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Zhang W, Patterson NH, Verbeeck N, Moore JL, Ly A, Caprioli RM, De Moor B, Norris JL, Claesen M. Multimodal MALDI imaging mass spectrometry for improved diagnosis of melanoma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304709. [PMID: 38820337 PMCID: PMC11142536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) provides promising avenues to augment histopathological investigation with rich spatio-molecular information. We have previously developed a classification model to differentiate melanoma from nevi lesions based on IMS protein data, a task that is challenging solely by histopathologic evaluation. Most IMS-focused studies collect microscopy in tandem with IMS data, but this microscopy data is generally omitted in downstream data analysis. Microscopy, nevertheless, forms the basis for traditional histopathology and thus contains invaluable morphological information. In this work, we developed a multimodal classification pipeline that uses deep learning, in the form of a pre-trained artificial neural network, to extract the meaningful morphological features from histopathological images, and combine it with the IMS data. To test whether this deep learning-based classification strategy can improve on our previous results in classification of melanocytic neoplasia, we utilized MALDI IMS data with collected serial H&E stained sections for 331 patients, and compared this multimodal classification pipeline to classifiers using either exclusively microscopy or IMS data. The multimodal pipeline achieved the best performance, with ROC-AUCs of 0.968 vs. 0.938 vs. 0.931 for the multimodal, unimodal microscopy and unimodal IMS pipelines respectively. Due to the use of a pre-trained network to perform the morphological feature extraction, this pipeline does not require any training on large amounts of microscopy data. As such, this framework can be readily applied to improve classification performance in other experimental settings where microscopy data is acquired in tandem with IMS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Zhang
- STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing, and Data Analytics, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Aspect Analytics NV, Genk, Belgium
| | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Jessica L. Moore
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alice Ly
- Aspect Analytics NV, Genk, Belgium
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bart De Moor
- STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing, and Data Analytics, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeremy L. Norris
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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2
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Maciel LÍL, Bernardo RA, Martins RO, Batista Junior AC, Oliveira JVA, Chaves AR, Vaz BG. Desorption electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization as imaging approaches for biological samples analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04783-8. [PMID: 37329466 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The imaging of biological tissues can offer valuable information about the sample composition, which improves the understanding of analyte distribution in such complex samples. Different approaches using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), also known as imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), enabled the visualization of the distribution of numerous metabolites, drugs, lipids, and glycans in biological samples. The high sensitivity and multiple analyte evaluation/visualization in a single sample provided by MSI methods lead to various advantages and overcome drawbacks of classical microscopy techniques. In this context, the application of MSI methods, such as desorption electrospray ionization-MSI (DESI-MSI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MSI (MALDI-MSI), has significantly contributed to this field. This review discusses the evaluation of exogenous and endogenous molecules in biological samples using DESI and MALDI imaging. It offers rare technical insights not commonly found in the literature (scanning speed and geometric parameters), making it a comprehensive guide for applying these techniques step-by-step. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth discussion of recent research findings on using these methods to study biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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3
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Al-Rohil RN, Moore JL, Patterson NH, Nicholson S, Verbeeck N, Claesen M, Muhammad JZ, Caprioli RM, Norris JL, Kantrow S, Compton M, Robbins J, Alomari AK. Diagnosis of melanoma by imaging mass spectrometry: Development and validation of a melanoma prediction model. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 48:1455-1462. [PMID: 34151458 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The definitive diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasia using solely histopathologic evaluation can be challenging. Novel techniques that objectively confirm diagnoses are needed. This study details the development and validation of a melanoma prediction model from spatially resolved multivariate protein expression profiles generated by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). METHODS Three board-certified dermatopathologists blindly evaluated 333 samples. Samples with triply concordant diagnoses were included in this study, divided into a training set (n = 241) and a test set (n = 92). Both the training and test sets included various representative subclasses of unambiguous nevi and melanomas. A prediction model was developed from the training set using a linear support vector machine classification model. RESULTS We validated the prediction model on the independent test set of 92 specimens (75 classified correctly, 2 misclassified, and 15 indeterminate). IMS detects melanoma with a sensitivity of 97.6% and a specificity of 96.4% when evaluating each unique spot. IMS predicts melanoma at the sample level with a sensitivity of 97.3% and a specificity of 97.5%. Indeterminate results were excluded from sensitivity and specificity calculations. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that IMS-based proteomics results are highly concordant to diagnostic results obtained by careful histopathologic evaluation from a panel of expert dermatopathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami N Al-Rohil
