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Herráiz Soria E, Alou L, Martin-Villa C, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-Iglesias M, Sevillano D. Alcohol-Based Chlorhexidine and Potassium Sorbate Rub Strengthens the Effectiveness of Traditional Hand Scrubbing and Improves Long-Lasting Effectiveness-Evaluation of Hand Preparation Protocols According to EN 12791. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:470. [PMID: 38786198 PMCID: PMC11117658 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the advantages of surgical handrub in terms of the ease of application and effectiveness, chlorhexidine (CHG)-based hand scrubbing remains the preferred method for surgical hand preparation. However, it does not systematically meet the non-inferiority requirement of the European norm (EN) 12791 with respect to n-propanol (the reference product) and does not provide the sustained efficacy expected for these long-lasting agents. Commercially available alcohol-based products have also failed to demonstrate sustained efficacy according to EN 12791. Multi-step protocols enhance the efficacy of hand scrubbing, yet their extended disinfection duration might diminish their allure for healthcare professionals. In this study, we show that hand scrubbing with CHG 4% followed by a 1 min rubbing with the novel formulation of ethanol (Et) 70%/CHG 3% plus 0.3% potassium sorbate food additive (PS) meets the non-inferiority requirement and demonstrates sustained efficacy when tested according to EN 12791. The immediate and 3 h effect of this protocol was significantly higher than that of n-propanol and the homologous disinfection protocol without PS (CHG 4% hand scrub plus Et 70%/CHG 3% rub), demonstrating that the inclusion of PS confers a notable residual effect. We speculate that this non-volatile ingredient acts synergistically with CHG. This promising combination represents an alternative method for the development of new disinfection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herráiz Soria
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.S.); (M.L.-I.)
| | - Luis Alou
- Microbiology Area-Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Martin-Villa
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.-V.); (R.B.-d.-B.-V.)
| | | | - Marta Losa-Iglesias
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.S.); (M.L.-I.)
| | - David Sevillano
- Microbiology Area-Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Thomas H, Nirupama DN, Nainan MT, Naveen DN, Ranjini CY, Vijay R. Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite and modified Salt Solution associated with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans - An In-Vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:159-163. [PMID: 38463475 PMCID: PMC10923231 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_211_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aim The study evaluated the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and modified salt solution (MSS) assisted with passive ultrasonic irrigation against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods One hundred and thirty-six single-rooted premolars were decoronated and enlarged up to a file #45, autoclaved, inoculated with C. albicans, and incubated for 72 h. The samples were randomly distributed into eight groups (n = 17) according to the protocol for decontamination G1: No treatment, G2: Distilled water (DW), G3: 2.5% NaOCl, G4: 2.5% NaOCl + ultrasonic activation (US), G5: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, G6: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + US, G7: MSS, G8: MSS + US. Microbiological testing (Colony forming Unit [CFU] counting) was performed before and after the treatment. Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to the one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey's post hoc test (P < 0.05). Results and Conclusion Groups 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination (5.41 and 4.31 log10 CFU/mL, respectively), which was statistically different from all the other groups (P < 0.001). G4 showed the lowest mean contamination (0.24 log10 CFU/mL) with statistically significant value (P < 0.001). 2.5% NaOCl with ultrasonic activation can aid in significant fungal reduction. Ultrasonic activation of 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% Ca(OCl)2, and MSS was also found to have improved antifungal activity against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. N. Nirupama
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan Thomas Nainan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. N. Naveen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C. Y. Ranjini
- Department of Microbiology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R. Vijay
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Brochado Martins JF, Jautze A, Georgiou AC, Tulp BMT, Crielaard W, van der Waal SV. Well-being, postoperative pain and outcome after clinical application of a novel root canal irrigation fluid-RISA-in teeth with apical periodontitis: A first-in-human study. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1488-1498. [PMID: 37771316 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess the tolerance to the new root canal irrigation fluid RISA after root canal treatment (RCT) by evaluating the subject's postoperative well-being, postoperative pain (PP) and treatment outcome. METHODOLOGY A single-arm prospective study with 16 subjects (17 teeth) diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Endodontic treatment in one session performed using RISA for root canal irrigation. Well-being was assessed on the same day and after 24 h by telephone. For pain intensity, a visual analogue scale was used at 0-5 days. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at ≥12 months. Well-being, occurrence of PP and outcome were qualitatively reported. Friedman test for paired samples and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS At the same day and after 24 h, 14/16 subjects felt 'good'. 