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Yin J, Xiao W, Zhao Q, Sun J, Zhou W, Zhao W. MicroRNA-582-3p regulates osteoporosis through regulating homeobox A10 and osteoblast differentiation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:421-428. [PMID: 35285389 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2052895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedic, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR. China
| | - Qingbin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR. China
| | - Jungang Sun
- Department of Orthopedic, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR. China
| | - Wenzheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR. China
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Fang J, Wang D, Hu F, Li X, Zou X, Xie J, Zhou Z. Strontium mineralized silk fibroin porous microcarriers with enhanced osteogenesis as injectable bone tissue engineering vehicles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112354. [PMID: 34474902 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, silk fibroin (SF) porous microcarriers containing strontium were constructed as injectable bone tissue engineering vehicles. The effects of SF concentration and strontium content on micromorphology, element distribution, strontium ion release and cellular behavior of the constructed microcarriers were investigated. The microcarriers with an open interconnected pore can be fabricated by controlling the concentration of SF. The strontium functionalized SF microcarriers showed the sustained release of strontium ion and allowed bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to attach, proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the strontium functionalized SF microcarriers improved the osteogenic capability of BMSCs in vitro compared with those microcarriers without sustained release of strontium ion. This study presents a valuable approach to fabricate polymeric microcarriers with the capability of sustained release of strontium ion that show potential in bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China; College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China
| | - FangFang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China
| | - Xinru Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China
| | - Jinlu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, HuZhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China.
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Irisin Has a Protective Role against Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5570229. [PMID: 33997010 PMCID: PMC8096550 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in estrogen levels results in a decrease in bone density at menopause. Irisin is a myokine that modulates the benefits of exercise, which may include bone health. This study was planned to examine irisin's impact in preventing osteoporosis after ovariectomy. 4 groups of female albino rats (10 rats/group): control, sham-operated, ovariectomized (OVX-control), and OVX-irisin-treated. Serum levels of bone markers [osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), calcium (Ca++), phosphorus (P)], glucose, and insulin were being measured. Body mass index, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), dry and ash femur weight, and bone contents of Ca++ and P were investigated. The femur was examined histopathologically. The OVX-control group showed an increase in serum levels of OC, BALP, TRAP, calcium, phosphorus, BMI, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) and a reduction in dry and ash weight of the femur, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus content in bone ash (P < 0.05). The OVX-irisin-treated group exhibited a decrease in serum levels of OC, BALP and TRAP, calcium, phosphorus, BMI, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR (P < 0.05), and a rise in dry and ash weight of the femur, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in bone ash (P < 0.05). Histological examination of the distal femur diaphysis of the OVX-irisin-treated group exhibited proper bone architecture and density compared with that of the OVX-control group. It is concluded that irisin treatment in the OVX rats safeguarded the regular bone architecture and normal levels of serum bone biomarkers. Irisin may be a possible novel target in the prohibition of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Yang RB, Lin FF, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang MH, Lu QP, Xiao B, Liu Y, Zheng K, Qiu YR. Overexpression of CAV3 facilitates bone formation via the Wnt signaling pathway in osteoporotic rats. Endocrine 2019; 63:639-650. [PMID: 30430352 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density and bone strength, commonly observed among older individuals. Caveolin-3 (CAV3) is a principal structural protein of the caveolae membrane domains, which has been reported to participate in cell signaling as well as the maintenance of cell structure. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects involved with the silencing of CAV3 on bone formation among osteoporotic rat models via the Wnt signaling pathway. METHODS Osteoporosis was initially induced by means of ovariotomy among rat models in order to determine the expression of CAV3. Then, to confirm the specific function and mechanism of CAV3 from an osteoporosis perspective, the CAV3 expression vector was constructed and transfected into the osteoblasts of the osteoporotic rats. Afterward, the mRNA and protein expressions of CAV3, β-catenin, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), T-cell factor (TCF), and Wnt3a in addition to cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected accordingly. RESULTS Positive expression of CAV3 exhibited diminished levels in the bone tissues of osteoporotic rats. The osteoblasts of the osteoporotic rats treated with overexpressed CAV3 displayed elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, LRP5, TCF, and Wnt3a. Increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis were also observed, while the osteoblasts of the osteoporotic rats treated with si-CAV3 exhibited an opposite result. CONCLUSION Overexpressed CAV3 promotes bone formation and suppresses the osteoporosis progression via the activation of the Wnt signaling in rat models, suggesting CAV3 as a potential target biomarker in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Bao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Fei Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ping Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Rong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, P. R. China.
