1
|
Kirman CR, Sonawane BR, Seed JG, Azu NO, Barranco WT, Hamilton WR, Stedeford TJ, Hays SM. An evaluation of reproductive toxicity studies and data interpretation of N-methylpyrrolidone for risk assessment: An expert panel review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105337. [PMID: 36649819 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An expert panel was assembled to evaluate reproductive toxicology study data and their application to health risk assessment to provide input on the data quality, interpretation, and application of data from three multi-generation reproductive toxicity studies of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Panelists were engaged using a double-blinded, modified Delphi format that consisted of three rounds. Key studies were scored using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) questions and general considerations to guide the evaluation of experimental animal studies for systematic review. The primary conclusions of the panel are that one of the studies (Exxon, 1991) is not a high-quality study due to several design flaws that includes: (1) exceedance of the maximum tolerable dose in the high dose group; (2) failure to adjust feed concentrations of NMP during the lactation period, resulting in NMP doses that were 2- to 3-fold higher than nominal levels; and/or (3) underlying reproductive performance problems in the strain of rats used. For these reasons, the panel recommended that this study should not be considered for quantitative risk assessment of NMP. Exclusion of this study, and its corresponding data for male fertility and female fecundity, from the quantitative risk assessment results in a change in the identification of the most sensitive endpoint. Instead, changes in rat fetal/pup body weight, an endpoint previously selected by EPA, was identified as an appropriate basis for human health risk assessment based on a consideration of the best available science and weight of scientific evidence supported by the NMP toxicity database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - B R Sonawane
- Independent Consultant, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - J G Seed
- Independent Consultant, Alexandria, VA, 22301, USA
| | - N O Azu
- BASF Corporation, Houston, TX, 77079, USA
| | - W T Barranco
- Lyondell Chemical Company, Houston, TX, 77010, USA
| | | | - T J Stedeford
- Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - S M Hays
- SciPinion, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glycosphingolipids are mediators of cancer plasticity through independent signaling pathways. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111181. [PMID: 35977490 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular repertoire promoting cancer cell plasticity is not fully elucidated. Here, we propose that glycosphingolipids (GSLs), specifically the globo and ganglio series, correlate and promote the transition between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The epithelial character of ovarian cancer remains stable throughout disease progression, and spatial glycosphingolipidomics reveals elevated globosides in the tumor compartment compared with the ganglioside-rich stroma. CRISPR-Cas9 knockin mediated truncation of endogenous E-cadherin induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and decreases globosides. The transcriptomics analysis identifies the ganglioside-synthesizing enzyme ST8SIA1 to be consistently elevated in mesenchymal-like samples, predicting poor outcome. Subsequent deletion of ST8SIA1 induces epithelial cell features through mTORS2448 phosphorylation, whereas loss of globosides in ΔA4GALT cells, resulting in EMT, is accompanied by increased ERKY202/T204 and AKTS124. The GSL composition dynamics corroborate cancer cell plasticity, and further evidence suggests that mesenchymal cells are maintained through ganglioside-dependent, calcium-mediated mechanisms.
Collapse
|
3
|
Workplace environmental exposure level guide: n-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:309-329. [PMID: 35658636 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221093838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
n-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a widely used solvent with a mild amine-like odor that can exist in a vapor or aerosol at moderate temperatures. In humans, NMP was reported to induce weak and transient eye irritation and headache. NMP was not a dermal sensitizer and has a low acute toxicity via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. NMP was not genotoxic/mutagenic in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, NMP was not carcinogenic in rats although species-specific liver tumors were identified in mice. Chronic studies in the rat provided a NOAEL of 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) causing only minor effects in males (slightly reduced mean body weight) at 100 ppm (400 mg/m3). Developmental toxicity was considered the critical endpoint (decreased fetal body weights at non-maternally toxic doses). Benchmark dose and PBPK models were utilized to derive an internal dose of 350-470 mg·h/L as a NOAEL for this response and a human equivalent air concentration of 350-490 ppm. With the application of adjustment factors, an 8-h time-weighted average WEEL value of 15 ppm (60 mg/m3) was derived and is expected to provide a significant margin of safety against any potential adverse health effects in workers. To address the potential for respiratory irritation, a short-term exposure level of 30 ppm (120 mg/m3) was derived, and a skin notation is assigned because of the contribution of dermal absorption to the systemic toxicity of NMP.
