1
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Eldeeb D, Okada H, Suzuki Y, Seki M, Tanaka J, Mishima K, Chung UI, Ohba S, Hojo H. Exploring the role of DNMT1 in dental papilla cell fate specification during mouse tooth germ development through integrated single-cell transcriptomics and bulk RNA sequencing. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:530-538. [PMID: 38942194 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms governing dental mesenchymal cell commitment during tooth development, focusing on odontoblast differentiation and the role of epigenetic regulation in this process. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of dental cells from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) mice to understand the heterogeneity of developing tooth germ cells. Computational analyses including gene regulatory network (GRN) assessment were conducted. We validated our findings using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro loss-of-function analyses using the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) inhibitor Gsk-3484862 in primary dental mesenchymal cells (DMCs) isolated from E14.5 mouse tooth germs. Bulk RNA-seq of Gsk-3484862-treated DMCs was performed to identify potential downstream targets of DNMT1. RESULTS scRNA-seq analysis revealed diverse cell populations within the tooth germs, including epithelial, mesenchymal, immune, and muscle cells. Using single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC), we identified Dnmt1 as a key regulator of early odontoblast development. IHC analysis showed the ubiquitous expression of DNMT1 in the dental papilla and epithelium. Bulk RNA-seq of cultured DMCs showed that Gsk-3484862 treatment upregulated odontoblast-related genes, whereas genes associated with cell division and the cell cycle were downregulated. Integrated analysis of bulk RNA-seq data with scRNA-seq SCENIC profiles was used to identify the potential Dnmt1 target genes. CONCLUSIONS Dnmt1 may negatively affect odontoblast commitment and differentiation during tooth development. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tooth development and future development of hard-tissue regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Eldeeb
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Seki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Tissue and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan.
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Ostrovidov S, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Orive G, Fujie T, Shi X, Kaji H. Bioprinting and biomaterials for dental alveolar tissue regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:991821. [PMID: 37122863 PMCID: PMC10140526 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.991821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a powerful tool, that was recently applied to tissue engineering. This technique allows the precise deposition of cells encapsulated in supportive bioinks to fabricate complex scaffolds, which are used to repair targeted tissues. Here, we review the recent developments in the application of 3D bioprinting to dental tissue engineering. These tissues, including teeth, periodontal ligament, alveolar bones, and dental pulp, present cell types and mechanical properties with great heterogeneity, which is challenging to reproduce in vitro. After highlighting the different bioprinting methods used in regenerative dentistry, we reviewed the great variety of bioink formulations and their effects on cells, which have been established to support the development of these tissues. We discussed the different advances achieved in the fabrication of each dental tissue to provide an overview of the current state of the methods. We conclude with the remaining challenges and future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Living System Materialogy (LiSM) Reseach Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hirokazu Kaji,
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3
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Mohabatpour F, Chen X, Papagerakis S, Papagerakis P. Novel trends, challenges and new perspectives for enamel repair and regeneration to treat dental defects. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3062-3087. [PMID: 35543379 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body, providing external protection for the tooth against masticatory forces, temperature changes and chemical stimuli. Once enamel is damaged/altered by genetic defects, dental caries, trauma, and/or dental wear, it cannot repair itself due to the loss of enamel producing cells following the tooth eruption. The current restorative dental materials are unable to replicate physico-mechanical, esthetic features and crystal structures of the native enamel. Thus, development of alternative approaches to repair and regenerate enamel defects is much needed but remains challenging due to the structural and functional complexities involved. This review paper summarizes the clinical aspects to be taken into consideration for the development of optimal therapeutic approaches to tackle dental enamel defects. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging acellular and cellular approaches proposed for enamel remineralization and regeneration. Acellular approaches aim to artificially synthesize or re-mineralize enamel, whereas cell-based strategies aim to mimic the natural process of enamel development given that epithelial cells can be stimulated to produce enamel postnatally during the adult life. The key issues and current challenges are also discussed here, along with new perspectives for future research to advance the field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, S7N 5E4, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, S7N 5A9, SK, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd B419, S7N 0 W8, SK, Canada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, S7N 5E4, SK, Canada
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4