9/16 presented intra- or extra-oral swelling. The frequency of PP ≥36 (weak) was 82.4%. On the same day, 1 and 2 days postoperatively, there was more pain compared with preoperative pain p < .05. At Day 3, PP equalled preoperative pain (p > .05). 62.5% of subjects needed analgesics Day 0-2. The recall rate was 94.1%, and resolution of apical periodontitis was observed in 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS The well-being of subjects was good, and the overall PP intensity was low. However, postoperative intra- and extra-oral swelling occurred often. At the recall visit, the effectiveness of the RCT with RISA appeared high (87.5%). The encouraging outcome results plus the fact that RISA has a broader action range than NaOCl in vitro, justify further work on the RISA solution. To reduce postoperative swelling, it is advised to further investigate the optimal way of application of RISA in the laboratory before clinical application is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Filipe Brochado Martins
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Jautze
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Christina Georgiou
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Maria Theresia Tulp
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzette Veronica van der Waal
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Huang G, Zhou Y, Cheng H, Lv T, Zheng L, Li C, Chen Y. Genome and transcriptome analysis of Enterococcus faecium from intestinal colonization and Enterococcus faecium from urinary tract infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1273949. [PMID: 38029192 PMCID: PMC10644037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1273949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus faecium is a common pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and often establishes extensive colonization within the intestinal tract. Our aim was to assess the genomic and transcriptomic differences between colonized E. faecium without UTI (only-colonization) and colonized E. faecium causing UTI (endogenous infections). Method We investigated the correlation between fecal isolates from the same patient and UTI-causing isolates using PFGE and WGS, and classified fecal isolates into two groups: those that solely colonized and those associated with endogenous urinary tract infections. We characterized the genomes of colonization-only and endogenously infected isolates by Scoary GWAS, and the transcriptomes of the isolates at 3 h urine exposure to assess pathogen-related changes. Result Based on PFGE and WGS, eight isolates of endogenously infected E. faecium and nine isolates of only-colonized E. faecium were characterized and carbon and nitrogen regulated metabolisms such as genes encoding the phosphotransferase (PTS) system were enriched in endogenously infected E. faecium. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in gene expression in the PTS system, lysine synthesis, galactose metabolism and citrate import between endogenously infected and only-colonized E. faecium isolates, highlighting the important role of certain carbon regulatory genes in the colonization and survival of endogenously infected E. faecium. Conclusion In only-colonized and endogenously infected isolates, we observed differential expression patterns of genes related to carbon metabolism and amino acids, suggesting that metabolic diversity is a strategy for isolates leading to endogenous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
- Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yizheng Zhou
- Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tao Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengbin Li
- Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
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Farag MA, Abib B, Qin Z, Ze X, Ali SE. Dietary macrominerals: Updated review of their role and orchestration in human nutrition throughout the life cycle with sex differences. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100450. [PMID: 36816001 PMCID: PMC9932710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrominerals play vital roles in a multitude of physiologic systems. A myriad of biochemical reactions are dependent on or affected by these electrolytes. The current review attempts to identify the role of macrominerals as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and sulfur in human health, in addition to their absorption and homeostasis inside the body. We also focused on their amount in major food sources and the recommended daily intake of each macromineral. In addition, a deep insight into the orchestration of the 6 different macrominerals' requirements is presented across the human life cycle, beginning from fertility and pregnancy, and reaching adulthood and senility, with insight on interactions among them and underlying action mechanisms. The effect of sex is also presented for each mineral at each life stage to highlight the different daily requirements and/ or effects. The current review identified the role of macrominerals in human health, in addition to their absorption and homeostasis in the body. Based on the in-depth understanding of the factors influencing the metabolism of macrominerals, we could better explore their safety and possible therapeutic potential in specific disorders. There is still a need to precisely demonstrate the bioavailability of macrominerals from various types of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, Kasr El Aini St, P.B, 11562, Egypt,Corresponding author.
| | - Bishoy Abib
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519087, China,Macau University of Science and Technology Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China,Corresponding author. Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519087, China.