Collapse
|
4
|
Perraud V, Li X, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Novel ionization reagent for the measurement of gas-phase ammonia and amines using a stand-alone atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8561. [PMID: 31429122 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Contaminants present in ambient air or in sampling lines can interfere with the target analysis through overlapping peaks or causing a high background. This study presents a positive outcome from the unexpected presence of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, released from a PALL HEPA filter, in the analysis of atmospherically relevant gas-phase amines using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. METHODS Gas-phase measurements were performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a modified atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source which allows sampling of the headspace above pure amine standards. Gas-phase N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) emitted from a PALL HEPA filter located in the inlet stream served as the ionizing agent. RESULTS This study demonstrates that some alkylamines efficiently form a [NMP + amine+H]+ cluster with NMP upon chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The extent of cluster formation depends largely on the proton affinity of the amine compared with that of NMP. Aromatic amines (aniline, pyridine) and diamines (putrescine) were shown not to form cluster ions with NMP. CONCLUSIONS The use of NMP as an ionizing agent with stand-alone APGC provided high sensitivity for ammonia and the smaller amines. The main advantages, in addition to sensitivity, are direct sampling into the APGC source and avoiding uptake on sampling lines which can be a significant problem with ammonia and amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sitarek K, Stetkiewicz J, Wąsowicz W. Evaluation of Reproductive Disorders in Female Rats Exposed to N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:195-201. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
Nishimura S, Yasui H, Miyauchi H, Kikuchi Y, Kondo N, Takebayashi T, Tanaka S, Mikoshiba Y, Omae K, Nomiyama T. A cross-sectional observation of effect of exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on workers' health. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2009; 47:355-362. [PMID: 19672008 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.47.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at clarifying the effect of exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on workers' health. Fifteen male NMP-exposed workers and 15 referent male workers were recruited for this study. Exposure concentrations were assessed by determining NMP in the breathing zones and urinary NMP. Clinical examinations, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities in the dominant arm, and neurobehavioral tests were carried out. The subjects were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires for subjective symptoms and psychological assessment. The mean NMP exposure concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 ppm, and urinary NMP levels at the end of each workday ranged from 0.17 to 0.22 mg/l, throughout the work week. In terms of clinical data, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, neurobehavioral tests, and subjective symptom assessments, there were no differences and no dose-dependent changes in either the means or the prevalence of abnormal findings between NMP-exposed and referent workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nishimura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oceguera-Cervantes A, Carrillo-García A, López N, Bolaños-Nuñez S, Cruz-Gómez MJ, Wacher C, Loza-Tavera H. Characterization of the polyurethanolytic activity of two Alicycliphilus sp. strains able to degrade polyurethane and N-methylpyrrolidone. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6214-23. [PMID: 17693569 PMCID: PMC2075003 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01230-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bacterial strains (BQ1 and BQ8) were isolated from decomposed soft foam. These were selected for their capacity to grow in a minimal medium (MM) supplemented with a commercial surface-coating polyurethane (PU) (Hydroform) as the carbon source (MM-PUh). Both bacterial strains were identified as Alicycliphilus sp. by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Growth in MM-PUh showed hyperbolic behavior, with BQ1 producing higher maximum growth (17.8 +/- 0.6 mg.ml(-1)) than BQ8 (14.0 +/- 0.6 mg.ml(-1)) after 100 h of culture. Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of Hydroform showed that it was a polyester PU type which also contained N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as an additive. Alicycliphilus sp. utilizes NMP during the first stage of growth and was able to use it as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, with calculated K(s) values of about 8 mg.ml(-1). Enzymatic activities related to PU degradation (esterase, protease, and urease activities) were tested by using differential media and activity assays in cell-free supernatants of bacterial cultures in MM-PUh. Induction of esterase activity in inoculated MM-PUh, but not that of protease or urease activities, was observed at 12 h of culture. Esterase activity reached its maximum at 18 h and was maintained at 50% of its maximal activity until the end of the analysis (120 h). The capacity of Alicycliphilus sp. to degrade PU was demonstrated by changes in the PU IR spectrum and by the numerous holes produced in solid PU observed by scanning electron microscopy after bacterial culture. Changes in the PU IR spectra indicate that an esterase activity is involved in PU degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Oceguera-Cervantes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F. México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saillenfait AM, Gallissot F, Sabaté JP. Developmental toxic effects ofN-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone administered orally to rats. