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Du X, Zhao C, Liu S, Su S. Value of ambroxol in the treatment of asthmatic bronchitis. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:501-504. [PMID: 32292460 PMCID: PMC7150415 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.3.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical effect of ambroxol in the treatment of asthmatic bronchitis. METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with asthmatic bronchitis who were admitted to our hospital from June 2017 to August 2018 were selected as the research subjects and divided into a control group and an observation group according to random number table method, 60 in each group. The control group was treated with conventional treatment, while the observation group was treated with ambroxol in addition to conventional treatment. The therapeutic effect, disappearance time of symptoms and signs and the recovery of pulmonary function were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The total effective rate of the observation group was 96.7%, and that of the control group was 73.3%. The control effect of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). The disappearance time of symptoms of the observation group was shorter than that of the control group, and the recovery of pulmonary function was better; the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION For asthmatic bronchitis patients, addition of ambroxol to conventional treatment can improve the therapeutic effect, shorten the disappearance time of clinical signs and symptoms, and promote the recovery of patients, which is worth clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Du
- Xiaoxia Du, Health Department of Respiration and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Chengyan Zhao
- Chengyan Zhao, Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Shiqing Liu, Health Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Shufen Su
- Shufen Su, Department of Endoscopic-Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital), Shandong, 250014, China
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Abstract
Extensive experience with chronic peritoneal dialysis has identified a series of functional and anatomical pathologic changes in the peritoneal membrane thought to be the result of repeated insults from bioincompatible solutions. Laboratory and clinical findings from recent investigations often conflict and are difficult to interpret due to variations in methodologies, animal models, study designs, and data analyses. The principal pathophysiologic mechanisms identified thus far are oxidative stress, inflammation, and their consequences. Many substances used to neutralize the action of these insults, prevent formation of toxic compounds, or directly alter solute and water transport to improve peritoneal membrane performance have been studied. We herein review the most promising of these substances or those that deserve attention because their use has contributed to better understanding of peritoneal pathophysiology. Most peritoneal solution additives have proved useless due to their toxicity and undesirable effects, ineffectiveness, or manufacturing limitations. A few substances deserve more attention, particularly those capable of restoring negatively charged membrane sites, those that somehow improve permselectivity, scavengers of oxidants, and advanced glycation end-product inhibitors and breakers. Recent publications on clinical experience with neutral pH, low glucose degradation product (GDP) peritoneal solutions, although few and preliminary, are most encouraging. The virtual elimination of GDPs in these novel solutions will probably preclude the need for GDP scavengers and inhibitors. Nonetheless, there is room for further significant improvement in solution biocompatibility and for compounds that may restore peritoneal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Diaz-Buxo
- Home Therapies Development, Fresenius Medical Care North America, Lexington Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lazaro Gotloib
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Research Center for Experimental Nephrology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
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Peroni DG, Moser S, Gallo G, Pigozzi R, Tenero L, Zanoni L, Boner AL, Piacentini GL. Ambroxol inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst activated by alpha chain integrin adhesion. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 26:883-7. [PMID: 24355223 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible anti-oxidant effect(s) of Ambroxol on neutrophils activated by ligand-binding of the drug with membrane-associated adhesion integrin CD11a and to estimate dose-response changes in oxygen free radical production. The amount of free radical production by anti-CD11a- and anti-CD4-coated neutrophils stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and challenged with increasing concentration of Ambroxol, was evaluated within a time frame of 90 minutes. A significant dose-dependent effect response of Ambroxol on O2‾ production by cells coated with anti-CD11a antibody was observed. This preliminary study opens a new perspective on the therapeutic role of Ambroxol as an antioxidant drug and for its potential use in controlling oxidative stress, particularly in leukocyte-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Peroni
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Moser
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Gallo
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - R Pigozzi
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Tenero
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Zanoni
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A L Boner
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G L Piacentini
- Paediatric Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Cataldi M, Sblendorio V, Leo A, Piazza O. Biofilm-dependent airway infections: a role for ambroxol? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 28:98-108. [PMID: 24252805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are a key factor in the development of both acute and chronic airway infections. Their relevance is well established in ventilator associated pneumonia, one of the most severe complications in critically ill patients, and in cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians. Accumulating evidence suggests that biofilms could have also a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their involvement in bronchiectasis has been proposed as well. When they grow in biofilms, microorganisms become multidrug-resistant. Therefore the treatment of biofilm-dependent airway infections is problematic. Indeed, it still largely based on measures aiming to prevent the formation of biofilms or remove them once that they are formed. Here we review recent evidence suggesting that the mucokinetic drug ambroxol has specific anti-biofilm properties. We also discuss how additional pharmacological properties of this drug could be beneficial in biofilm-dependent airway infections. Specifically, we review the evidence showing that: 1-ambroxol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting at multiple levels the activity of neutrophils, and 2-it improves mucociliary clearance by interfering with the activity of airway epithelium ion channels and transporters including sodium/bicarbonate and sodium/potassium/chloride cotransporters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and aquaporins. As a whole, the data that we review here suggest that ambroxol could be helpful in biofilm-dependent airway infections. However, considering the limited clinical evidence available up to date, further clinical studies are required to support the use of ambroxol in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cataldi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - V Sblendorio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - A Leo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, University Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - O Piazza