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Olaru M, Sachelarie L, Calin G. Hard Dental Tissues Regeneration-Approaches and Challenges. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102558. [PMID: 34069265 PMCID: PMC8156070 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the development of the modern concept of tissue engineering approach and the discovery of the potential of stem cells in dentistry, the regeneration of hard dental tissues has become a reality and a priority of modern dentistry. The present review reports the recent advances on stem-cell based regeneration strategies for hard dental tissues and analyze the feasibility of stem cells and of growth factors in scaffolds-based or scaffold-free approaches in inducing the regeneration of either the whole tooth or only of its component structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Olaru
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Liliana Sachelarie
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 2 Muzicii Str., 700399 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriela Calin
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 2 Muzicii Str., 700399 Iasi, Romania;
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Futenma T, Akiyama Y, Tanaka S, Honda M, Toriumi T. Epithelial Cell Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Single-Cell Culture Method. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.30.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Futenma
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasunori Akiyama
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Taku Toriumi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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6
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Xiong H, Chen K. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes between apical pulp‐derived cells from deciduous teeth and permanent teeth or dental pulp cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3098. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐cui Xiong
- Stomatological HospitalSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
- Department of StomatologyGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou China
| | - Ke Chen
- Stomatological HospitalSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
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7
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Orsini G, Pagella P, Mitsiadis TA. Modern Trends in Dental Medicine: An Update for Internists. Am J Med 2018; 131:1425-1430. [PMID: 29969611 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries, genetic diseases, and external harmful agents such as bacteria and acids often compromise tooth integrity. There is an unmet medical need to develop alternative, innovative dental treatments that complement traditional restorative and surgery techniques. Stem cells have transformed the medical field in recent years. The combination of stem cells with bioactive scaffolds and nanostructured materials turns out to be increasingly beneficial in regenerative dental medicine. Stem cell-based regenerative approaches for the formation of dental tissues will significantly improve treatments and will have a major impact in dental practice. To date there is no established and reliable stem cell-based treatment translated into the dental clinics, however, the advances and improved technological knowledge are promising for successful dental therapies in the near future. Here, we review some of the contemporary challenges in dental medicine and describe the benefits and future possibilities of certain novel approaches in the emerging field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Orsini
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Orsini G, Pagella P, Putignano A, Mitsiadis TA. Novel Biological and Technological Platforms for Dental Clinical Use. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1102. [PMID: 30135661 PMCID: PMC6092501 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human teeth have a limited capacity to regenerate and thus biological reconstruction of damaged or lost dental tissues remains a significant challange in modern dentistry. Recent efforts focus on alternative therapeutic approaches for partial or whole tooth regeneration that complement traditional dental treatments using sophisticated materials and dental implants. These multidisciplinary approaches are based on the combination of stem cells with advanced tissue engineer products and computing technology, and they hold great promise for future applications in dentistry. The administration to patients of dynamic biological agents composed by stem cells and scaffolds will certainly increase the regenerative capacity of dental pathological tissues. The design of innovative materials for tissue restoration, diagnostics, imaging, and targeted pharmaceutical treatment will significantly improve the quality of dental care and will have a major societal impact. This review depicts the current challenges in dentistry and describes the possibilities for novel and succesful therapeutic applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Orsini
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Putignano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Thimios A. Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Toriumi T, Kawano E, Yamanaka K, Kaneko T, Oka A, Yuguchi M, Isokawa K, Honda M. Odontogenic Tissue Generation Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Tissue Engineering Application. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.27.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Toriumi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Eisuke Kawano
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | | | | | - Maki Yuguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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10
