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Li K, Ning T, Wang H, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Ge Z. Nanosecond pulsed electric fields enhance mesenchymal stem cells differentiation via DNMT1-regulated OCT4/NANOG gene expression. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32698858 PMCID: PMC7374836 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple strategies have been proposed to promote the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which is the fundamental property in tissue formation and regeneration. However, these strategies are relatively inefficient that limit the application. In this study, we reported a novel and efficient strategy, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) stimulation, which can enhance the trilineage differentiation potential of MSCs, and further explained the mechanism behind. Methods We used histological staining to screen out the nsPEFs parameters that promoted the trilineage differentiation potential of MSCs, and further proved the effect of nsPEFs by detecting the functional genes. In order to explore the corresponding mechanism, we examined the expression of pluripotency genes and the methylation status of their promoters. Finally, we targeted the DNA methyltransferase which was affected by nsPEFs. Results The trilineage differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSCs was significantly enhanced in vitro by simply pre-treating with 5 pulses of nsPEFs stimulation (energy levels as 10 ns, 20 kV/cm; 100 ns, 10 kV/cm), due to that the nsPEFs demethylated the promoters of stem cell pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG through instantaneous downregulation of DNA methylation transferase 1 (DNMT1), thereby increasing the expression of OCT4 and NANOG for up to 3 days, and created a treatment window period of stem cells. Conclusions In summary, nsPEFs can enhance MSCs differentiation via the epigenetic regulation and could be a safe and effective strategy for future stem cell application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tong Ning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzi Jiang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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2
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De Rosa L, Latella MC, Secone Seconetti A, Cattelani C, Bauer JW, Bondanza S, De Luca M. Toward Combined Cell and Gene Therapy for Genodermatoses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a035667. [PMID: 31653644 PMCID: PMC7197428 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, more than 200 monogenic, often devastating, skin diseases have been described. Because of unmet medical needs, development of long-lasting and curative therapies has been consistently attempted, with the aim of correcting the underlying molecular defect. In this review, we will specifically address the few combined cell and gene therapy strategies that made it to the clinics. Based on these studies, what can be envisioned for the future is a patient-oriented strategy, built on the specific features of the individual in need. Most likely, a combination of different strategies, approaches, and advanced therapies will be required to reach the finish line at the end of the long and winding road hampering the achievement of definitive treatments for genodermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Rosa
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Latella
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Secone Seconetti
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cattelani
- Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Johann W Bauer
- EB House Austria and Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sergio Bondanza
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari," Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Cheng S, Li D, Zhang RZ, Zhu J, Wang L, Liu Q, Chen RH, Liu XM. Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Epidermal Melanocytes by Transduction with Two Combinations of Transcription Factors. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 19:395-403. [PMID: 32072883 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200211105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to generate induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) more efficiently, it is crucial to identify somatic cells that are easily accessible and possibly require fewer factors for conversion into iPSCs. METHODS Human epidermal melanocytes were transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying 3 transcription factors (OCT-4, KLF-4 and c-MYC, 3F) or 4 transcription factors (OCT-4, KLF-4, c-MYC and SOX-2, 4F). Once the clones had formed, assays related to stem cell pluripotency, including alkaline phosphatase staining, DNA methylation levels, expression of stem cell markers and ultrastructure analysis were carried out. The iPSCs obtained were then induced to differentiate into the cells representing the three embryonic layers in vitro. RESULTS Seven days after the transduction of epidermal melanocytes with 3F or 4F, clones were formed that were positive for alkaline phosphatase staining. Fluorescent staining with antibodies against OCT-4 and SOX-2 was strongly positive, and the cells showed a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio and active karyokinesis. No melanosomes were found in the cytoplasm by ultrastructural analysis. There were obvious differences in DNA methylation levels between the cloned cells and their parental cells. However, there was not a significant difference between 3F or 4F transfected clonal cells. Meanwhile, the iPSCs successfully differentiated into the three germ layer cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Human epidermal melanocytes do not require ectopic SOX-2 expression for conversion into iPSCs, and may serve as an alternative source for deriving patient-specific iPSCs with fewer genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China.,Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ru-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ren-He Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
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4