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard M Caprioli
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy L Norris
- Frontier Diagnostics, LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sara Kantrow
- Pathology Associates of Saint Thomas, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margaret Compton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason Robbins
- Pathology Associates of Saint Thomas, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ahmed K Alomari
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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4
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Jayathirtha M, Dupree EJ, Manzoor Z, Larose B, Sechrist Z, Neagu AN, Petre BA, Darie CC. Mass Spectrometric (MS) Analysis of Proteins and Peptides. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 22:92-120. [PMID: 32713333 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200726223336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is sequenced and comprised of ~30,000 genes, making humans just a little bit more complicated than worms or flies. However, complexity of humans is given by proteins that these genes code for because one gene can produce many proteins mostly through alternative splicing and tissue-dependent expression of particular proteins. In addition, post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins greatly increase the number of gene products or protein isoforms. Furthermore, stable and transient interactions between proteins, protein isoforms/proteoforms and PTM-ed proteins (protein-protein interactions, PPI) add yet another level of complexity in humans and other organisms. In the past, all of these proteins were analyzed one at the time. Currently, they are analyzed by a less tedious method: mass spectrometry (MS) for two reasons: 1) because of the complexity of proteins, protein PTMs and PPIs and 2) because MS is the only method that can keep up with such a complex array of features. Here, we discuss the applications of mass spectrometry in protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Jayathirtha
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Emmalyn J Dupree
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Zaen Manzoor
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Brianna Larose
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Zach Sechrist
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Brindusa Alina Petre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania, Center for Fundamental Research and Experimental Development in Translation Medicine - TRANSCEND, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, United States
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5
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Hussan JR, Hunter PJ. Our natural "makeup" reveals more than it hides: Modeling the skin and its microbiome. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1497. [PMID: 32539232 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Skin is our primary interface with the environment. A structurally and functionally complex organ that hosts a dynamic ecosystem of microbes, and synthesizes many compounds that affect our well-being and psychosocial interactions. It is a natural platform of signal exchange between internal organs, skin resident microbes, and the environment. These interactions have gained a great deal of attention due to the increased prevalence of atopic diseases, and the co-occurrence of multiple allergic diseases related to allergic sensitization in early life. Despite significant advances in experimentally characterizing the skin, its microbial ecology, and disease phenotypes, high-levels of variability in these characteristics even for the same clinical phenotype are observed. Addressing this variability and resolving the relevant biological processes requires a systems approach. This review presents some of our current understanding of the skin, skin-immune, skin-neuroendocrine, skin-microbiome interactions, and computer-based modeling approaches to simulate this ecosystem in the context of health and disease. The review highlights the need for a systems-based understanding of this sophisticated ecosystem. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Computational Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagir R Hussan
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Hunter
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Ma J, Xu S, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu M, Jin L, Wu M, Qian D, Li X, Zhen Q, Guo H, Gao J, Yang S, Zhang X. Noninvasive analysis of skin proteins in healthy Chinese subjects using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:424-433. [PMID: 30657212 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Shuangjun Xu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Yaochi Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Ling Jin
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mingshun Wu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Danfeng Qian
