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Ereş G, Su Akgün Demirtaş C, Toptaş E, Yılmaz AD, Sengüven B, Kamburoğlu K. Correlations between the Peptide Hormone Ghrelin and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Experimental Periodontitis Models of Female Rats at Different Stages of the Life Cycle. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 108:104518. [PMID: 31472279 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the correlations between the levels of ghrelin and inflammatory and bone metabolism markers in rats with periodontitis. DESIGN Thirty female Wistar rats (6 trial rats and 4 control rats in each group) were divided into pubertal, adult and postmenopausal groups. Periodontitis was induced by ligatures. On the 21 st day, blood was collected and all rats were then sacrificed. The levels of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, alkaline phosphatase, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), acylated ghrelin, total ghrelin and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligands in the blood samples were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The jaws were decalcified in a Tris-EDTA solution and embedded in paraffin and 4-5 μm sections were cut for IL-β, TNF -α and ghrelin staining. RESULTS Significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase levels were detected in the trial rats in the pubertal group than in the control rats (p = 0.033). In the postmenopausal group, ghrelin levels positively correlated with interleukin 1 beta levels (r = 0.708, p < 0.05). Among all trial rats, the postmenopausal group exhibited significantly higher levels of acylated ghrelin than the other groups (p = 0.001). Significantly higher osteoprotegerin levels were observed in the control rats than in the trial rats in the postmenopausal group (p = 0.012). Inflammation scores were significantly higher in adult trial rats than in controls (p = 0.024); significantly higher TNF-α levels were detected in postmenopausal experimental rats than in the adult experimental group (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that total ghrelin levels in serum only correlated with IL-β levels in postmenopausal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülden Ereş
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Ece Toptaş
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayça Dilara Yılmaz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Sengüven
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kıvanç Kamburoğlu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Houreld N, Abrahamse H. Low-intensity laser irradiation stimulates wound healing in diabetic wounded fibroblast cells (WS1). Diabetes Technol Ther 2010; 12:971-8. [PMID: 21128844 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2010.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes suffer from slow-to-heal wounds, which often necessitate amputation. Low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) has been shown to reduce the healing time in such patients. This study aimed to determine the effect of different wavelengths of LILI on cellular migration, viability, and proliferation in a wounded diabetic cell model. METHODS Diabetic wounded and unwounded human skin fibroblast cells (WS1) were irradiated at 632.8, 830, or 1,064 nm with 5 J/cm(2). Cellular morphology and migration were determined microscopically, while cellular viability was determined by ATP luminescence, and proliferation was determined by basic fibroblast growth factor expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. RESULTS Diabetic wounded cells irradiated at 1,064 nm showed a lesser degree of migration, viability, and proliferation compared to cells irradiated at 632.8 or 830 nm. Cells irradiated at 632.8 nm showed a higher degree of haptotaxis and migration as well as ATP luminescence compared to cells irradiated at 830 nm. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that LILI of diabetic wounded cells in the visible range (632.8 nm) was more beneficial to wound healing than irradiating the same cells to wavelengths in the infrared range. Cells irradiated at a longer wavelength of 1,064 nm performed worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Houreld
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Nakajima K, Abe T, Tanaka M, Hara Y. Periodontal tissue engineering by transplantation of multilayered sheets of phenotypically modified gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:681-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cabral MCT, Costa MA, Fernandes MH. In vitro models of periodontal cells: a comparative study of long-term gingival, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cell cultures in the presence of beta-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:1079-88. [PMID: 17268872 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-0134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human gingival (HG), periodontal ligament (HPL) and alveolar bone (HAB) cells (first subculture) were cultured (10(4) cells/cm2) for 35 days in alpha-Minimal Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum in the presence of (i) ascorbic acid (AA, 50 microg/mL), (ii) AA + beta-glycerophosphate (betaGP, 10 mM) and (iii) AA + betaGP + dexamethasone (Dex, 10 nM). Cultures were assessed for cell attachment and spreading, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities and matrix mineralization. HG cell cultures presented a high proliferation rate, a low ability to synthesize ALP and ACP and the formation of a non-mineralized extracellular matrix, regardless the experimental situation. HPL cell cultures were very sensitive to the culture conditions and showed a high proliferation rate, synthesis of moderate levels of ALP and ACP and a modest matrix mineralization in the presence of AA + betaGP + Dex. HAB cell cultures presented a growth rate lower than that of HG and HPL cells, a high ALP activity and comparatively low levels of ACP, and the ready formation of a heavy mineralized matrix in the presence of betaGP. In the three periodontal cell cultures, Dex enhanced cell proliferation and expression of osteoblastic markers. Results showed that betaGP and Dex allowed the modulation of the cell proliferation/differentiation behavior within the proposed physiological and regenerative capabilities of these periodontal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Trigo Cabral