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Monteiro N, Yelick PC. Advances and perspectives in tooth tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:2443-2461. [PMID: 27151766 PMCID: PMC6625321 DOI: 10.1002/term.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bio-engineered teeth that can grow and remodel in a manner similar to that of natural teeth have the potential to serve as permanent replacements to the currently used prosthetic teeth, such as dental implants. A major challenge in designing functional bio-engineered teeth is to mimic both the structural and anisotropic mechanical characteristics of the native tooth. Therefore, the field of dental and whole tooth regeneration has advanced towards the molecular and nanoscale design of bio-active, biomimetic systems, using biomaterials, drug delivery systems and stem cells. The focus of this review is to discuss recent advances in tooth tissue engineering, using biomimetic scaffolds that provide proper architectural cues, exhibit the capacity to support dental stem cell proliferation and differentiation and sequester and release bio-active agents, such as growth factors and nucleic acids, in a spatiotemporal controlled manner. Although many in vitro and in vivo studies on tooth regeneration appear promising, before tooth tissue engineering becomes a reality for humans, additional research is needed to perfect methods that use adult human dental stem cells, as opposed to embryonic dental stem cells, and to devise the means to generate bio-engineered teeth of predetermined size and shape. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Monteiro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela C. Yelick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Iwata T, Mino C, Kawata T. In vitro proliferation of periodontal ligament-like tissue on extracted teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 75:31-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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KAWANO E, TORIUMI T, IGUCHI S, SUZUKI D, SATO S, HONDA M. Induction of neural crest cells from human dental pulp-derived induced pluripotent stem cells . Biomed Res 2017; 38:135-147. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.38.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke KAWANO
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Taku TORIUMI
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shinya IGUCHI
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Daigo SUZUKI
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Shuichi SATO
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masaki HONDA
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry
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13
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Spatial signalling mediated by the transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway during tooth formation. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:199-204. [PMID: 27982023 PMCID: PMC5168420 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth development relies on sequential and reciprocal interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues, and it is continuously regulated by a variety of conserved and specific temporal-spatial signalling pathways. It is well known that suspensions of tooth germ cells can form tooth-like structures after losing the positional information provided by the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. However, the particular stage in which the tooth germ cells start to form tooth-like structures after losing their positional information remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the reassociation of tooth germ cells suspension from different morphological stages during tooth development and the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in this process. Four tooth morphological stages were designed in this study. The results showed that tooth germ cells formed odontogenic tissue at embryonic day (E) 14.5, which is referred to as the cap stage, and they formed tooth-like structures at E16.5, which is referred to as the early bell stage, and E18.5, which is referred to as the late bell stage. Moreover, the transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway might play a role in this process.
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14
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Oshima M, Tsuji T. Whole Tooth Regeneration as a Future Dental Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 881:255-69. [PMID: 26545754 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dental problems caused by dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth injury compromise the oral and general health issues. Current advances for the development of regenerative therapy have been influenced by our understanding of embryonic development, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering technology. Tooth regenerative therapy for tooth tissue repair and whole tooth replacement is currently expected a novel therapeutic concept with the full recovery of tooth physiological functions. Dental stem cells and cell-activating cytokines are thought to be candidate approach for tooth tissue regeneration because they have the potential to differentiate into tooth tissues in vitro and in vivo. Whole tooth replacement therapy is considered to be an attractive concept for next generation regenerative therapy as a form of bioengineered organ replacement. For realization of whole tooth regeneration, we have developed a novel three-dimensional cell manipulation method designated the "organ germ method". This method involves compartmentalisation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells at a high cell density to mimic multicellular assembly conditions and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in organogenesis. The bioengineered tooth germ generates a structurally correct tooth in vitro, and erupted successfully with correct tooth structure when transplanted into the oral cavity. We have ectopically generated a bioengineered tooth unit composed of a mature tooth, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, and that tooth unit was engrafted into an adult jawbone through bone integration. Bioengineered teeth were also able to perform physiological tooth functions such as mastication, periodontal ligament function and response to noxious stimuli. In this review, we describe recent findings and technologies underpinning whole tooth regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Oshima
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
- Organ Technologies Inc, Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan.
