton EE. Small molecule screening identifies targetable zebrafish pigmentation pathways. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:131-43. [PMID: 22252091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules complement genetic mutants and can be used to probe pigment cell biology by inhibiting specific proteins or pathways. Here, we present the results of a screen of active compounds for those that affect the processes of melanocyte and iridophore development in zebrafish and investigate the effects of a few of these compounds in further detail. We identified and confirmed 57 compounds that altered pigment cell patterning, number, survival, or differentiation. Additional tissue targets and toxicity of small molecules are also discussed. Given that the majority of cell types, including pigment cells, are conserved between zebrafish and other vertebrates, we present these chemicals as molecular tools to study developmental processes of pigment cells in living animals and emphasize the value of zebrafish as an in vivo system for testing the on- and off-target activities of clinically active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Colanesi
- Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Cyclooxygenase-dependent signaling is causally linked to non-melanoma skin carcinogenesis: pharmacological, genetic, and clinical evidence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:343-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nicolaou A, Pilkington SM, Rhodes LE. Ultraviolet-radiation induced skin inflammation: dissecting the role of bioactive lipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:535-43. [PMID: 21524643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure of human skin to the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight results in the sunburn response. This is mediated in part by pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and other bioactive lipids, which are in turn produced via mechanisms including UVR-induction of oxidative stress, cell signalling and gene expression. Sunburn is a self-limiting inflammation offering a convenient and accessible system for the study of human cutaneous lipid metabolism. Recent lipidomic applications have revealed that a wider diversity of eicosanoids may be involved in the sunburn response than previously appreciated. This article reviews the effects of UVR on cutaneous lipids and examines the contribution of bioactive lipid mediators in the development of sunburn. Since human skin is an active site of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism, and these macronutrients can influence the production of eicosanoids/bioactive lipids, as well as modulate cell signalling, gene expression and oxidative stress, the application of PUFA as potential photoprotective agents is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
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