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xueying Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological TechnologyAnhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
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7
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Neagu AN. Proteome Imaging: From Classic to Modern Mass Spectrometry-Based Molecular Histology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:55-98. [PMID: 31347042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of classic imaging in Histology during the actually era of multiomics, the multi-color "molecular microscope" by its emerging "molecular pictures" offers quantitative and spatial information about thousands of molecular profiles without labeling of potential targets. Healthy and diseased human tissues, as well as those of diverse invertebrate and vertebrate animal models, including genetically engineered species and cultured cells, can be easily analyzed by histology-directed MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. The aims of this review are to discuss a range of proteomic information emerging from MALDI mass spectrometry imaging comparative to classic histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, with applications in biology and medicine, concerning the detection and distribution of structural proteins and biological active molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and proteins, allergens, neurotransmitters and hormones, enzymes, growth factors, toxins and others. The molecular imaging is very well suited for discovery and validation of candidate protein biomarkers in neuroproteomics, oncoproteomics, aging and age-related diseases, parasitoproteomics, forensic, and ecotoxicology. Additionally, in situ proteome imaging may help to elucidate the physiological and pathological mechanisms involved in developmental biology, reproductive research, amyloidogenesis, tumorigenesis, wound healing, neural network regeneration, matrix mineralization, apoptosis and oxidative stress, pain tolerance, cell cycle and transformation under oncogenic stress, tumor heterogeneity, behavior and aggressiveness, drugs bioaccumulation and biotransformation, organism's reaction against environmental penetrating xenobiotics, immune signaling, assessment of integrity and functionality of tissue barriers, behavioral biology, and molecular origins of diseases. MALDI MSI is certainly a valuable tool for personalized medicine and "Eco-Evo-Devo" integrative biology in the current context of global environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
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8
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Dai Y, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Yin L, Zhang X, Chen Y, Cai X. Screening of differentially expressed proteins in psoriasis vulgaris by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3369-3374. [PMID: 29042920 PMCID: PMC5639297 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate differentially expressed proteins in lesional tissues of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and normal tissues. Lesional skin tissues were collected from PV patients, along with normal skin tissues from healthy individuals. The protein content of the samples was extracted and then separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE). Any proteins that were differentially expressed in the lesional skin of PV patients compared with the healthy controls were analyzed by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. In the stratum corneum and dermis of PV patients, the total number of proteins identified by 2-DGE was 1,969±21 and 1,928±49, respectively. Of these, 30 proteins were differentially expressed in the PV patients, of which 14 were identified as: Type 1 keratin cytoskeleton proteins (including K1C10, K1C14, K1C15 and K1C16); the type 2 keratin cytoskeleton protein, K2C1; actin-associated proteins (including ARP3, ACTA and ACTBM); prohibitin; heat shock proteins (HSPB1 and CH60); centrosome protein, CP135; and membrane associated proteins (including ANXA4 and ANXA5). The differential expression of protein between PV lesions and normal tissue can be considered as pathological biomarker. Elucidating the abnormal regulation of these proteins can provide mechanism of the development of PV and may contribute to significant approaches for PV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Dai
- Department of Dermatology, 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qingrui Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Dermatology, 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xinze Cai
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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9
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MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) of skin: Aspects of sample preparation. Talanta 2017; 174:325-335. [PMID: 28738588 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) allows molecular analysis of biological materials making possible the identification and localization of molecules in tissues, and has been applied to address many questions on skin pathophysiology, as well as on studies about drug absorption and metabolism. Sample preparation for MALDI IMS is the most important part of the workflow, comprising specimen collection and preservation, tissue embedding, cryosectioning, washing, and matrix application. These steps must be carefully optimized for specific analytes of interest (lipids, proteins, drugs, etc.), representing a challenge for skin analysis. In this review, critical parameters for MALDI IMS sample preparation of skin samples will be described. In addition, specific applications of MALDI IMS of skin samples will be presented including wound healing, neoplasia, and infection.