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, No.3 Kehui 3rd Street, No.99 Kexue Avenue Central, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510663, China
| | - Sara E. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Egypt
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Kim JH, Lee SY. Effect of NaCl addition on the antibacterial effectiveness of acetic acid and its salts against pathogenic bacteria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effects of Osmotic Stress and Sodium Hypochlorite on Endodontic Microbiota: An In-Vitro Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:242-247. [PMID: 33353919 PMCID: PMC7881376 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.70883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effect of osmotic stress on various bacteria in a planktonic milieu and the effect of exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the microbial cells previously subjected to osmotic stress. Methods: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were suspended as follows: Iso-osmotic group 0.9% NaCl; Hypo-osmotic group “ultrapure water”; Hyper-osmotic group 9% NaCl solution for 120 hours before exposure to 0.0001% NaOCl for 10 minutes. Quantitative analyses of viable cells were performed at 0 and 120 hours and after exposure to NaOCl to obtain colony forming units (CFU/mL). A linear mixed-effects model was used to find the association between mean CFU/mL (logarithmic transformation) and the interaction of solution Group and Time (P<0.001). Results: F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia did not survive after 24 hours in any of the solutions and were excluded from further testing. For S. sanguinis there were significant differences at each time interval, when holding solution group constant. After 120 hours, the Hyper-osmotic group presented with the highest CFU/mL and was significantly different to the Iso-osmotic group (P<0.001). For E. Faecalis, there was a significant difference for each pairwise comparison of time (P<0.001) in mean CFU/mL between 0 hours and 120 hours for the Iso-osmotic and Hyper-osmotic groups. At 120 hours, no significant differences were found between the three groups. Significant differences were also found between 0 hours and Post-NaOCl administration, and between 120 hours and Post-NaOCl administration for all three groups (P<0.001). Exposure to NaOCl after hypo-osmotic stress was associated with significantly less CFU/mL for S. sanguinis compared to hyperosmosis and iso-osmosis (P<0.001) and for E. Faecalis only compared to hyperosmosis (P<0.001). Conclusion: S. sanguinis and E. faecalis were able to withstand osmotic stress for 120 hours. Hypo-osmotic stress before contact with NaOCl was associated with lower viable bacterial numbers, when compared to the other media for the above species. Hyper-osmotic stress was associated with higher viable bacterial numbers after NaOCl exposure for E. faecalis.
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8
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Liu L, Ye C, Soteyome T, Zhao X, Xia J, Xu W, Mao Y, Peng R, Chen J, Xu Z, Shirtliff ME, Harro JM. Inhibitory effects of two types of food additives on biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00853. [PMID: 31179649 PMCID: PMC6741122 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of microbial biofilms is a significant concern in food safety. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of sodium citrate and cinnamic aldehyde on biofilm formation at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and sub-MICs was investigated for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus. The biofilm inhibition rate was measured to evaluate the effect of sodium citrate on S. aureus biofilms at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. According to the results, an antibiofilm effect was shown by both food additives, with 10 mg/ml of sodium citrate exhibiting the greatest inhibition of S. aureus biofilms at 24 hr (inhibition rate as high as 77.51%). These findings strongly suggest that sodium citrate exhibits a pronounced inhibitory effect on biofilm formation with great potential in the extension of food preservation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Congxiu Ye
- Department of Dermato‐VenereologyThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics TechnologyRajamangala University of Technology Phra NakhonBangkokThailand
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological EngineeringWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jing Xia
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological EngineeringWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wenyi Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruixin Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinxuan Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product SafetySouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Home Economics TechnologyRajamangala University of Technology Phra NakhonBangkokThailand
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)GuangzhouChina
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Janette M. Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of DentistryUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMaryland
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Effect of sodium chloride on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans and zeta potential of demineralized dentin. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2018; 9:1-4. [PMID: 30197855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this work, the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on gene expression of planktonic Streptococcus mutans cells are investigated. Also assessed are the effects of NaCl on zeta potential of sound and demineralized dentin. Methods The relative level of glucosyltransferase B (gtfB), gtfC and gtfD transcription of S. mutans in the presence of NaCl was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The osmolality of varying salt (NaCl) concentrations and their influence on the zeta potential of sound and demineralized dentin was investigated as well. Results NaCl significantly reduced the expression of gtfB and C genes in planktonic S. mutans; whereas, gtf D gene expression significantly increased in the presence of NaCl (P < 0.05). NaCl at concentrations of 37.5 mg/ml reduced zeta potential of demineralized dentin, while no significant decrease of zeta potential was found when sound dentin was exposed to this concentration. Conclusion NaCl reduces the expression of some gtfs in S. mutans and increases negative potential charge of demineralized dentin.