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15
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Oshima M, Tsuji T. Functional tooth regenerative therapy: tooth tissue regeneration and whole-tooth replacement. Odontology 2014; 102:123-36. [PMID: 25052182 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral and general health is compromised by irreversible dental problems, including dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth injury. Regenerative therapy for tooth tissue repair and whole-tooth replacement is currently considered a novel therapeutic concept with the potential for the full recovery of tooth function. Several types of stem cells and cell-activating cytokines have been identified in oral tissues. These cells are thought to be candidate cell sources for tooth tissue regenerative therapies because they have the ability to differentiate into tooth tissues in vitro and in vivo. Whole-tooth replacement therapy is regarded as an important model for the development of an organ regenerative concept. A novel three-dimensional cell-manipulation method, designated the organ germ method, has been developed to recapitulate organogenesis. This method involves compartmentalisation of epithelial and mesenchymal cells at a high cell density to mimic multicellular assembly conditions and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. A bioengineered tooth germ can generate a structurally correct tooth in vitro and erupt successfully with the correct tooth structure when transplanted into the oral cavity. We have ectopically generated a bioengineered tooth unit composed of a mature tooth, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, and that tooth unit was successfully engrafted into an adult jawbone through bone integration. Such bioengineered teeth were able to perform normal physiological tooth functions, such as developing a masticatory potential in response to mechanical stress and a perceptive potential for noxious stimuli. In this review, we describe recent findings and technologies underpinning tooth regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Oshima
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan,
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16
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Nasu M, Nakahara T, Tominaga N, Tamaki Y, Ide Y, Tachibana T, Ishikawa H. Isolation and characterization of vascular endothelial cells derived from fetal tooth buds of miniature swine. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:189-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Štembírek J, Kyllar M, Putnová I, Stehlík L, Buchtová M. The pig as an experimental model for clinical craniofacial research. Lab Anim 2012; 46:269-79. [PMID: 22969144 DOI: 10.1258/la.2012.012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pig represents a useful, large experimental model for biomedical research. Recently, it has been used in different areas of biomedical research. The aim of this study was to review the basic anatomical structures of the head region in the pig in relation to their use in current research. Attention was focused on the areas that are frequently affected by pathological processes in humans: the oral cavity with teeth, salivary gland, orbit, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, maxilla, mandible and temporomandibular joint. Not all of the structures have an equal morphology in the pig and human, and these morphological dissimilarities must be taken into account before choosing the pig as an experimental model for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Štembírek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, vvi, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Tsuchiya S, Honda MJ. In vivo transplantation and tooth repair. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 887:123-134. [PMID: 22566052 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-860-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell scaffold-based tooth engineering research was started by 2000 at Forsyth Institute corroborated with Dr. Vacanti's team at Massachusetts General Hospital. The first work was published in 2002 in Journal of Dental Research, in which we particularly focused on cells from postnatal tooth because of its clinical application. However, making a functional tooth from postnatal cells is still ways away. Alternatively, we formulated a partial replacement of the tooth by engineering the root of the tooth. Here, we describe a new technique in which the root of the third molar is used to replace missing teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Tsuchiya
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Li Y, Lü X, Sun X, Bai S, Li S, Shi J. Odontoblast-like cell differentiation and dentin formation induced with TGF-β1. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ferro F, Spelat R, Falini G, Gallelli A, D'Aurizio F, Puppato E, Pandolfi M, Beltrami AP, Cesselli D, Beltrami CA, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Curcio F. Adipose tissue-derived stem cell in vitro differentiation in a three-dimensional dental bud structure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2299-310. [PMID: 21514442 PMCID: PMC3081158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tooth morphogenesis requires sequential and reciprocal interactions between the cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells and the stomadial epithelium, which regulate tooth morphogenesis and differentiation. We show how mesenchyme-derived single stem cell populations can be induced to transdifferentiate in vitro in a structure similar to a dental bud. The presence of stem cells in the adipose tissue has been previously reported. We incubated primary cultures of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a dental-inducing medium and cultured the aggregates in three-dimensional conditions. Four weeks later, cells formed a three-dimensional organized structure similar to a dental bud. Expression of dental tissue-related markers was tested assaying lineage-specific mRNA and proteins by RT-PCR, immunoblot, IHC, and physical-chemical analysis. In the induction medium, cells were positive for ameloblastic and odontoblastic markers as both mRNAs and proteins. Also, cells expressed epithelial, mesenchymal, and basement membrane markers with a positional relationship similar to the physiologic dental morphogenesis. Physical-chemical analysis revealed 200-nm and 50-nm oriented hydroxyapatite crystals as displayed in vivo by enamel and dentin, respectively. In conclusion, we show that adipose tissue-derived stem cells in vitro can transdifferentiate to produce a specific three-dimensional organization and phenotype resembling a dental bud even in the absence of structural matrix or scaffold to guide the developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferro
- Department of Pathology and Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Renza Spelat
- Department of Pathology and Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamican,” Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Selmi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Puppato
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maura Pandolfi
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Cesselli
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Pathology and Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Keller L, Kuchler-Bopp S, Mendoza SA, Poliard A, Lesot H. Tooth engineering: searching for dental mesenchymal cells sources. Front Physiol 2011; 2:7. [PMID: 21483728 PMCID: PMC3070478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The implantation of cultured re-associations between embryonic dental mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells from mouse molars at embryonic day 14 (ED14) allowed making full teeth with crown, root, periodontal ligament fibers, and bone. Although representing valuable tools to set up methodologies embryonic cells are not easily available. This work thus aimed to replace the embryonic cells by dental mesenchymal cell lines or cultured expanded embryonic cells, and to test their ability to mediate tooth development in vitro when re-associated with a competent dental epithelium. Histology, immunostaining and RT-PCR allowed getting complementary sets of results. Two different immortalized cell lines from ED18 dental mesenchyme failed in mediating tooth formation. The potentialities of embryonic dental mesenchymal cells decreased from ED14 to ED16 and were lost at ED18. This is likely related to a change in the mesenchymal cell phenotype and/or populations during development. Attempts to cultivate ED14 or ED16 embryonic dental mesenchymal cells prior to re-association led to the loss of their ability to support tooth development. This was accompanied by a down-regulation of Fgf3 transcription. Supplementation of the culture medium with FGF2 allowed restoring Fgf3 expression, but not the ability of mesenchymal cells to engage in tooth formation. Altogether, these observations suggest that a competent cell population exists in the dental mesenchyme at ED14, progressively decreases during development, and cannot as such be maintained in vitro. This study evidenced the need for specific conditions to maintain the ability of dental mesenchymal cells to initiate whole tooth formation, when re-associated with an odontogenic epithelium. Efforts to improve the culture conditions will have to be combined with attempts to characterize the competent cells within the dental mesenchyme.