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Rodimova SA, Meleshina AV, Kalabusheva EP, Dashinimaev EB, Reunov DG, Torgomyan HG, Vorotelyak EA, Zagaynova EV. Metabolic activity and intracellular pH in induced pluripotent stem cells differentiating in dermal and epidermal directions. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:044002. [PMID: 31412329 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab3b3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are a promising tool for personalized cell therapy, in particular, in the field of dermatology. Metabolic plasticity of iPSC are not completely understood due to the fact that iPSC have a mixed mitochondrial phenotype, which still resembles that of somatic cells. In this study we investigated the metabolic changes in iPSC undergoing differentiation in two directions, dermal and epidermal, using two-photon fluorescence microscopy combined with FLIM. Directed differentiation of iPSC into dermal fibroblasts and keratinocyte progenitor cells was induced. Cellular metabolism was examined on the basis of the fluorescence of the metabolic cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD. The optical redox ratio (FAD/NAD(P)H) and the fluorescence lifetimes of NAD(P)H and FAD were traced using two-photon fluorescence microscopy combined with FLIM. Evaluation of the intracellular pH was carried out with the fluorescent pH sensor SypHer-2 and fluorescence microscopy. In this study, evaluation of the metabolic status of iPSC during dermal and epidermal differentiation was accomplished for the first time with the use of optical metabolic imaging. Based on the data on the FAD/NAD(P)H redox ratio and on the fluorescence lifetimes of protein-bound form of NAD(P)H and closed form of FAD, we registered a metabolic shift toward a more oxidative status in the process of iPSC differentiation into dermal fibroblasts and keratinocyte progenitor cells. Biosynthetic processes occurring in dermal fibroblasts associated with the synthesis of fibronectin and versican, that stimulate increased energy metabolism and lower the intracellular pH. No intracellular pH shift is observed in the culture of keratinocyte progenitor cells, which reflects the incomplete process of differentiation in this type of cells. Presented results provide the basis for further understanding the metabolic features of iPSC during differentiation process, which is essential for developing new treatment strategies in cell therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Rodimova
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky sq., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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5
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Larribère L, Galach M, Novak D, Arévalo K, Volz HC, Stark HJ, Boukamp P, Boutros M, Utikal J. An RNAi Screen Reveals an Essential Role for HIPK4 in Human Skin Epithelial Differentiation from iPSCs. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1234-1245. [PMID: 28966120 PMCID: PMC5639458 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of human skin epithelial cells are incompletely understood. As a consequence, the efficiency to establish a pure skin epithelial cell population from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remains poor. Using an approach including RNAi and high-throughput imaging of early epithelial cells, we identified candidate kinases involved in their differentiation from hiPSCs. Among these, we found HIPK4 to be an important inhibitor of this process. Indeed, its silencing increased the amount of generated skin epithelial precursors at an early time point, increased the amount of generated keratinocytes at a later time point, and improved growth and differentiation of organotypic cultures, allowing for the formation of a denser basal layer and stratification with the expression of several keratins. Our data bring substantial input regarding regulation of human skin epithelial differentiation and for improving differentiation protocols from pluripotent stem cells. High-throughput RNAi screen setup during human skin epithelial differentiation Identification of HIPK4 as a crucial blocker of human skin epithelial differentiation Improvement of human organotypic epithelial cultures after HIPK4 silencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Marta Galach
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karla Arévalo
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Volz
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Stark
- Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40021 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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6
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Bernhardt M, Novak D, Assenov Y, Orouji E, Knappe N, Weina K, Reith M, Larribere L, Gebhardt C, Plass C, Umansky V, Utikal J. Melanoma-Derived iPCCs Show Differential Tumorigenicity and Therapy Response. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1379-1391. [PMID: 28392221 PMCID: PMC5425615 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A point mutation in the BRAF gene, leading to a constitutively active form of the protein, is present in 45%–60% of patients and acts as a key driver in melanoma. Shortly after therapy induction, resistance to MAPK pathway-specific inhibitors develops, indicating that pathway inhibition is circumvented by epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we mimicked epigenetic modifications in melanoma cells by reprogramming them into metastable induced pluripotent cancer cells (iPCCs) with the ability to terminally differentiate into non-tumorigenic lineages. iPCCs and their differentiated progeny were characterized by an increased resistance against targeted therapies, although the cells harbor the same oncogenic mutations and signaling activity as the parental melanoma cells. Furthermore, induction of a pluripotent state allowed the melanoma-derived cells to acquire a non-tumorigenic cell fate, further suggesting that tumorigenicity is influenced by the cell state. Human melanoma cells reprogrammed toward an iPSC-like state (iPCCs) iPCCs differentiated into neurons and fibroblasts iPCC-derived fibroblasts show no tumorigenic potential iPCCs and iPCC-derived fibroblasts lose oncogene addiction
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yassen Assenov
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elias Orouji
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maike Reith