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:491-7. [PMID: 17370236 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration. Pregnant rats were given NEP at doses of 0 (distilled water), 50, 250, 500 and 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1), by gavage (5 ml kg(-1)), on gestational days (GD) 6-20. Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by reduction in body weight gain and food consumption, was observed in all NEP groups at the beginning of treatment (GD 6-9). The incidence of resorptions was significantly increased at 500 mg kg(-1) day(-1), and reached 83% at 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1). There was a dose-related decrease in fetal weight, which was significantly lower than control at 250 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and higher doses. The incidence of malformed fetuses per litter and the number of litters with malformed fetuses were significantly increased at 500 and 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1). Malformations mainly consisted of edema, anal atresia with absent tail, cardiovascular defects and fused cervical arches. Ossification of skull bones and sternebrae was significantly reduced at 500 and 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1). The incidence of supernumerary ribs was significantly elevated at 250 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and higher doses. In conclusion, NEP administered by gavage is embryotoxic and teratogenic at maternal toxic doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, B.P. 27, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saillenfait AM, Sabaté JP, Gallissot F. Comparative developmental toxicities of the three major metabolites ofN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone after oral administration in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:571-81. [PMID: 17370238 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of the three main metabolites of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pregnant rats were given 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP; 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), N-methylsuccinimide (MSI; 0, 500, 750, 1000 or 1250 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), or 2-hydroxyN-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI; 0, 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), by gavage, on gestational days (GD) 6-20. No evidence of maternal toxicity was observed in dams given 5-HNMP. Administration of 2-HMSI resulted in overt maternal toxicity at 500 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and higher doses, as indicated by a significant reduction in weight gain and food consumption at the beginning of treatment. There was no evidence of embryo/fetal toxicity in any of the groups treated with 5-HNMP or 2-HMSI. MSI produced marked developmental toxicity in the presence of maternal effects. Maternal body weight gain and food consumption were affected at 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1) MSI, and above. A significant increase in post-implantation loss occurred at 1250 mg kg(-1) day(-1) MSI, and the incidence of fetuses with external or with visceral malformations was significantly increased at 1000 and 1250 mg kg(-1) day(-1) MSI. Malformations mainly consisted of anasarca, cardiovascular defects and diaphragmatic hernia. Fetal weight was significantly reduced at 1000 and 1250 mg kg(-1) day(-1). The incidence of skeletal variations (predominantly cervical ribs, and delayed ossification of skull bones and sternebrae) was significantly elevated at 750 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and higher doses. However, MSI was much less potent than the parent compound. These results indicate that the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of NMP are not attributable to these metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, BP 27, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
E X, Wada Y, Nozaki J, Miyauchi H, Tanaka S, Seki Y, Koizumi A. A Linear Pharmacokinetic Model Predicts Usefulness of N‐Methyl‐2‐Pyrrolidone (NMP) in Plasma or Urine as a Biomarker for Biological Monitoring for NMP Exposure. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.42.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei E
- Department of HygieneAkita University School of Medicine
| | - Yasuhiko Wada
- Department of HygieneAkita University School of Medicine
| | - Jun‐ichi Nozaki
- Department of HygieneAkita University School of Medicine
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesKyoto University, School of Public Health
| | | | | | - Yukio Seki
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of HygieneAkita University School of Medicine
- Department of Health and Environmental SciencesKyoto University, School of Public Health