- FMDUP - Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
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Abe T, Abe Y, Aida Y, Hara Y, Maeda K. Extracellular matrix regulates induction of alkaline phosphatase expression by ascorbic acid in human fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2001; 189:144-51. [PMID: 11598899 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During wound healing and inflammation, fibroblasts express elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), but are not in contact with collagen fibrils in the fibronectin (FN)-rich granulation tissue. We hypothesized that the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment might influence the induction of ALP in fibroblasts. Here we tested this hypothesis by studying the ALP-inductive response of normal human gingival fibroblasts to ascorbic acid (AsA). AsA induced ALP activity and protein in cells in conventional monolayer culture. This induction was inhibited by blocking-antibodies to the FN receptor alpha 5 beta 1 integrin and by the proline analog 3,4-dehydroproline (DHP). DHP prevented cells from arranging FN fibrils into a pericellular network and reduced the activity of cell spreading on FN. Plating of cells on FN facilitated the up-regulation by AsA of ALP expression, but did not substitute for AsA. In contrast, AsA did not cause ALP induction in cells cultured on and in polymerized type I collagen gels. Collagen fibrils inhibited the up-regulation by AsA of ALP expression in cells plated on FN. These results indicate that the ECM regulates the induction of ALP expression by AsA in fibroblasts: FN enables them to express ALP in response to AsA through interaction with integrin alpha 5 beta 1, whereas type I collagen fibrils cause the suppression of ALP expression and overcome FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Hillmann G, Gebert A, Geurtsen W. Matrix expression and proliferation of primary gingival fibroblasts in a three-dimensional cell culture model. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 17):2823-32. [PMID: 10444377 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.17.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of cultured primary human gingival fibroblasts and the three-dimensional arrangement of the extracellular matrix in a polyester carrier system was investigated using various histological techniques. The results were compared with monolayer cultures. Collagen types I, III, V, and VI were investigated by conventional and fluorescence microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Human gingival fibroblasts were obtained from tissue biopsies of five donors and were cultivated up to 5 weeks under three-dimensional culture conditions. The cells displayed an elongated, spindle-like or stellate morphology resembling the in vivo situation. Collagen type I revealed thick fiber bundles, and collagens type III and V were distributed as fine fibrils or small bundles throughout the culture system. Frequently, the fibers were oriented parallel to the long axis of the cells. Type VI collagen formed thin fibers and revealed a reticular pattern. In histological sections the cultured cells exhibited a morphology clearly different from that of cells cultured in monolayers. Their shape and spatial distribution resembled that of cells in tissue biopsies more closely. The culture system presented here promotes a dynamic model for performing studies for instance on the interactions of cultured cells with extracellular matrix molecules, on the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes or on the interactions with biomaterials, thus providing qualitative and quantitative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hillmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School, Medical University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
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Abe T, Hara Y, Abe Y, Aida Y, Maeda K. Serum or growth factor deprivation induces the expression of alkaline phosphatase in human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 1998; 77:1700-7. [PMID: 9759667 DOI: 10.1177/00220345980770090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the increased expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is a phenotypic characteristic of gingival fibroblasts present in chronic inflammatory periodontal lesions. We hypothesized that ALP might be induced in gingival fibroblasts by environmental factors. In the present study, we investigated the factors influencing the induction of ALP expression in fibroblasts derived from healthy human gingiva. The withdrawal of serum from confluent cultures of fibroblasts increased the number of cells positive for ALP activity and protein, without their proliferation. Suramin, a growth factor antagonist, induced ALP expression in cells cultured with serum. Serum re-addition or exposure to platelet-derived growth factor-AB and/or insulin-like growth factor I suppressed ALP induction and caused cell growth. ALP-positive cells could survive for up to 6 weeks after serum deprivation, a condition inducing cell death via apoptosis. These results demonstrate that serum or growth factor deprivation induces the expression of ALP in gingival fibroblasts. ALP expression is negatively correlated with cell growth and accompanied by a change into serum-growth-factor-independent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Takahashi K, Lappin D, Kinane DF. In situ localization of cell synthesis and proliferation in periodontitis gingiva and tonsillar tissue. Oral Dis 1996; 2:210-6. [PMID: 9081761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1996.tb00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous work indicates that large numbers of B and T cells accumulate in the periodontal soft tissues although we know little about cellular synthetic activity