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10
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Taverna D, Mignogna C, Gabriele C, Santise G, Donato G, Cuda G, Gaspari M. An optimized procedure for on-tissue localized protein digestion and quantification using hydrogel discs and isobaric mass tags: analysis of cardiac myxoma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2919-2930. [PMID: 28190108 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An optimized workflow for multiplexed and spatially localized on-tissue quantitative protein analysis is here presented. The method is based on the use of an enzyme delivery platform, a polymeric hydrogel disc, allowing for a localized digestion directly onto the tissue surface coupled with an isobaric mass tag strategy for peptide labeling and relative quantification. The digestion occurs within such hydrogels, followed by peptide solvent extraction and identification by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Since this is a histology-directed on-tissue analysis, multiple hydrogels were placed onto morphologically and spatially different regions of interest (ROIs) within the tissue surface, e.g., cardiac myxoma tumor vascularized region and the adjacent hypocellular area. After a microwave digestion step (2 min), enzymatically cleaved peptides were labeled using TMT reagents with isobaric mass tags, enabling analysis of multiple samples per experiment. Thus, N = 8 hydrogel-digested samples from cardiac myxoma serial tissue sections (N = 4 from the vascularized ROIs and N = 4 from the adjacent hypocellular areas) were processed and then combined before a single LC-MS/MS analysis. Regulated proteins from both cardiac myxoma regions were assayed in a single experiment. Graphical abstract The workflow for histology-guided on-tissue localized protein digestion followed by isobaric mass tagging and LC-MS/MS analysis for proteins quantification is here summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Research Center for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Gabriele
- Research Center for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Santise
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Via Pio X, 111, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Research Center for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Gaspari
- Research Center for Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Loc. Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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11
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Taverna D, Pollins AC, Sindona G, Caprioli RM, Nanney LB. Imaging mass spectrometry for accessing molecular changes during burn wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:775-785. [PMID: 27256813 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal analysis of the proteomic profile during human wound healing is a critical investigative step that can establish the complex interplay of molecular events that comprise the local response to burn injury. Partial-thickness wound samples with adjacent "normal" skin were collected from twenty-one patients with burn wounds and examined across a time spectrum ranging from the acute injury period at 3, 6, 11 days to the later hypertrophic scar period at 7 and 15 months. The techniques used for histology-directed tissue analyses highlighted inflammatory protein markers at the early time points after injury with diminished expression as burn wounds progressed into the proliferative phase. The datasets show the usefulness of MALDI MS and imaging mass spectrometry as discovery approaches to identify and map the cutaneous molecular sequence that is activated in response to the unique systemic inflammatory response following burn trauma. This information has the potential to define the unique factors that predispose human burn victims to disfiguring hypertrophic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Della Calabria, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy. .,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Alonda C Pollins
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Della Calabria, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lillian B Nanney
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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12
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Prentice BM, Caprioli RM. The Need for Speed in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2016; 4:3-13. [PMID: 27570788 PMCID: PMC4996283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has emerged as a powerful analytical tool enabling the direct molecular mapping of many types of tissue. Specifically, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI) represents one of the most broadly applicable IMS technologies. In recent years, advances in solid state laser technology, mass spectrometry instrumentation, computer technology, and experimental methodology have produced IMS systems capable of unprecedented data acquisition speeds (>50 pixels/second). In applications of this technology, throughput is an important consideration when designing an IMS experiment. As IMS becomes more widely adopted, continual improvements in experimental setups will be important to address biologically and clinically relevant time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boone M. Prentice
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Mass Spectrometry Research Center Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Mass Spectrometry Research Center Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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13
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de Macedo CS, Anderson DM, Pascarelli BM, Spraggins JM, Sarno EN, Schey KL, Pessolani MCV. MALDI imaging reveals lipid changes in the skin of leprosy patients before and after multidrug therapy (MDT). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1374-85. [PMID: 26634971 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy still represents a health problem in several countries. Affecting skin and peripheral nerves, it may lead to permanent disabilities. Disturbances on skin lipid metabolism in leprosy were already observed; however, the localization and distribution of lipids could not be accessed. The role of lipids on infectious disease has been fully addressed only recently, as they directly influence immune response. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry provides a powerful tool to localize and identify lipids in tissues. The aim of this work was to study and compare the changes in lipid distribution of skin biopsies taken from leprosy patients before and after multidrug therapy (MDT). Different species of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine were detected. Differences in skin lipid signal intensities, as well as in their localization, were observed before and after MDT in every patient. In general, lipid distribution in the skin after MDT had a pattern similar to control skin samples, where most of the lipids were located in the upper part of the dermis and epidermis. This study opens paths to a better understanding of lipid functions in leprosy pathogenesis and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana S de Macedo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) - Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David M Anderson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bernardo M Pascarelli