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Wang J, Liu X, Jin X, Ma H, Hu J, Ni L, Ma PX. The odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells on nanofibrous poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3856-63. [PMID: 20406702 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) on nanofibrous (NF)-poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Highly porous NF-PLLA scaffolds which mimic the architecture of collagen type I fibers were fabricated by the combination of a phase-separation technique and a porogen-leaching method. The human DPSCs were then seeded onto the scaffolds and cultured in different media for odontogenic differentiation: "Control" medium without supplements; "DXM" medium containing 10(-8)M dexamethasone (DXM), 50 microgml(-1) ascorbic acid and 5mM beta-glycerophosphate; "BMP-7+DXM" medium containing 10(-8)M DXM, 50 microgml(-1) ascorbic acid, 5mM beta-glycerophosphate plus 50 ngml(-1) bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7). For odontogenic differentiation study in vitro, alkaline phosphatase activity quantification, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, scanning electron microscopy, von Kossa staining and calcium content quantification were carried out. While both "DXM" medium and "BMP-7+DXM" medium induced the DPSCs to odontoblast-like cells, the "BMP-7+DXM" medium had greater inducing capacity than the "DXM" medium. Consistent with the in vitro studies, the "BMP-7+DXM" group presented more extracellular matrix and hard tissue formation than the "DXM" group after 8 weeks of ectopic implantation in nude mice. Differentiation of DPSCs into odontoblast-like cells was identified by the positive immunohistochemical staining for dentin sialoprotein. In conclusion, odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs can be achieved on NF-PLLA scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo; the combination of BMP-7 and DXM induced the odontogenic differentiation more effectively than DXM alone. The NF-PLLA scaffold and the combined odontogenic inductive factors provide excellent environment for DPSCs to regenerate dental pulp and dentin.
