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Veses V, González-Torres P, Carbonetto B, Del Mar Jovani-Sancho M, González-Martínez R, Cortell-Ballester I, Sheth CC. Dental black plaque: metagenomic characterization and comparative analysis with white-plaque. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15962. [PMID: 32994464 PMCID: PMC7525459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic black dental staining is an external dental discoloration of bacterial origin, considered a special form of dental plaque. Currently, there is no definitive therapeutic option for eliminating black stain. This study employed 16S rRNA metagenomics to analyze black stain and white-plaque samples from 27 adult volunteers. Study objectives were to: describe the microbial diversity of adult black stain samples; characterize their taxonomic profile; compare the microbiomes of black stain versus white-plaque from adult volunteers and propose a functional map of the black stain microbiome using PICRUSt2. The black stain microbiome was poorer in species diversity as compared to white-plaque. The five most abundant genera in black stain were Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus. Functional analysis of microbial species revealed conserved and consistent clustering of functional pathways within and between black stain and white-plaque microbiomes. We describe enrichment of heme biosynthetic pathways in black stain. Our results suggest that the dysbiosis in black stain resembles "orally healthy" communities. The increased abundance of heme biosynthetic pathways suggests that heme-dependent iron sequestration and subsequent metabolism are key for black stain formation. Further research should decipher the regulation of heme biosynthetic genes and characterize the temporal sequence leading to colonization and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Veses
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Mª Del Mar Jovani-Sancho
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Martínez
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidoro Cortell-Ballester
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chirag C Sheth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU-, CEU Universities, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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Elelmi Y, Mabrouk R, Masmoudi F, Baaziz A, Maatouk F, Ghedira H. Black stain and dental caries in primary teeth of Tunisian preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2020; 22:235-240. [PMID: 32643037 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the prevalence of black tooth stains and to investigate its correlation with caries experience in the primary dentition of 3-5-year-old children in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. METHODS It was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving children in preschool establishments in Monastir, Tunisia. It consisted of an oral examination of 393 children and data collection through a questionnaire completed by parents. ANOVA test and Pearson Chi-square test were used to assess the prevalence of black stains and its association with dental caries. RESULTS The overall mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index was 1.42 ± 0.1. Caries prevalence was 49.9%. Of all the children involved, 6.1% had black stains. A statistically significant relationship was found between black stain and the prevalence of early childhood caries (p = 0.047). However, the association with the dmft index was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION Preschool children with black tooth stain had lower dental caries experience. The results of the present study suggest that black stains are a protective factor for early childhood caries. More studies are needed to explore the risk factors of black stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Elelmi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - R Mabrouk
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F Masmoudi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - A Baaziz
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F Maatouk
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - H Ghedira
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
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Li Y, Zou CG, Fu Y, Li Y, Zhou Q, Liu B, Zhang Z, Liu J. Oral microbial community typing of caries and pigment in primary dentition. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:558. [PMID: 27495902 PMCID: PMC4974685 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Black extrinsic discoloration in primary dentition is a common clinical and aesthetic problem that can co-occur with dental caries, the most common oral diseases in childhood. Although the role of bacteria in the formation of pigment and caries in primary dentition is important, their basic features still remain a further mystery. Methods Using targeted sequencing of the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, we obtained a dataset consisting of 831,381 sequences from 111 saliva samples and 110 supragingival plaque samples from 40 patients with pigment (black extrinsic stain), 20 with caries (obvious decay), and 25 with both pigment and caries and from 26 healthy individuals. We applied a Dirichlet multinomial mixture (DMM)-based community typing approach to investigate oral microbial community types. Results Our results revealed significant structural segregation of microbial communities, as indicated by the identification of two plaque community types (A and B) and three saliva community types (C-E). We found that the independent occurrence of the two plaque community types, A and B, was potentially associated with our oral diseases of interest. For type A, three co-occurring bacterial genus pairs could separately play a potential role in the formation of pigment (Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium), caries (unclassified Gemellales and Granulicatella), and mixed caries and pigment (Streptococcus and Mogibacterium). For type B, three co-occurring bacterial genera (unclassified Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcus, and Clostridium) were related to mixed pigment and caries. Three dominant bacterial genera (Selenomonas, Gemella, and Streptobacillus) were linked to the presence of caries. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that plaque-associated oral microbial communities could majorly contribute to the formation of pigment and caries in primary dentition and suggests potential clinical applications of monitoring oral microbiota as an indicator for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2891-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Li
- Department of Preventive & Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Preventive & Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Preventive & Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Preventive & Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Preventive & Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, China.