and proliferation in this site. The aim of this study was to examine lymphocytic cell synthetic activity and proliferation in periodontitis gingiva and compare this to a known site of leucocyte proliferation, namely the oropharyngeal tonsils. MATERIALS AND METHODS Messenger RNA (mRNA) and 28S ribosomal (28S rRNA) expressing cells in formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded gingival and tonsillar tissue sections were detected by in situ hybridisation (ISH) using poly-deoxyribothymidine and 28S probes respectively. In addition S-phase proliferating and cycling cells were also detected by ISH with histone probes and by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Ten gingival biopsy samples were obtained from adult periodontitis patients and five tonsillar biopsies from tonsillectomy patients. RESULTS Both mRNA and 28S rRNA-expressing cells were detected in all the samples tested. Plasma cells showed the strongest signal for the two probes and slight to moderate staining could be seen in epithelium, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In contrast, gingival lymphocytes were either weakly stained or were unstained for these probes of synthetic activity. In tonsils, most lymphocytes in germinal centres showed moderate staining and mantol zone cells were much more weakly stained. In gingival samples, histone mRNA-expressing and cycling (Ki-67) cells were detected in 4/10, 10/10 cases respectively. These positive cells were mainly basal and suprabasal epithelial cells and a few mononuclear cells, whereas most germinal centre lymphocytes (B cells) were positive for this probe. The number of Ki67 positive cells was greater than histone mRNA bearing cells both in gingiva and tonsillar tissue. In contrast, mantol zone cells (mainly T cells) were sparsely stained by probes of cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that local proliferation of B cells does not occur in periodontitis gingiva in contrast with tonsillar tissue, although plasma cells showed strong synthetic activity in both tissues. T cells did not appear to proliferate greatly nor undergo active synthesis in either of these tissues. These findings substantiate previous hypotheses that specific leucocytes predominate in the gingival tissue through selective homing rather than by local proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takahashi
- Department of Adult Dental Care, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Scotland, UK
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Abe T, Hara Y, Abe Y, Aida Y, Maeda K. Isolation of alkaline phosphatase-positive gingival fibroblasts from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1996; 31:285-93. [PMID: 8814600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have reported recently that increased expression of membrane alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is a phenotypical characteristic of gingival fibroblasts located in chronic inflammatory periodontal lesions. To understand the cellular properties of these cells, we isolated ALP-positive gingival fibroblasts from patients with adult periodontitis and evaluated their proliferative potential. Using an enzymatic digestion procedure, we prepared gingival cell suspensions containing ALP-positive fibroblasts without affecting their ALP activities. These cell suspensions were then subjected to 1 g sedimentation, followed by allowing cells to adhere to substrata. Using this procedure, 71.9% of isolated cells were ALP-positive. Dissociation of ALP-positive fibroblasts and contamination by non-fibroblastic cells were examined by cytochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. The proliferative capacity of ALP-positive fibroblasts in culture was assessed by monitoring the proportion of ALP-positive cells after repeated subculture passages and by labelling DNA-synthesizing cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The proportion of ALP-positive fibroblasts decreased during cell culture passages without an apparent change in the ALP-positive phenotype. The percentage of BrdU-positive cells was significantly lower among ALP-positive than among ALP-negative fibroblasts. These results indicate that ALP-positive fibroblasts in chronic inflammatory periodontal lesions have low growth potential. We suggest that their reduced capacity to grow in vitro reflects a more differentiated state induced under inflammatory conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Groeneveld MC, Van den Bos T, Everts V, Beertsen W. Cell-bound and extracellular matrix-associated alkaline phosphatase activity in rat periodontal ligament. Experimental Oral Biology Group. J Periodontal Res 1996; 31:73-9. [PMID: 8636879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies it was noted that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in periodontal ligament does not only seem to be related to cells but may also be associated with the extracellular matrix. In an attempt to clarify this we studied the distribution of the enzyme at the electron microscopic level. In addition, ALP-activity was assessed biochemically following extraction of the ligament with (i) agents dissolving the membrane or splitting the phosphatidylinositol anchor (Triton X-100 or phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C, respectively), and (ii) a matrix-degrading enzyme cocktail (collagenase, hyaluronidase and elastase). Histochemical observations revealed (a) a heterogeneous distribution of ALP-activity, with highest activity adjacent to the alveolar bone and (b) two pools of activity; one bound to cells and one associated with the collagenous extracellular matrix. In line with this were the biochemical data indicating that approximately 10% of the enzyme activity was firmly bound to the extracellular matrix and 90% to plasma membranes. Isoelectric focusing did not reveal differences between the two fractions, both samples yielding a single broad band corresponding with an isoelectric point of about 4.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Groeneveld
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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