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) - Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) - Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria Cristina V Pessolani
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) - Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Taverna D, Pollins AC, Nanney LB, Sindona G, Caprioli RM. Histology-guided protein digestion/extraction from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded pressure ulcer biopsies. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:143-6. [PMID: 26440596 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present a simple, reproducible and versatile approach for in situ protein digestion and identification on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. This adaptation is based on the use of an enzyme delivery platform (hydrogel discs) that can be positioned on the surface of a tissue section. By simultaneous deposition of multiple hydrogels over select regions of interest within the same tissue section, multiple peptide extracts can be obtained from discrete histological areas. After enzymatic digestion, the hydrogel extracts are submitted for LC-MS/MS analysis followed by database inquiry for protein identification. Further, imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is used to reveal the spatial distribution of the identified peptides within a serial tissue section. Optimization was achieved using cutaneous tissue from surgically excised pressure ulcers that were subdivided into two prime regions of interest: the wound bed and the adjacent dermal area. The robust display of tryptic peptides within these spectral analyses of histologically defined tissue regions suggests that LC-MS/MS in combination with IMS can serve as useful exploratory tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alonda C Pollins
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lillian B Nanney
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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15
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Abstract
Pharmacodynamics and toxicodynamics are the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of therapeutic agents and toxicants and their mechanisms of action. MALDI-MS imaging offers great potential for the study of pharmaco/toxicodynamic responses in tissue owing is its ability to study multiple biomarkers simultaneously in a label-free manner. Here, existing examples of such studies examining anticancer drugs and topically applied treatments are described. Examination of the literature shows that the use of MS imaging in pharmaco/toxicodynamic studies is in fact quite low. The reasons for this are discussed and potential developments in the methodology that might lead to its further use are described.
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16
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Taverna D, Boraldi F, De Santis G, Caprioli RM, Quaglino D. Histology-directed and imaging mass spectrometry: An emerging technology in ectopic calcification. Bone 2015; 74:83-94. [PMID: 25595835 PMCID: PMC4355241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to demonstrate the potential of an optimized histology directed protein identification combined with imaging mass spectrometry technology to reveal and identify molecules associated to ectopic calcification in human tissue. As a proof of concept, mineralized and non-mineralized areas were compared within the same dermal tissue obtained from a patient affected by Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a genetic disorder characterized by calcification only at specific sites of soft connective tissues. Data have been technically validated on a contralateral dermal tissue from the same subject and compared with those from control healthy skin. Results demonstrate that this approach 1) significantly reduces the effects generated by techniques that, disrupting tissue organization, blend data from affected and unaffected areas; 2) demonstrates that, abolishing differences due to inter-individual variability, mineralized and non-mineralized areas within the same sample have a specific protein profile and have a different distribution of molecules; and 3) avoiding the bias of focusing on already known molecules, reveals a number of proteins that have been never related to the disease nor to the calcification process, thus paving the way for the selection of new molecules to be validated as pathogenic or as potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgio De Santis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology and Chemistry and the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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17
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Evaluation of dermal extracellular matrix and epidermal-dermal junction modifications using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging, in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy, echography, and histology: effect of age and pepti. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 14:152-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Taverna D, Pollins AC, Sindona G, Caprioli RM, Nanney LB. Imaging mass spectrometry for assessing cutaneous wound healing: analysis of pressure ulcers. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:986-96. [PMID: 25488653 PMCID: PMC4324443 DOI: 10.1021/pr5010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Imaging
mass spectrometry (IMS) was employed for the analysis of
frozen skin biopsies to investigate the differences between stage
IV pressure ulcers that remain stalled, stagnant, and unhealed versus
those exhibiting clinical and histological signs of improvement. Our
data reveal a rich diversity of proteins that are dynamically modulated,
and we selectively highlight a family of calcium binding proteins
(S-100 molecules) including calcyclin (S100-A6), calgranulins A (S100-A8)
and B (S100-A9), and calgizzarin (S100-A11). IMS allowed us to target
three discrete regions of interest: the wound bed, adjacent dermis,
and hypertrophic epidermis. Plots derived using unsupervised principal
component analysis of the global protein signatures within these three
spatial niches indicate that these data from wound signatures have
potential as a prognostic tool since they appear to delineate wounds
that are favorably responding to therapeutic interventions versus
those that remain stagnant or intractable in their healing status.