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Wu G, Zhang J, Chen W, Chen S, Huang Y, Lin R, Huang M, Li Z, Zheng L, Li X. Tougu Xiaotong capsule exerts a therapeutic effect on knee osteoarthritis by regulating subchondral bone remodeling. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1858-1866. [PMID: 30592265 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Tougu Xiaotong capsule (TGXTC) has therapeutic effects on knee osteoarthritis (OA) through multiple targets. However, the mechanisms of action underlying its regulation of subchondral bone reconstruction remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGXTC on subchondral bone remodeling. Eighteen six-month-old New Zealand white rabbits of average sex were randomly divided into the normal, model and TGXTC groups. The rabbit knee OA model was induced by a modified Hulth's method in the model and TGXTC groups, but not the normal group. Five weeks postoperatively, intragastric administration of TGXTC was performed for four weeks. After drug administration, the medial femoral condyle and tibia were prepared for observation of cartilage histology via optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography, the serum was collected for biochemical parameters assay and the subchondral bone isolated from the lateral femoral condyle was collected for detection of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that treatment with TGXTC significantly mitigated cartilage injury and subchondral bone damage, improved the parameter of subchondral trabecular bone, decreased alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, and significantly reducing the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio, reduced the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein. These results suggest that TGXTC could delay the pathological development of OA by regulating subchondral bone remodeling through regulation of bone formation and bone resorption and its relating inflammatory factors, and this may partly explain its clinical efficacy in the treatment of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Wenlie Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Sainan Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yunmei Huang
- National Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology (Cell Structure and Function), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Meiya Huang
- National Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology (Cell Structure and Function), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- National Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology (Cell Structure and Function), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Jeong HJ, Kim MH, Kim H, Kim HY, Nam SY, Han NR, Lee B, Cho H, Moon PD, Kim HM. PCE17 and its active compounds exert an anti-osteoporotic effect through the regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in ovariectomized mice. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Science & Technology; Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Baebang-eup; Asan Chungcheongnam-do 31499 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Computer Aided Mechanical Engineering; Sohae Collage; Gunsan Jeonbuk 573-717 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Nam
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- LG Household & Healthcare Research Park; Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hosong Cho
- LG Household & Healthcare Research Park; Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Effects of tanshinol on markers of bone turnover in ovariectomized rats and osteoblast cultures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181175. [PMID: 28746340 PMCID: PMC5528899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the role of tanshinol in osteoblastic cells, and the role in vivo using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. MC3T3-E1 cells were pretreated with 0–400 μg/mL tanshinol, and then cell viability, apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expressions of Collagen Type I Alpha 1 (Col1A1), Runt Related Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN) were respectively detected. Rats underwent OVX surgery was intervened with 5 mg/kg tanshinol or 25 μg/kg β-estradiol (E2) for 12 weeks. The triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), ALP, OCN and Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b) contents were measured. Besides, the expressions of main factors in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were detected. The results showed that tanshinol significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 cells viability and ALP activity, while inhibited apoptosis (P < 0.05); Col1A1, Runx2 and OCN were all up-regulated by tanshinol (P < 0.05). In OVX rats, the contents of TG, TC, LDL-C, ALP, OCN and TRACP-5b were all increased (P < 0.05), while HDL-C was decreased (P < 0.05). Tanshinol significantly alleviated these aberrant regulations (P < 0.05). Inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (IκBα) and p65 were both remarkably phosphorylated by OVX, while this phosphorylation was partially neutralized by tanshinol (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we demonstrated that tanshinol exerted a bone-protective function by modulating the markers of bone turnover possibly via blocking NF-κB pathway. This study will provide new evidence that tanshinol is a potential therapeutic option for the relief of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis.