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sitarek K, Kilanowicz A. Tissue Distribution and Excretion of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone in Male and Female Rats. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2006; 19:142-8. [PMID: 17128812 DOI: 10.2478/v10001-006-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) belongs to solvents widely used in the petrochemical industry a well as in the production of pesticides, veterinary drugs and paint removers. NMP is easily absorbed from the respiratory tract, digestive system and through the skin. It is a compound of slight acute toxicity that also displays moderate irritating activity. The aim of this study was to assess tissue distribution and excretion following a single intraperitoneal NMP administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue distribution and excretion of NMP following administration of a single dose of 250 mg/kg body weight (350 kBq/rat) was investigated using 14C. Blood plasma (6 rats per time point) were sampled up to 72 h after administration and determination of radioactivity. Male and female rats (4 animals per time point) were decapitated at appropriate time intervals and examined tissues were removed for determination of radioactivity. Excretion of 14C in urine and feces were also measured. All radioactivity measurements were carried out using a Rackbetta 1209 (LKB, Sweden) liquid scintillation counter. RESULTS The highest 14C activity in tissues and internal organs of female and male rats was observed 4 h after administration of the compound. The highest accumulation was detected in the muscles and fat tissue as well as in the liver and testicles. During 72 h following administration, approximately 80% of the dose was excreted in urine. Elimination of the compound in feces was far less significant: only about 5% of the dose was excreted at once. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study indicate that there are no significant differences in 14C-NMP tissue distribution between male and female rats; NMP absorption from the peritoneal cavity to blood is rapid, disappearance from plasma is monophase and kidneys are the main route of excretion of NMP and/or its metabolites from the rat body after administration of a dose equal to 10% of LD50. The ability to accumulate NMP and/or its metabolites in testes and seminal vesicles may be the reason for fertility impairment in male rats observed after repeated exposure to this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Sitarek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódź, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carnerup MA, Saillenfait AM, Jönsson BAG. Concentrations of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and its metabolites in plasma and urine following oral administration of NMP to rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1441-7. [PMID: 15951091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary aims were to study the metabolism in rats and to determine the biological levels after one oral developmentally toxic dose of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), a widely used industrial chemical. Non-pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were given an oral single dose of either a non-toxic dose of 125 mg NMP/kg (group 1) by gavage or a developmentally toxic dose of 500 mg/kg (group 2). Blood plasma (7 rats per time point) and urine (10 rats per time point) were sampled up to 72 h after administration and analyzed using mass spectrometry. In both plasma and urine NMP, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP), N-methylsuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) and 2-pyrrolidone (2-P) were identified. In urine 48% of the administered dose was recovered as 5-HNMP and 2-5% as 2-HMSI. The total recovery in urine was 53-59%. The peak concentrations for NMP in plasma were 1.2 and 6.9 mmol/l, 0.42 and 0.76 mmol/l for 5-HNMP, 0.07 and 0.31 mmol/l for MSI and for 2-HMSI the concentrations were 0.02 and 0.05 mmol/l for groups 1 and 2, respectively. In summary, the same metabolites were found in rats as in humans and the biological levels were reported for NMP and its metabolites after oral exposure to a developmentally toxic dose and one non-toxic dose of NMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Carnerup
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jönsson BAG, Akesson B. Human experimental exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP): toxicokinetics of NMP, 5-hydroxy- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylsuccinimide and 2-hydroxy- N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI), and biological monitoring using 2-HMSI as a biomarker. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003; 76:267-74. [PMID: 12684812 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-003-0438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2002] [Accepted: 01/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a strong and selective organic solvent with an extensive and increasing use. It has been reported to be a compound that is toxic to the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxicokinetics parameters for NMP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxy- N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (5-HNMP), N-methylsuccinimide (MSI) and 2-hydroxy- N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI), and to develop a method for biological monitoring of NMP exposure that uses 2-HMSI as a biomarker. METHODS Six healthy, male volunteers were exposed to NMP in an exposure chamber for 8 h at concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/m(3). In addition, three of the subjects were exposed a second time at 50 mg/m(3). Air levels were monitored by Amberlite XAD-7 sampling and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Levels of NMP and the metabolites