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Honda MJ, Tsuchiya S, Shinohara Y, Shinmura Y, Sumita Y. Recent advances in engineering of tooth and tooth structures using postnatal dental cells. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Traphagen S, Yelick PC. Reclaiming a natural beauty: whole-organ engineering with natural extracellular materials. Regen Med 2009; 4:747-58. [PMID: 19761399 PMCID: PMC3021746 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to engineer whole organs as replacements for allografts and xenografts is an ongoing pursuit in regenerative medicine. While challenges remain, including systemic tissue integration with angiogenesis, lymphatiogenesis and neurogenesis, ongoing efforts are working to develop novel technologies to produce implantable engineered scaffolds and potentially engineered whole organs. Natural extracellular matrix materials, commonly utilized in vitro, are now being used as effective, natural, acellular allografts, and are being integrated into nanoscale scaffolds and matrices with programmable responsiveness. Based on the significant use of natural scaffolds for tissue regeneration and bioengineering strategies, this review focuses on recent and ongoing efforts to engineer whole organs, such as the tooth, featuring natural extracellular matrix molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Traphagen
- Tufts University, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela C Yelick
- Tufts University, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
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Sumita Y, Tsuchiya S, Asahina I, Kagami H, Honda MJ. The location and characteristics of two populations of dental pulp cells affect tooth development. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:113-21. [PMID: 19320719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of two dental pulp cell populations during the early stages of crown formation in porcine teeth. A transplantation method was developed to reproduce epithelial cell-mesenchymal cell interactions during odontogenesis (tooth development). The technique allowed two types of cells/tissue to be combined in vivo. Populations of cells localized in the cervical loop epithelium region, dental pulp horn, and dental pulp core chambers were isolated and dissociated into single cells. Each population was examined for its gene-expression pattern using both semiquantitative and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, and for its tissue-formation capability by combining the cervical loop epithelial cells with either pulp horn cells or pulp core cells on biodegradable collagen scaffolds that were subsequently examined using histology and immunohistology. Gene-expression patterns showed that pulp horn cells were more mature than pulp core cells. Cervical loop epithelial cells combined with pulp horn cells mainly reconstituted dentin-cementum structures. By contrast, cervical loop epithelial cells combined with pulp core cells reconstituted enamel-dentin structures. These results suggest that mesenchymal cells residing in a specific location of the pulp possess a specific tissue-formation potential when combined with epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sumita
- Division of Stem Cell Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Arany S, Kawagoe M, Sugiyama T. Application of spontaneously immortalized odontoblast cells in tooth regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tooth-forming potential in embryonic and postnatal tooth bud cells. Med Mol Morphol 2008; 41:183-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-008-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ikeda E, Tsuji T. Growing bioengineered teeth from single cells: potential for dental regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:735-44. [PMID: 18476785 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.6.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultimate goal of regenerative therapy is to develop fully functioning bioengineered organs that can replace organs lost or damaged due to disease, injury or aging. Dental regenerative medicine has made the most progress and is the most useful model for the consideration of strategies in future organ replacement therapies. OBJECTIVE This review describes strategies that have been pursued to date and experiments currently being conducted to bioengineer teeth in anticipation of the production of fully functional organs. METHODS To realize the practical application of 'bioengineered tooth' transplantation therapy, four major hurdles must be overcome. The present status of the hurdles to this therapy are described and discussed in this review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The bioengineering techniques developed for tooth regeneration will in the future make substantial contributions to the ability to grow primordial organs in vitro and also to grow fully functioning organs, such as the liver, kidney and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Li Y, Jin F, Du Y, Ma Z, Li F, Wu G, Shi J, Zhu X, Yu J, Jin Y. Cementum and Periodontal Ligament–like Tissue Formation Induced Using Bioengineered Dentin. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:1731-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Li
- Department of Endodontics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Endodontics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junnan Shi
- Department of Endodontics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhu
- Department of Endodontics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Department of Endodontics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Yu J, Shi J, Jin Y. Current Approaches and Challenges in Making a Bio-Tooth. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:307-19. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Yu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junnan Shi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jin
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Oral Histology & Pathology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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31
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Overview : Developmental Biology of Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) and Tooth Root Formation. J Oral Biosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(08)80001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Abstract
One of the aims of developmental biology is to understand how a single egg cell gives rise to the complex spatial distributions of cell types and extracellular components of the adult phenotype. This review discusses the main genetic and epigenetic interactions known to play a role in tooth development and how they can be integrated into coherent models. Along the same lines, several hypotheses about aspects of tooth development that are currently not well understood are evaluated. This is done from their morphological consequences from the model and how these fit known morphological variation and change during tooth development. Thus the aim of this review is two-fold. On one hand the model and its comparison with experimental evidence will be used to outline our current understanding about tooth morphogenesis. On the other hand these same comparisons will be used to introduce a computational model that makes accurate predictions on three-dimensional morphology and patterns of gene expression by implementing cell signaling, proliferation and mechanical interactions between cells. In comparison with many other models of development this model includes reaction-diffusion-like dynamics confined to a diffusion chamber (the developing tooth) that changes in shape in three-dimensions over time. These changes are due to mechanical interactions between cells triggered by the proliferation enhancing effect of the reactants (growth factors). In general, tooth morphogenesis can be understood from the indirect cross-regulation between extracellular signals, the local regulation of proliferation and differentiation rates by these signals and the effect of intermediate developing morphology on the diffusion, dilution, and spatial distribution of these signals. Overall, this review should be interesting to either readers interested in the mechanistic bases of tooth morphogenesis, without necessarily being interested in modeling per se, and readers interested in development modeling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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