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Kittivanichkul D, Charoenphandhu N, Khemawoot P, Malaivijitnond S. Pueraria mirifica alleviates cortical bone loss in naturally menopausal monkeys. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:121-133. [PMID: 27601445 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the in vitro and in vivo anti-osteoporotic effects of Pueraria mirifica (PM) in rodents have been verified, its activity in menopausal monkeys was evaluated as required before it can be applicable for human use. In this study, postmenopausal osteoporotic monkeys were divided into two groups (five per group), and fed daily with standard diet alone (PMP0 group) or diet mixed with 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of PM powder (PMP1000 group) for 16 months. Every 2 months, the bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone geometry parameters (cortical area and thickness and periosteal and endosteal circumference) at the distal radius and proximal tibia were determined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography together with plasma and urinary bone markers. Compared with the baseline (month 0) values, the cortical, but not trabecular, BMDs and BMCs and the cortical area and thickness at the metaphysis and diaphysis of the radius and tibia of the PMP0 group continuously decreased during the 16-month study period. In contrast, PMP1000 treatment ameliorated the bone loss mainly at the cortical diaphysis by decreasing bone turnover, as indicated by the lowered plasma bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels. Generally, changes in the cortical bone geometry were in the opposite direction to the cortical bone mass after PMP1000 treatment. This study indicated that postmenopausal monkeys continuously lose their cortical bone compartment, and they have a higher possibility for long bone fractures. Oral PMP treatment could improve both the bone quantity (BMC and BMD) and quality (bone geometry).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB)Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Primate Research Center of ThailandChulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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Jao HY, Hsu JD, Lee YR, Lo CS, Lee HJ. Mulberry water extract regulates the osteoblast/osteoclast balance in an ovariectomic rat model. Food Funct 2016; 7:4753-4763. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00852f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry has favorable antioxidant ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Yu Jao
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical College
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung
| | - Jeng-Dong Hsu
- Department of Pathology
- Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical College
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung
| | - Chien-Sheng Lo
- Department of Orthopaediology
- Show Chwuan Memory Hospital
- Changhua
- Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jane Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Medical College
- Chung Shan Medical University
- Taichung
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Changes in bone mass during the perimenopausal transition in naturally menopausal cynomolgus monkeys. Menopause 2016; 23:87-99. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Amaral Imbeloni A, Canevese Rahal S, da Silva Filho E, Mendonça Faria B, Bandeira da Silva W, Guimarães Oliveira K, Aihara ME, Barros Monteiro FO. Effect of age and sex on bone markers in Chlorocebus aethiops raised in captivity. J Med Primatol 2015; 45:3-11. [PMID: 26555766 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to evaluate the procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP), osteocalcin (OC), β-crosslaps (β-CTX), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in relation to age and sex of Chlorocebus aethiops in captivity. METHODS Seventy-three monkeys were divided into four age groups: AG1 (juvenile); AG2 (young adult); AG3 (adult); and AG4 (senile). An electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with an Elecsys 2010 analyzer was used to determine the serum markers of bone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Sex did not influence the results of the markers. However, the variables PINP, OC, and β-CTX were negatively correlated with age (r = -0.643; r = -0.711; r = -0.488; P < 0.001, respectively), and PTH was correlated positively with age (r = 0.418, P < 0.001). The data obtained can be used as biomarkers of bone metabolism reference intervals in healthy C. aethiops in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Amaral Imbeloni
- Centro Nacional de Primatas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação de Saúde e Produção Animal da Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Sheila Canevese Rahal
- Departamento de Cirurgia Veterinária e Anestesiologia da, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ednaldo da Silva Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Saúde e Produção Animal da Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Bianca Mendonça Faria
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Saúde e Produção Animal da Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Wellington Bandeira da Silva