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Pessoa L, Galvão V, Damante C, Sant'Ana ACP. Removal of black stains from teeth by photodynamic therapy: clinical and microbiological analysis. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr2015212276. [PMID: 26701991 PMCID: PMC4691879 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-212276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Black-pigmented bacteria (BPB) are Gram-negative anaerobic, non-motile, proteolytic rods strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Although pigments are produced in vitro, black pigmentation is rarely found clinically. However, it may compromise aesthetics and contribute to gingival inflammation. The aim of this report is to describe a clinical case of a 10-year-old boy showing black pigmentation covering all teeth and to propose an alternative therapy for removal of black pigmentation, based on photodynamic therapy (PDT). In order to perform microbiological analysis, plaque samples were collected before and after PDT, and analysed by real-time-PCR (RT-PCR). The results showed a significant reduction in BPB levels after therapy, along with clinical evidence of absence of black pigmentation and reduction in gingival bleeding, although the plaque index remained unaltered. This case showed that PDT is effective for eliminating black pigmentation caused by BPB, without recurrence during a follow-up period of 7 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pessoa
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Damante
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Black stain and dental caries: a review of the literature. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:469392. [PMID: 25802850 PMCID: PMC4354720 DOI: 10.1155/2015/469392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.
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Chen X, Zhan JY, Lu HX, Ye W, Zhang W, Yang WJ, Feng XP. Factors associated with black tooth stain in Chinese preschool children. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:2059-66. [PMID: 24430339 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of black tooth stain and associated factors in primary dentition in Shanghai, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through a cross-sectional design, preschool children were randomly recruited from 12 kindergartens. Children's dental caries were assessed on the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) and surfaces (dmfs). The presence of black tooth stain was examined, and the visible plaque index was calculated. Questionnaires were completed by the children's parents or guardians. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate the associated factors. RESULTS A total of 2,023 children were invited, and 1,397 examined participants with questionnaire data were included in final analysis. The rate of black tooth stain was 9.9 % with mean age of 4.55 years. Compared to children without black stain, children with black stain had a significant lower prevalence and experience of dental caries (P < 0.01). Factors for black stain were age, born in Shanghai, parents' higher education level, lower visible plaque index and mean dmfs, less use of nursing bottle, food with more soy sauce, and history of pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS Preschool children with black tooth stain had fewer dental caries. Further studies are warranted to explore the microbiologic risk factors for black tooth stain and to evaluate the causal-effect factors using prospective study design. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In clinics, dentists should pay more attention to this aesthetic problem for the relative high prevalence of black tooth stain in primary dentition. Also, the related factors can be explained to parents for the prevention of black tooth stain in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
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Heinrich-Weltzien R, Bartsch B, Eick S. Dental Caries and Microbiota in Children with Black Stain and Non-discoloured Dental Plaque. Caries Res 2013; 48:118-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000353469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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França-Pinto C, Cenci M, Correa M, Romano A, Peres M, Peres K, Matijasevich A, Santos I, Barros A, Demarco F. Association between black stains and dental caries in primary teeth: findings from a Brazilian population-based birth cohort. Caries Res 2012; 46:170-6. [PMID: 22488298 PMCID: PMC3555142 DOI: 10.1159/000337280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower dental caries experience has been observed in children and teenagers with the presence of black stains on dental structures. However, none of the previous investigations were population-based studies or adjusted the analysis for potential confounders. This study assessed the prevalence of black stains at the age of 5 in a population-based birth cohort from Pelotas, Brazil and investigated the association between black stains and dental caries. A total of 1,129 children from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort were examined at age 5, and their mothers were interviewed at their households. Dental examinations included a search for black stains and dental caries on the primary dentition through the dmf-s index. The mothers' questionnaire comprised data on demographic, social, and behavior aspects. Prevalence of black stains was 3.5% (95% CI 2.5-4.7) and the prevalence of dental caries was 48.4% (95% CI 45.4-51.4). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between black stains and dental caries. Adjusted analysis revealed that the presence of black stains was associated with lower levels of dental caries (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.99). The results of the present study suggest that black stains are a protective factor for dental caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.C. França-Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M.S. Cenci
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M.B. Correa
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A.R. Romano
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M.A. Peres
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - K.G. Peres
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A. Matijasevich
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - I.S. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A.J.D. Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F.F. Demarco
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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