Our discovery-based approach with IMS augments current knowledge of
the molecular signatures within pressure ulcers while providing a
rationale for a focused examination of the role of calcium modulators
within the context of impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria , Via P. Bucci, cubo 12/D, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, 87036, Italy
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19
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Taverna D, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Histology-directed microwave assisted enzymatic protein digestion for MALDI MS analysis of mammalian tissue. Anal Chem 2014; 87:670-6. [PMID: 25427280 PMCID: PMC4287167 DOI: 10.1021/ac503479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
This study presents on-tissue proteolytic
digestion using a microwave
irradiation and peptide extraction method for in situ analysis of proteins from spatially defined regions of a tissue
section. The methodology utilizes hydrogel discs (1 mm diameter) embedded
with trypsin solution. The enzyme-laced hydrogel discs are applied
to a tissue section, directing enzymatic digestion to a spatially
confined area of the tissue. By applying microwave radiation, protein
digestion is performed in 2 min on-tissue, and the extracted peptides
are then analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass
spectrometry (MALDI MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS). The reliability and reproducibility of the microwave assisted
hydrogel mediated on-tissue digestion is demonstrated by the comparison
with other on-tissue digestion strategies, including comparisons with
conventional heating and in-solution digestion. LC-MS/MS data were
evaluated considering the number of identified proteins as well as
the number of protein groups and distinct peptides. The results of
this study demonstrate that rapid and reliable protein digestion can
be performed on a single thin tissue section while preserving the
relationship between the molecular information obtained and the tissue
architecture, and the resulting peptides can be extracted in sufficient
abundance to permit analysis using LC-MS/MS. This approach will be
most useful for samples that have limited availability but are needed
for multiple analyses, especially for the correlation of proteomics
data with histology and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Department of Chemistry and Technological Chemistry, University of Calabria , Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
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20
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Cillero-Pastor B, Heeren RMA. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Peptide and Protein Analyses: A Critical Review of On-Tissue Digestion. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:325-35. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Cillero-Pastor
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Biomolecular Imaging Mass Spectrometry (BIMS), AMOLF Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Biomolecular Imaging Mass Spectrometry (BIMS), AMOLF Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Analysis of tissue specimens by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry in biological and clinical research. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2309-42. [PMID: 23394164 PMCID: PMC3624074 DOI: 10.1021/cr3004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Norris
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
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22
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Vincenti DC, Murray GI. The proteomics of formalin-fixed wax-embedded tissue. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:546-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Enthaler B, Trusch M, Fischer M, Rapp C, Pruns JK, Vietzke JP. MALDI imaging in human skin tissue sections: focus on various matrices and enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1159-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Taverna D, Nanney LB, Pollins AC, Sindona G, Caprioli R. Multiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry. Wound Repair Regen 2011; 19:734-44. [PMID: 22092844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2011.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of impaired healing within pressure ulcers remains poorly characterized and rarely examined. We describe the results of a pilot study that applies matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry technology for direct tissue analysis to evaluate proteomic signatures ranging from 2 to 20 kDa and phospholipids from 300-1,200 Da in focal regions within the wound microenvironment. Distinguishing molecular differences were apparent between upper vs. lower regions of ulcers and further contrasted against adjacent dermis and epidermal margins using protein profiles, ion density maps, principal component analysis and significant analysis of microarrays. Several proteins previously uncharacterized in pressure ulcers, the α-defensins (human neutrophil peptide [HNP]-1, -2, -3), are potential markers indicating whether the wound status is improving or being prolonged in a deleterious, chronic state. Thymosin β4 appears to be a favorable protein marker showing higher relative levels in adjacent dermis and maturing areas of the wound bed. Lipidomic examination revealed the presence of major lipid classes: glycerophosphocholines, glycerophosphoglycerols, glycerophosphoinositols, and triacylglycerols. Our pilot data examined from either a global perspective using proteomic or lipidomic signatures or as individual distributions reveal that imaging mass spectrometry technology can be effectively used for discovery and spatial mapping of molecular disturbances within the microenvironment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Taverna
- Department of Chemistry, Universita' della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cs, Italy
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