- Centro Nacional de Primatas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação de Saúde e Produção Animal da Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Karol Guimarães Oliveira
- Centro Nacional de Primatas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Mika Ester Aihara
- Centro Nacional de Primatas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
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Wang H, Wang R, Wang Z, Liu Q, Mao Y, Duan X. ClC-3 chloride channel functions as a mechanically sensitive channel in osteoblasts. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:558-65. [PMID: 26436462 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation usually causes the volume changes of osteoblasts. Whether these volume changes could be sensed by the ClC-3 chloride channel, a volume-sensitive ion channel, and further promote the osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts has not been determined. In this study, we applied persistent static compression on MC3T3-E1 cells to detect the expression changes of ClC-3, osteogenic markers, as well as some molecules related with signaling transduction pathway. We tested the key role of ClC-3 in transferring the mechanical signal to osteoinduction by ClC-3 overexpressing and siRNA technique. We found that ClC-3 level was up-regulated by mechanical stimulation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Mechanical force also up-regulated the mRNA level of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (Alp), bone sialoprotein (Bsp), and osteocalcin (Oc), which could be blocked or strengthened by Clcn3 siRNA or overexpressing, and Alp expression was more sensitive to the changes of ClC-3 level. We also found that runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and Wnt pathway might be involved in ClC-3 mediated mechanical transduction in osteoblasts. The data from the current study suggest that the ClC-3 chloride channel acts as a mechanically sensitive channel to regulate osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,b State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rong Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Mao
- c State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaohong Duan
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Osteoprotective effect of cordycepin on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:423869. [PMID: 25874211 PMCID: PMC4385597 DOI: 10.1155/2015/423869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of cordycepin on ovariectomized osteopenic rats. Fifty Wistar female rats used were divided into 5 groups: (1) sham-operation rats (control), (2) ovariectomized (OVX) rats with osteopenia, and (3) OVX'd rats with osteopenia treated with cordycepin (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg) for 8 weeks. After the rats were treated orally with cordycepin, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin (OC), homocysteine (HCY) , C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX) level, and oxidative stress were examined, respectively. The femoral neck was used for mechanical compression testing. At the same time, we further investigated the effect of cordycepin in vitro assay. The beneficial effects of cordycepin on improvement of osteoporosis in rats were attributable mainly to decrease ALP activity, TRAP activity, and CTX level. At the same time, cordycepin also increases the OC level in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. The histological examination clearly showed that dietary cordycepin can prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. These experimental results suggest that complement cordycepin is protective after ovariectomized osteopenic in specific way.
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Zhang DW, Wang ZL, Qi W, Zhao GY. The effects of Cordyceps sinensis phytoestrogen on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:484. [PMID: 25496560 PMCID: PMC4302055 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones are naturally occurring plant chemicals belonging to the "phytoestrogen" class. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of isoflavones obtained from Cordyceps sinensis (CSIF) on development of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. METHODS After the rats were treated orally with CSIF, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin (OC), homocysteine (HCY), C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), estradiol and interferonγ (IFN-γ) level were examined. At the same time, the urine calcium, plasma calcium, plasma phosphorus and the mass of uterus, thymus and body were also examined. RESULTS The beneficial effects of CSIF on improvement of osteoporosis in rats were attributable mainly to decrease ALP activity, TRAP activity, CTX level and IFN-γ level. At the same time, CSIF also increase the OC and estradiol level in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. The histological examination clearly showed that dietary CSIF can prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. CONCLUSION The significant estrogenic activity of CSIF demonstrated that CSIF has significant estrogenic effects in OVX rats.