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Estrela C, Costa E Silva R, Urban RC, Gonçalves PJ, Silva JA, Estrela CRA, Pecora JD, Peters OA. Demetallization of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: a preliminary study. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170374. [PMID: 29451651 PMCID: PMC5815357 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the concentration of calcium, iron, manganese and zinc ions after the application of chelator to Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Material and Methods Fifty bovine maxillary central incisors were prepared and inoculated with E. faecalis for 60 days. The following were used as irrigation solutions: 17% EDTA (pH 3, 7 and 10), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) combined with 17% EDTA (pH 3, 7 and 10), distilled water (pH 3, 7 and 10), and 2.5% NaOCl. Each solution was kept in the root canal for five minutes. Fifteen uncontaminated root canals were irrigated with 17% EDTA (pH 3, 7 and 10). Six teeth were used as bacterial control. The number of calcium, iron, manganese and zinc ions was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) values were used for descriptive statistics. Results Calcium chelation using 17% EDTA at pH 7 was higher than at pH 3 and 10, regardless of whether bacterial biofilm was present. The highest concentration of iron occurred at pH 3 in the presence of bacterial biofilm. The highest concentration of manganese found was 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA at pH 7 in the presence of bacterial biofilm. Zinc levels were not detectable. Conclusions The pH of chelating agents affected the removal of calcium, iron, and manganese ions. The concentration of iron ions in root canals with bacterial biofilm was higher after the use of 17% EDTA at pH 3 than after the use of the other solutions at all pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Estrela
- Departamento de Ciências Estomatológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | | | - Roberta Cerasi Urban
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Júlio A Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Estomatológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Cyntia R A Estrela
- Departamento de Ciências Estomatológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Jesus Djalma Pecora
- Departamento de Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ove A Peters
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Bartolo A, Koyess E, Camilleri J, Micallef C. Model assessing thermal changes during high temperature root canal irrigation. Healthc Technol Lett 2016; 3:247-251. [PMID: 27733934 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of root canal irrigation is to eliminate micro-organisms. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is considered to be the ideal material and raising its temperature potentiates the antimicrobial activity. NaOCl may lead to localised tissue necrosis when extruded past the root apex. This study analyses the use of high temperature root canal irrigation as an alternative process for the elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system. An experimental set-up was designed where a constant supply of heat was passed from a heat source through a copper wire inside the root canal. The data acquired together with known constants pertaining to enamel and dentine was used to numerically model the thermal changes in a tooth using a finite element method. Results obtained from the finite element thermal model of the tooth were repeatable and were validated with the experimental results. The thermo-physical properties of the tooth were varied and convergence criteria met. The temperatures reached were below what has been reported to cause irreversible damage to the bone. This was further confirmed from a series of simulations that were undertaken. The temperatures achieved were suitable for the elimination of microorganisms during root canal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analise Bartolo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Malta , Msida , Malta
| | - Edmond Koyess
- Department of Endodontics , Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Josette Camilleri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery , University of Malta , Msida , Malta
| | - Christopher Micallef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Malta , Msida , Malta
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12
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Alhashimi RA, Mannocci F, Sauro S. Experimental polyethylene-hydroxyapatite carrier-based endodontic system: an in vitro study on dynamic thermomechanical properties, sealing ability, and measurements of micro-computed tomography voids. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:279-86. [PMID: 27041355 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic thermomechanical properties, sealing ability, and voids formation of an experimental obturation hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene (HA/PE) composite/carrier system were investigated and compared with those of a commercial system [GuttaCore (GC)]. The HA/PE system was specifically designed using a melt-extrusion process. The viscoelastic properties of HA/PE were determined using a dynamic thermomechanical analyser. Human single-rooted teeth were endodontically instrumented and obturated using HA/PE or GC systems, and then sealing ability was assessed using a fluid filtration system. In addition, micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to quantify apparent voids within the root-canal space. The data were statistically analysed using one-way anova and post hoc tests. The HA/PE composite exhibited important modulus and damping changes with an increase of temperature. The HA/PE system was more flexible than GC as the modulus of GC appeared to be significantly higher than that of HA/PE as a result of the high positive glass transition temperature (Tg ). However, HA/PE and GC presented similar sealing abilities. In conclusion, because sealing ability and voids formation were comparable between the tested materials, the experimental HA/PE system may be considered a suitable alternative material for root-canal obturation. Moreover, HA/PE possesses specific viscoelastic behaviour and lower melting points, which may facilitate root-canal retreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad A Alhashimi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Francesco Mannocci
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Departamento de Odontologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
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de Almeida J, Hoogenkamp M, Felippe WT, Crielaard W, van der Waal SV. Effectiveness of EDTA and Modified Salt Solution to Detach and Kill Cells from Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm. J Endod 2016; 42:320-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Saatchi M, Shokraneh A, Navaei H, Maracy MR, Shojaei H. Antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 22:356-65. [PMID: 25466470 PMCID: PMC4245746 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most
frequently isolated strain in failed endodontic therapy cases since it is
resistant to calcium hydroxide (CH). Whether a combination of CH and chlorhexidine
(CHX) is more effective than CH alone against E. faecalis is a matter of
controversy. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and
meta-analysis of the literature. Material and Methods A comprehensive search in PubMed, EMbase, EBSCOhost, The Cochrane Library, SciELO,