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lionel Larribere
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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7
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Larribère L, Utikal J. Multiple roles of NF1 in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:417-25. [PMID: 27155159 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
NF1 is a tumour suppressor gene, germline mutations of which lead to neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome. Patients develop benign tumours from several types of cells including neural crest-derived cells. NF1 somatic mutations also occur in 15% of sporadic melanoma, a cancer originating from melanocytes. Evidence now suggests the involvement of NF1 mutations in melanoma resistance to targeted therapies. Although NF1 is ubiquitously expressed, genetic links between NF1 and genes involved in melanocyte biology have been described, implying the lineage-specific mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest advances related to the roles of NF1 in melanocyte biology and in cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Uzbas F, May ID, Parisi AM, Thompson SK, Kaya A, Perkins AD, Memili E. Molecular physiognomies and applications of adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:298-308. [PMID: 25504377 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) are multipotent with abilities to differentiate into multiple lineages including connective tissue and neural cells. Despite unlimited opportunity and needs for human and veterinary regenerative medicine, applications of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells are at present very limited. Furthermore, the fundamental biological factors regulating stemness in ASC and their stable differentiation into other tissue cells are not fully understood. The objective of this review was to provide an update on the current knowledge of the nature and isolation, molecular and epigenetic determinants of the potency, and applications of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells, as well as challenges and future directions. The first quarter of the review focuses on the nature of ASC, namely their definition, origin, isolation and sorting methods and multilineage differentiation potential, often with a comparison to mesenchymal stem cells of bone marrow. Due to the indisputable role of epigenetic regulation on cell identities, epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and microRNAs) are described broadly in stem cells but with a focus on ASC. The final sections provide insights into the current and potential applications of ASC in human and veterinary regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Uzbas
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Neuherberg, München, 85764, Germany
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9
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Larribere L, Wu H, Novak D, Galach M, Bernhardt M, Orouji E, Weina K, Knappe N, Sachpekidis C, Umansky L, Beckhove P, Umansky V, De Schepper S, Kaufmann D, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C, Utikal J. NF1 loss induces senescence during human melanocyte differentiation in an iPSC-based model. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:407-16. [PMID: 25824590 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a frequent genetic disease leading to the development of Schwann cell-derived neurofibromas or melanocytic lesions called café-au-lait macules (CALMs). The molecular mechanisms involved in CALMs formation remain largely unknown. In this report, we show for the first time pathophysiological mechanisms of abnormal melanocyte differentiation in a human NF1(+/-) -induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model. We demonstrate that NF1 patient-derived fibroblasts can be successfully reprogrammed in NF1(+/-) iPSCs with active RAS signaling and that NF1 loss induces senescence during melanocyte differentiation as well as in patient's-derived CALMs, revealing a new role for NF1 in the melanocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larribere
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huizi Wu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marta Galach
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elias Orouji
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludmila Umansky
- Division of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center of Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sofie De Schepper
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Ballotti
- INSERM U1065 (Team 1), C3M, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM U1065 (Team 1), C3M, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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10
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Xu R, Taskin MB, Rubert M, Seliktar D, Besenbacher F, Chen M. hiPS-MSCs differentiation towards fibroblasts on a 3D ECM mimicking scaffold. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8480. [PMID: 25684543 PMCID: PMC4329554 DOI: 10.1038/srep08480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are ubiquitous cells that constitute the stroma of virtually all tissues and play vital roles in homeostasis. The poor innate healing capacity of fibroblastic tissues is attributed to the scarcity of fibroblasts as collagen-producing cells. In this study, we have developed a functional ECM mimicking scaffold that is capable to supply spatial allocation of stem cells as well as anchorage and storage of growth factors (GFs) to direct stem cells differentiate towards fibroblasts. Electrospun PCL fibers were embedded in a PEG-fibrinogen (PF) hydrogel, which was infiltrated with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to form the 3D nanocomposite PFP-C. The human induced pluripotent stem cells derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiPS-MSCs) with an advance in growth over adult MSCs were applied to validate the fibrogenic capacity of the 3D nanocomposite scaffold. The PFP-C scaffold was found not only biocompatible with the hiPS-MSCs, but also presented intriguingly strong fibroblastic commitments, to an extent comparable to the positive control, tissue culture plastic surfaces (TCP) timely refreshed with 100% CTGF. The novel scaffold presented not only biomimetic ECM nanostructures for homing stem cells, but also sufficient cell-approachable bio-signaling cues, which may synergistically facilitate the control of stem cell fates for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruodan Xu