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Qi W, Zhang Y, Yan YB, Lei W, Wu ZX, Liu N, Liu S, Shi L, Fan Y. The Protective Effect of Cordymin, a Peptide Purified from the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, on Diabetic Osteopenia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:985636. [PMID: 24174985 PMCID: PMC3794654 DOI: 10.1155/2013/985636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of cordymin on diabetic osteopenia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and the possible mechanisms involved. The diabetic rats received daily intraperitoneal injection with cordymin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Cordymin could restore the circulating blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and insulin levels in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the treatment of diabetic rats with cordymin could partially reverse the β cells death and decrease the total antioxidant status (TAOS) in the diabetic rats. The results may directly and indirectly account for the possible mechanism of the beneficial effect of cordymin on diabetic osteopenia, which was confirmed with the increased bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). All those findings indicate that cordymin may play a protective role in diabetic osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- The Surgery Department of 520th Hospital of PLA, Mian Yang 621000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ya-bo Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zi-xiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Qi W, Yan YB, Lei W, Wu ZX, Zhang Y, Liu D, Shi L, Cao PC, Liu N. Prevention of disuse osteoporosis in rats by Cordyceps sinensis extract. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:2347-57. [PMID: 22159671 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cordyceps sinensis has been known as a traditional medicine in China, and C. sinensis plus strontium could prevent osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. The present study shows that daily oral administration of C. sinensis at higher doses in adult hind limb suspension rats can prevent disuse-induced bone loss and deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture. INTRODUCTION Cordyceps sinensis induces estradiol production and prevents osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. This study was to examine whether C. sinensis can prevent disuse-induced osteoporosis. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into six groups, and five groups were treated with hind limb suspension (HLS). One HLS group received alendronate (2.0 mg/kg/day) orally, and to the three other HLS groups to each group, a different amount of C. sinensis (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 8 weeks before and after HLS. The remaining HLS group was set as a control without treatment. Each group consisted of 10 males and females. The body weights, biochemical parameters in serum and urine, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), mechanical testing, and bone microarchitecture were examined. RESULTS Treatments with higher C. sinensis dosage (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) or alendronate had a positive effect on body weights, mechanical strength, BMD, and BMC compared to the other HLS groups. C. sinensis decreased markers of bone turnover dose dependently and increased the osteocalcin levels in HLS rats. The result of micro-CT analysis from the L4 vertebra showed that C. sinensis (500 mg/kg) significantly prevented the reduction of the bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabeculae number, and thickness as well as improved the trabeculae separation and structure model index in HLS rats. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that administration of C. sinensis at higher doses over an 8-week period can prevent the disuse osteoporosis in rats. It implies that C. sinensis might be an alternative therapy for prevention of disuse-induced osteoporosis also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No 15 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
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Qi W, Wang PJ, Guo WJ, Yan YB, Zhang Y, Lei W. The mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis and strontium in prevention of osteoporosis in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:302-9. [PMID: 20803174 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Cordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar fungus) and strontium ranelate on ovariectomized osteopenic rats was studied in this paper. After the rats were treated orally with C. sinensis, strontium, and C. sinensis rich in strontium ranelate (CSS) respectively, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin (OC), homocysteine, C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), estradiol, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) level were examined. The beneficial effects of CSS on improvement of osteoporosis in rats were attributable mainly to decrease ALP activity, TRAP activity, CTX level, and IFN-γ level. At the same time, CSS also increase the OC and estradiol level in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. This study demonstrates the value of C. sinensis rich in strontium ranelate in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of orthpedics, Xijing hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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18
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Li C, Jiang Z, Liu X. Biochemical mechanism of gallium on prevention of fatal cage-layer osteoporosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 134:195-202. [PMID: 19639269 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The possible biochemical mechanism of gallium was studied in this paper. One-day-old hens were fed to up to 68 weeks on a control diet and diets containing gallium. Serum calcium and phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin, homocysteine, C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I, and bone mineral content were measured, respectively. The beneficial effects of gallium supplementation on improvement of cage layer osteoporosis were attributable mainly to decrease TRAP activity, C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I level, plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations, and increase the mineral content in the bones and osteocalcin level in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Li