in plasma and urine were analysed by GC or GC with mass spectrometry detection. RESULTS The concentration of 2-HMSI in plasma and urine rose during exposure and reached a peak approximately 15 h after the end of exposure. It then decayed according to a one-compartment model with a half-time of about 18 h. There were very close correlations between the NMP air levels, on the one hand, and concentrations of 2-HMSI in plasma (r=0.98) and creatinine-adjusted urinary 2-HMSI levels (r=0.96), on the other. The renal clearances were 0.13, 1.4, 0.12 and 1.2 l/h for NMP, 5-HNMP, MSI and 2-HMSI, respectively. The total clearances were 11.4, 3.2, 8.5 and 1.1 l/h for NMP, 5-HNMP, MSI and 2-HMSI, respectively. The apparent volumes of distribution were 41, 28, 120 and 28 l for NMP, 5-HNMP, MSI and 2-HMSI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Toxicokinetics parameters for NMP, 5-HNMP, MSI and 2-HMSI have been estimated. Furthermore, 2-HMSI is applicable as a biomarker of exposure to NMP, and the levels in plasma and urine may be used to indicate an exposure over three days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A G Jönsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saillenfait AM, Gallissot F, Morel G. Developmental toxicity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in rats following inhalation exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:583-8. [PMID: 12615131 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of inhaled N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pregnant rats were exposed whole body to NMP vapours at concentrations of 0, 30, 60 and 120 ppm, 6 h/day, on gestational days (GD) 6 through 20. Maternal body weight gain was significantly decreased at 60 and 120 ppm on GD 6-13 and maternal food consumption was reduced at 120 ppm on GD 13-21. No significant difference in the gestational weight change corrected for the weight of the gravid uterus was observed, whatever NMP concentration. There were no adverse effects on embryo/fetal viability or evidence of teratogenicity at any concentration tested. Fetal toxicity indicated by reduced fetal weight was observed at 120 ppm. Thus, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity was 30 and 60 ppm, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, BP No 27, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saillenfait AM, Gallissot F, Langonné I, Sabaté JP. Developmental toxicity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone administered orally to rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:1705-12. [PMID: 12176097 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration. Pregnant rats were given NMP at doses of 0 (distilled water), 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg/day, by gavage, on gestational days (GD) 6 through 20. Significant decreases in maternal body weight gain and food consumption during treatment, and a reduction in absolute weight gain were observed at 500 and 750 mg/kg. The incidence of resorptions per litter was significantly higher than control at 500 mg/kg, and rose to 91% at 750 mg/kg. Examination of the foetuses revealed treatment-related malformations, including imperforate anus and absence of tail, anasarca, and malformations of the great vessels and of the cervical arches. The incidence of malformed foetuses per litter, and of litters with malformed foetuses was significantly increased at 500 and 750 mg/kg. At 250 mg/kg, one foetus showed malformations similar to those recorded at higher dosages. There was a dose-related decrease in foetal body weights (male, female, and total) that reached statistical significance at 250 mg/kg. A significant increase in incomplete ossification of skull bones and of sternebrae was also present at 500 and 750 mg/kg. In summary, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity was 250 and 125 mg/kg/day, respectively. Thus, oral administration of NMP produced developmental toxicity below maternally toxic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, BP No. 27, 54501 Vandoeuvre, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ligocka D, Lison D, Haufroid V. Quantitative determination of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone in urine for biological monitoring of N-methylpyrrolidone exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778:223-30. [PMID: 12376129 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to validate a sensitive method for quantitative analysis of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone (5-HNMP) in urine. This compound has been recommended as a marker for biological monitoring of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) exposure. Different solvents and alternative methods of extraction including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) on Chem Elut and solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB columns were tested. The most efficient extraction of 5-HNMP in urine was LLE with Chem Elut columns and dichloromethane as a solvent (consistently 22% of recovery). The urinary extracts were derivatized by bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with tetradeutered 5-HNMP as an internal standard. The detection limit of this method is 0.017 mg/l urine with an intraassay precision of 1.6-2.6%. The proposed method of extraction is simple and reproducible. Four different m/z signal ratios of TMS-5-HNMP and tetralabelled TMS-5-HNMP have been validated and could be indifferently used in case of unexpected impurities from urine matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Ligocka
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|