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Berat Taskin
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marina Rubert
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Menglin Chen
- interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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Novak D, Weina K, Utikal J. Von Hautzellen zu anderen Körperzellen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12403_suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Novak
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität; Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Kasia Weina
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität; Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit für Dermato-Onkologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg und Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karl Universität; Heidelberg, Mannheim
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12
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Novak D, Weina K, Utikal J. From skin to other cell types of the body. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014; 12:789-92. [PMID: 25087921 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine allows for the customization of tissues and organs which may bring hope to patients with incurable diseases and severe injuries. Therefore, reliable and safe methods for the generation of specific cell types must be established. Recently, different strategies have emerged to convert somatic cells into differentiated cells of interest. One of these strategies is cellular reprogramming, which converts somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These iPSCs are embryonic stem cell-like cells with almost unlimited developmental potential and can be differentiated into specific lineages. Alternatively, the method of transdifferentiation can be used to directly convert one terminally differentiated cell into another cell type. Both of these methods have proven to have the potential to push the field of cell replacement therapy forward. In this context, the skin is of particular interest because it represents an ideal source of somatic cells for reprogramming to pluripotency as well as transdifferentiation. In this review, we briefly compare both above-mentioned strategies and summarize the latest advances in this highly dynamic field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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De- and re-differentiation of the melanocytic lineage. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:30-5. [PMID: 24365127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by the transient, ectopic overexpression of different sets of genes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process not only has considerable implications for regenerative medicine but is also highly relevant to multiple stages of oncogenesis, including melanoma. In other settings, the de-differentiation of normal and tumor cells is also responsible for a phenotype switch which completely changes the cell fate. Conversely, iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro toward specific lineages, for example melanocytes, which offer useful models to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the reprogramming and de-differentiation of melanocytic cells as well as the latest differentiation protocols of pluripotent stem cells into the melanocyte lineage.
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14
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Chen Q, Qiu C, Huang Y, Jiang L, Huang Q, Guo L, Liu T. Human amniotic epithelial cell feeder layers maintain iPS cell pluripotency by inhibiting endogenous DNA methyltransferase 1. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1145-1154. [PMID: 24223636 PMCID: PMC3820821 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in an undifferentiated, self-renewing state during long-term cultivation is, at present, a major challenge. We previously showed that human amniotic epithelial cells (HuAECs) were able to provide a good source of feeder cells for mouse and human embryonic or spermatogonial stem cells; however, the epigenetic mechanisms have not been elucidated. In the present study, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HuAECs were compared as feeder layers for the long-term culture of human iPS cells. The HuAEC feeders allowed human iPS cells to maintain a high level of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and to express key stem cell markers during long-term subculture whereas the MEF feeders did not,. Moreover, the HuAEC feeders significantly affected the cell cycle regulation of the iPS cells, maintaining them in the resting stage and the early stage of DNA synthesis (G0/G1 stage). Furthermore, the CpG islands of the Nanog and Oct4 promoters were hypomethylated, while the Nanog- and Oct4-specific loci exhibited higher levels of histone H3 acetylation and lower levels of H3K27 trimethylation in iPS cells cultured on HuAECs compared with those cultured on MEFs. The DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression in iPS cells cultured on HuAECs was shown to be lower than in those cultured on MEFs. In addition, DNMT1-silenced human iPS cells were able to maintain pluripotency over long-term culture on MEFs. In combination, these results suggest that endogenous DNMT1 expression in human iPS cells may be regulated by HuAEC feeder cells and that Nanog and Oct4 are crucial components required for the maintenance of iPS cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state, capable of self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135
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15