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
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Yamagishi N, Takehana K, Kim D, Miura M, Hirata TI, Devkota B, Sato S, Furuhama K. Fluorometric method for measuring plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b and its application in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 71:1637-42. [PMID: 20046032 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the appropriate biochemical assay for measuring plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b) activity; this information is important to clarify the relationship between plasma TRAP5b and known biochemical bone markers in cattle. When plasma TRAP5b was measured using fluorometric and spectrophotometric methods, hemolysis products in plasma did not affect the former method. In plasma from healthy cattle, there was a good correlation (r=0.66) between the 2 methods. In age-related profiles, plasma TRAP5b (r=-0.53), hydroxyproline (HYP, r=-0.56) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP, r=-0.44) showed significant negative correlations with age; these three parameters decreased until 4 or 5 years of age and then remained constant. There were significant correlations between TRAP5b and HYP (r=0.83) or BALP (r=0.83). Our results show that the fluorometric assay can be performed with a high degree of precision and reproducibility without interference from hemolysis, and that the age-related changes in plasma TRAP5b, HYP, and BALP constitute additional background values for clinical guidance in bovine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Yamagishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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Kim D, Yamagishi N, Ueki A, Miura M, Saito F, Sato S, Furuhama K. Changes in plasma bone metabolic markers in periparturient dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:773-6. [PMID: 20086325 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined fluctuations in plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b) measured using fluorometry in conjunction with those in calcium (Ca) and other bone metabolic markers from 2 weeks prepartum to 2 weeks postpartum in 7 primiparous and 18 multiparous pregnant cows. The plasma Ca concentration decreased temporarily on the day of calving in multiparous cows only. Plasma TRAP5b peaked on the day of calving in primiparous and multiparous cows and was significantly lower in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows 2 weeks before and after parturition. Plasma hydroxyproline increased 1 week postpartum in multiparous cows. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin tended to decrease after parturition in primiparous and multiparous cows. These results suggest that bone resorption increases around parturition in healthy parturient cows from the viewpoint of the TRAP5b activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil Kim
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
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Lee YS, Choi CW, Kim JJ, Ganapathi A, Udayakumar R, Kim SC. Determination of mineral content in methanolic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extract and its effect on osteoblast markers. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:292-305. [PMID: 19333446 PMCID: PMC2662456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds are used as a folk medicine to enhance bone formation or to prevent osteoporosis in Korea. Therefore, the methanolic extract of safflower seeds (MESS) containing high mineral content, such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and phosphorous (P), was evaluated for the role on osteoblast (Ob) markers of Sprague-Dawley rats. In serum of 3 to 11 weeks (wks) old rats, both osteocalcin (OC) content and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) activity increased to their maximum levels in 4–7 wks. Hence, 3 wks old rats were selected for 8 wks oral treatment of MESS, resulted in the significant increase of Ob markers in serum such as OC content (4–8 wks), B-ALP activity (1–2 wks) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) level (1 wk), and the growth parameter such as the length of femur (2–8 wks) and tibia (4 wks). On the basis of Pearson’s correlation coefficient, there were a moderate correlation between OC and B-ALP at 8 wks, a low correlation between OC and IGF-I at 1, 4 and 8 wks, a moderate correlation between OC and femur length at 1, 2 and 8 wks, and a moderate correlations between OC and tibia length at 1 and 8 wks of MESS-treated groups. The result reveals that the changes of OC correlated at low to moderate level with the changes of B-ALP activity, IGF-I content and femur and tibia length in the MESS-treatment period. On the other hand, there were a strong correlation between IGF-I and femur length at 2 wks and moderate correlation between IGF-I and tibia length at 1, 2 and 8 wks of MESS-treated groups. Therefore, the effect of MESS on bone formation likely appears to be mediated by IGF-I at the early stage of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seok Lee
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Chang Won Choi
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Jae Jin Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Andy Ganapathi
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India. E-Mail:
| | - Rajangam Udayakumar
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Sei Chang Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E -Mail:
; Tel. +82-42-520-5383; Fax: +82-42-520-5380
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