and BBO databases, Clinical trials registers, Open Grey, and conference
proceedings from the earliest available date to February 1, 2013 was carried out
and the relevant articles were identified by two independent reviewers. Backward
and forward search was performed and then inclusion and exclusion criteria were
applied. The included studies were divided into "comparisons" according to the
depth of sampling and dressing period of each medicament. Meta-analysis was
performed using Stata software 10.0. The level of significance was set at
0.05. Results Eighty-five studies were retrieved from databases and backward/forward searches.
Fortyfive studies were considered as relevant (5 in vivo, 18
in vitro, 18 ex vivo, and 4 review articles).
Nine studies were included for meta-analysis. Inter-observer agreement (Cohen
kappa) was 0.93. The included studies were divided into 21 comparisons for
meta-analysis. Chi-square test showed the comparisons were heterogeneous
(p<0.001). Random effect model demonstrated no significant difference between
CH/CHX mixture and CH alone in their effect on E. faecalis
(p=0.115). Conclusions According to the evidence available now, mixing CH with CHX does not significantly
increase the antimicrobial activity of CH against E. faecalis. It
appears that mixing CH with CHX does not improve its ex vivo
antibacterial property as an intracanal medicament against E.
faecalis. Further in vivo studies are necessary to
confirm and correlate the findings of this study with the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Saatchi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Shokraneh
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hooman Navaei
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hasan Shojaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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van der Waal SV, Oonk CAM, Nieman SH, Wesselink PR, de Soet JJ, Crielaard W. Additional disinfection with a modified salt solution in a root canal model. J Dent 2015; 43:1280-4. [PMID: 26234625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the disinfecting properties of a modified salt solution (MSS) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in a non-direct-contact ex-vivo model. METHODS Seventy-four single-canal roots infected with Enterococcus faecalis were treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation or with NaOCl irrigation with subsequent dressing with MSS or Ca(OH)2. After removal of the dressings, the roots were filled with bacterial growth medium and incubated for seven days to enable the surviving bacteria to repopulate the root canal lumen. Growth was determined by sampling the root canals with paper points before treatment (S1), after treatment (S2) and incubation after treatment (S3). The colony forming units were counted at S1 and S2. At S3, growth was determined as no/yes regrowth. The Kruskal-Wallis, McNemar and χ(2) test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS At S2, in the NaOCl group, growth was found in 5 of 19 root canals. After the removal of MSS or Ca(OH)2 bacteria were retrieved from one root canal in both groups. At S3, repopulation of the root canals had occurred in 14 of 19 roots after sole NaOCl irrigation, 6 of 20 roots after MSS-dressing and in 14 of 20 roots after Ca(OH)2-dressing. MSS was more effective in preventing regrowth than Ca(OH)2 (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS The modified salt solution prevented regrowth in roots which indicates that it can eliminate persistent bacteria. Dressing the root canals with Ca(OH)2 did not provide additional disinfection after NaOCl irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette V van der Waal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A M Oonk
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma H Nieman
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Wesselink
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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van der Waal SV, Scheres N, de Soet JJ, Wesselink PR, Crielaard W. Cytotoxicity, interaction with dentine and efficacy on multispecies biofilms of a modified salt solution intended for endodontic disinfection in a newin vitrobiofilm model. Int Endod J 2014; 48:153-61. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. van der Waal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry; Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Cariology; Endodontology and Pedodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - N. Scheres
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - J. J. de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - P. R. Wesselink
- Department of Cariology; Endodontology and Pedodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - W. Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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17
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Rossi-Fedele G, Guastalli AR. Osmolarity and root canal antiseptics. Int Endod J 2013; 47:314-20. [PMID: 23889531 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Rossi-Fedele
- Warwick Dentistry; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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