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Chiou SS, Wang SSW, Wu DC, Lin YC, Kao LP, Kuo KK, Wu CC, Chai CY, Lin CLS, Lee CY, Liao YM, Wuputra K, Yang YH, Wang SW, Ku CC, Nakamura Y, Saito S, Hasegawa H, Yamaguchi N, Miyoshi H, Lin CS, Eckner R, Yokoyama KK. Control of Oxidative Stress and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-like Cells by Jun Dimerization Protein 2. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:959-84. [PMID: 24202329 PMCID: PMC3795374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) plays a critical role as a cofactor for the transcription factors nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and MafK in the regulation of the antioxidants and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). JDP2 associates with Nrf2 and MafK (Nrf2-MafK) to increase the transcription of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. Oxidative-stress-inducing reagent led to an increase in the intracellular accumulation of ROS and cell proliferation in Jdp2 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In Jdp2-Cre mice mated with reporter mice, the expression of JDP2 was restricted to granule cells in the brain cerebellum. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-like cells were generated from DAOY medulloblastoma cell by introduction of JDP2, and the defined factor OCT4. iPSC-like cells expressed stem cell-like characteristics including alkaline phosphatase activity and some stem cell markers. However, such iPSC-like cells also proliferated rapidly, became neoplastic, and potentiated cell malignancy at a later stage in SCID mice. This study suggests that medulloblastoma cells can be reprogrammed successfully by JDP2 and OCT4 to become iPSC-like cells. These cells will be helpful for studying the generation of cancer stem cells and ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Sheng-Wen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Pin Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-H.Y.)
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Cheng-Lung Steve Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Ya-Han Yang
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-H.Y.)
| | - Shin-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi 329-1571, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; E-Mails: (H.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; E-Mails: (H.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Chang-Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
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16
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Capturing epidermal stemness for regenerative medicine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:937-44. [PMID: 23036530 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The skin is privileged because several skin-derived stem cells (epithelial stem cells from epidermis and its appendages, mesenchymal stem cells from dermis and subcutis, melanocyte stem cells) can be efficiently captured for therapeutic use. Main indications remain the permanent coverage of extensive third degree burns and healing of chronic cutaneous wounds, but recent advances in gene therapy technology open the door to the treatment of disabling inherited skin diseases with genetically corrected keratinocyte stem cells. Therapeutic skin stem cells that were initially cultured in research or hospital laboratories must be produced according strict regulatory guidelines, which ensure patients and medical teams that the medicinal cell products are safe, of constant quality and manufactured according to state-of-the art technology. Nonetheless, it does not warrant clinical efficacy and permanent engraftment of autologous stem cells remains variable. There are many challenges ahead to improve efficacy among which to keep telomere-dependent senescence and telomere-independent senescence (clonal conversion) to a minimum in cell culture and to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in engraftment. Finally, medicinal stem cells are expansive to produce and reimbursement of costs by health insurances is a major concern in many countries.
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17
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Rocha CRR, Lerner LK, Okamoto OK, Marchetto MC, Menck CFM. The role of DNA repair in the pluripotency and differentiation of human stem cells. Mutat Res 2012; 752:25-35. [PMID: 23010441 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All living cells utilize intricate DNA repair mechanisms to address numerous types of DNA lesions and to preserve genomic integrity, and pluripotent stem cells have specific needs due to their remarkable ability of self-renewal and differentiation into different functional cell types. Not surprisingly, human stem cells possess a highly efficient DNA repair network that becomes less efficient upon differentiation. Moreover, these cells also have an anaerobic metabolism, which reduces the mitochondria number and the likelihood of oxidative stress, which is highly related to genomic instability. If DNA lesions are not repaired, human stem cells easily undergo senescence, cell death or differentiation, as part of their DNA damage response, avoiding the propagation of stem cells carrying mutations and genomic alterations. Interestingly, cancer stem cells and typical stem cells share not only the differentiation potential but also their capacity to respond to DNA damage, with important implications for cancer therapy using genotoxic agents. On the other hand, the preservation of the adult stem cell pool, and the ability of cells to deal with DNA damage, is essential for normal development, reducing processes of neurodegeneration and premature aging, as one can observe on clinical phenotypes of many human genetic diseases with defects in DNA repair processes. Finally, several recent findings suggest that DNA repair also plays a fundamental role in maintaining the pluripotency and differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells, as well as that of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. DNA repair processes also seem to be necessary for the reprogramming of human cells when iPS cells are produced. Thus, the understanding of how cultured pluripotent stem cells ensure the genetic stability are highly relevant for their safe therapeutic application, at the same time that cellular therapy is a hope for DNA repair deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508 900, Brazil
| | - Leticia Koch Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508 900, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Marchetto
- Laboratory of Genetics (LOG-G), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508 900, Brazil.
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18
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Dereure O. [Stem cells in dermatology: concept and medical interest]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139:568-78. [PMID: 22963970 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Dereure
- Service de dermatologie, Inserm U1058, université Montpellier-I, hôpital St-Éloi, 80, avenue A.-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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19
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Bernhardt M, Galach M, Novak D, Utikal J. Mediators of induced pluripotency and their role in cancer cells - current scientific knowledge and future perspectives. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:810-21. [PMID: 22589234 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that overexpression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc reprograms differentiated cells into "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPSCs) has extended our understanding of mechanisms required to maintain stem cell pluripotency and to drive differentiation. Subsequently, additional factors have been discovered that are able to induce a pluripotent state. Recently several groups have succeeded in reprogramming cancer cells to iPSC-like induced pluripotent cancer cells by use of the method established for the generation of iPSCs. This discovery highlighted several striking similarities between pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells, in turn implying that tumorigenesis and reprogramming are partly promoted by overlapping mechanisms. Thus, research on reprogramming might help unravel the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and vice versa. This review gives an overview of the common features of pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells and summarizes the present state of knowledge in the field of cancer cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Lowenthal J, Lipnick S, Rao M, Hull SC. Specimen collection for induced pluripotent stem cell research: harmonizing the approach to informed consent. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197820 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have elicited excitement in both the scientific and ethics communities for their potential to advance basic and translational research. They have been hailed as an alternative to derivation from embryos that provides a virtually unlimited source of pluripotent stem cells for research and therapeutic applications. However, research with iPSCs is ethically complex, uniquely encompassing the concerns associated with genomics, immortalized cell lines, transplantation, human reproduction, and biobanking. Prospective donation of tissue specimens for iPSC research thus requires an approach to informed consent that is constructed for this context. Even in the nascent stages of this field, approaches to informed consent have been variable in ways that threaten the simultaneous goals of protecting donors and safeguarding future research and translation, and investigators are seeking guidance. We address this need by providing concrete recommendations for informed consent that balance the perspectives of a variety of stakeholders. Our work combines analysis of consent form language collected from investigators worldwide with a conceptual balancing of normative ethical concerns, policy precedents, and scientific realities. Our framework asks people to consent prospectively to a broad umbrella of foreseeable research, including future therapeutic applications, with recontact possible in limited circumstances. We argue that the long-term goals of regenerative medicine, interest in sharing iPSC lines, and uncertain landscape of future research all would be served by a framework of ongoing communication with donors. Our approach balances the goals of iPSC and regenerative medicine researchers with the interests of individual research participants.
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21
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Liu T, Zou G, Gao Y, Zhao X, Wang H, Huang Q, Jiang L, Guo L, Cheng W. High efficiency of reprogramming CD34⁺ cells derived from human amniotic fluid into induced pluripotent stem cells with Oct4. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2322-32. [PMID: 22264161 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many techniques can be used to generate multitype-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from multitype seed cells, improving the efficiency and shortening the period of cell reprogramming remain troublesome issues. In this study, to generate iPS cells, CD34⁺ cells, isolated from human amniotic fluid cells (HuAFCs) by flow cytometry, were infected with retroviruses carrying only one reprogramming factor (Oct4) and cultured on human amniotic epithelial cell (HuAEC) feeder layers. Approximately 4 to 5 days after viral infection, some embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies appeared among the feeder cells. These colonies were positive for alkaline phosphatase and expressed high levels of ESC pluripotent markers (Nanog, Sox2, Oct4, CD133, and Rex1). Moreover, these iPS cells exhibited high levels of telomerase activity and had normal karyotypes. Additionally, these cells could differentiate into cell types from all 3 germ layers in vivo and in teratomas. In summary, we report a novel way of iPS generation that uses CD34⁺ HuAFCs as seed cells. Using this method, we can generate human iPS cells with greater efficiency and safety (the oncogenic factors, c-Myc and Klf4, were not used), and using the minimum number of reprogramming factors (only one factor, Oct4). Besides, HuAECs were used as feeder layers to culture human iPS cells, which could not only avoid contamination with heterogeneous proteins, but also maintain iPS cells in a self-renewing and undifferentiated state for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Liu T, Chen Q, Huang Y, Huang Q, Jiang L, Guo L. Low microRNA-199a expression in human amniotic epithelial cell feeder layers maintains human-induced pluripotent stem cell pluripotency via increased leukemia inhibitory factor expression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:197-206. [PMID: 22285730 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells share the same key properties as embryonic stem cells, and may be generated from patient- or disease-specific sources, which makes them attractive for personalized medicine, drug screens, or cellular therapy. Long-term cultivation and maintenance of normal iPS cells in an undifferentiated self-renewing state is a major challenge. Our previous studies have shown that human amniotic epithelial cells (HuAECs) could provide a good source of feeder cells for mouse and human embryonic stem cells, or spermatogonial stem cells, as they express endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) at high levels. Here, we examined the effect of exogenous microRNA-199a regulation on endogenous LIF expression in HuAECs, and in turn on human iPS cell pluripotency. We found that HuAECs feeder cells transfected with microRNA-199a mutant expressed LIF at high levels, allowing iPS to maintain a high level of alkaline phosphatase activity in long-term culture and form teratomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The expression of stem cell markers was increased in iPS cultured on HuAECs feeder cells transfected with the microRNA-199a mutant, compared with iPS cultured on HuAECs transfected with microRNA-199a or mouse embryo fibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggested that LIF expression might be regulated by microRNA-199a, and LIF was a crucial component in feeder cells, and also was required for maintenance of human iPS cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state capable of self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Abstract
Rapid advances in next-generation sequencing technology are revolutionizing approaches to genomic and epigenomic studies of skin. Deep sequencing of cutaneous malignancies reveals heavily mutagenized genomes with large numbers of low-prevalence mutations and multiple resistance mechanisms to targeted therapies. Next-generation sequencing approaches have already paid rich dividends in identifying the genetic causes of dermatologic disease, both in heritable mutations and the somatic aberrations that underlie cutaneous mosaicism. Although epigenetic alterations clearly influence tumorigenesis, pluripotent stem cell biology, and epidermal cell lineage decisions, labor and cost-intensive approaches long delayed a genome-scale perspective. New insights into epigenomic mechanisms in skin disease should arise from the accelerating assessment of histone modification, DNA methylation, and related gene expression signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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24
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Human amniotic epithelial cell feeder layers maintain human iPS cell pluripotency via inhibited endogenous microRNA-145 and increased Sox2 expression. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:424-34. [PMID: 22200372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were generated from patient or disease-specific sources and share the same key properties as embryonic stem cells. This makes them attractive for personalized medicine, drug screens or cellular therapy. Long-term cultivation and maintenance of normal iPS cells in an undifferentiated self-renewing state are a major challenge. Our previous studies have shown that human amniotic epithelial cells (HuAECs) could provide a good source of feeder cells for mouse and human embryonic stem cells, or spermatogonial stem cells, but the mechanism for this is unknown. Here, we examined the effect of endogenous microRNA-145 regulation on Sox2 expression in human iPS cells by HuAECs feeder cells regulation, and in turn on human iPS cells pluripotency. We found that human IPS cells transfected with a microRNA-145 mutant expressed Sox2 at high levels, allowing iPS to maintain a high level of AP activity in long-term culture and form teratomas in SCID mice. Expression of stem cell markers was increased in iPS transfected with the microRNA-145 mutant, compared with iPS was transfected with microRNA-145. Besides, the expression of Drosha proteins of the microRNA-processor complex, required for the generation of precursor pre-miRNA, was significantly increased in human iPS cells cultured on MEF but not on HuAECs. Taken together, these results suggest that endogenous Sox2 expression may be regulated by microRNA-145 in human iPS cells with HuAECs feeder cells, and Sox2 is a crucial component required for maintenance of them in an undifferentiated, proliferative state capable of self-renewal.
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