- University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
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Paleari D, Rossi GA, Nicolini G, Olivieri D. Ambroxol: a multifaceted molecule with additional therapeutic potentials in respiratory disorders of childhood. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1203-14. [PMID: 22646987 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.629646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucoactive drugs are currently used to cleanse the respiratory tract following disturbance of the normal mucociliary clearance due to mucous hyperproduction and/or modification of its physicochemical characteristics. However, in addition to possessing the ability to perform specific actions on airway secretion, these compounds have the capability to modulate the mechanisms involved in abnormal secretions. Indeed, over the years, in the postmarketing phase, a large number of studies have been published showing interesting pharmacological activities in addition to their secretagogue activity. AREAS COVERED This article collates available data on ambroxol (2-amino-3,5-dibromo-N-[trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]benzylamine), a metabolite of bromhexine, used as a secretagogue in the treatment of childhood airway diseases. This article goes beyond the mucoactive aspects of the drug covering its multiple pharmacological properties. EXPERT OPINION The non-mucoactive functions exhibited by the compound may provide beneficial effects on airway structure and function in health and disease. Beyond the mucokinetic and secretagogue effects, ambroxol showed great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anesthetic and surfactant synthesis stimulatory activities. Moreover, some antiviral and antibacterial activities were shown. These findings may better explain the clinical results observed in a variety of airway disorders and suggest additional therapeutic potential. Further studies are needed to better define the clinical relevance of these non-mucolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Paleari
- Medical Department , Chiesi Farmaceutici , Parma , Italy
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Bruzzone S, Moreschi I, Guida L, Usai C, Zocchi E, De Flora A. Extracellular NAD+ regulates intracellular calcium levels and induces activation of human granulocytes. Biochem J 2006; 393:697-704. [PMID: 16225456 PMCID: PMC1360722 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beta-NAD+e (extracellular beta-NAD+), present at nanomolar levels in human plasma, has been implicated in the regulation of [Ca2+]i (the intracellular calcium concentration) in various cell types, including blood cells, by means of different mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that micromolar NAD+e (both the alpha and the beta extracellular NAD+ forms) induces a sustained [Ca2+]i increase in human granulocytes by triggering the following cascade of causally related events: (i) activation of adenylate cyclase and overproduction of cAMP; (ii) activation of protein kinase A; (iii) stimulation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity and consequent overproduction of cADP-ribose, a universal Ca2+ mobilizer; and (iv) influx of extracellular Ca2+. The NAD+e-triggered [Ca2+]i elevation translates into granulocyte activation, i.e. superoxide and nitric oxide generation, and enhanced chemotaxis in response to 0.1-10 microM NAD+e. Thus extracellular beta-NAD+e behaves as a novel pro-inflammatory cytokine, stimulating human granulocytes and potentially recruiting them at sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Bruzzone
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Iliana Moreschi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Guida
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- †Institute of Biophysics, CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Zocchi
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio De Flora
- *Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Ottonello L, Arduino N, Bertolotto M, Dapino P, Mancini M, Dallegri F. In vitro inhibition of human neutrophil histotoxicity by ambroxol: evidence for a multistep mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 140:736-42. [PMID: 14534155 PMCID: PMC1574083 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are major culprits for the protease/antiprotease imbalance during various lung diseases, that is, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Thus, these cells are presently considered an ideal target for the pharmacologic control of tissue injury during these diseases. This study was planned in order to investigate if ambroxol and its precursor bromhexine are actually capable of preventing alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) inactivation by stimulated neutrophils and possibly to look into the mechanisms underlying this event. Ambroxol inhibited the production of superoxide anion by activated neutrophils, whereas bromhexine had no inhibitory effect. Ambroxol decreased the production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from activated neutrophils with high efficiency, whereas bromhexine had a modest activity. Ambroxol and bromhexine were capable of limiting the chlorination of monochlorodimedon by HOCl, displaying the capacity of directly scavenging the oxidant. Ambroxol decreased the release of elastase and myeloperoxidase from activated neutrophils, whereas bromhexine was ineffective. Ambroxol prevented the A1AT inactivation by neutrophils, whereas bromhexine was completely ineffective. Among drugs currently available for in vivo use in humans, ambroxol is unique by virtue of its ability to prevent neutrophil-mediated A1AT inactivation via inhibition of HOCl production as well as HOCl scavenging. Also taking into account its capacity for curbing elastase release, the drug displays the potential to lessen the burden of oxidants/proteases and to increase the antiprotease shield at the site of inflammation. Thus, ambroxol appears to be a good candidate for raising attempts to develop new therapeutic histoprotective approaches to inflammatory bronchopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ottonello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova Medical School, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Arduino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova Medical School, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Bertolotto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova Medical School, Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Dapino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova Medical School, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Mancini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova Medical School, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Dallegri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova Medical School, Genova, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Jang YY, Song JH, Shin YK, Han ES, Lee CS. Depressant effects of ambroxol and erdosteine on cytokine synthesis, granule enzyme release, and free radical production in rat alveolar macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 92:173-9. [PMID: 12753420 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.920407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of ambroxol and erdosteine, bronchial expectorants, on the cytokine synthesis, granule enzyme release, and free radical production in rat alveolar macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. Ambroxol and erdosteine significantly decreased the production of tumour necrosis factors-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 in alveolar macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. These drugs significantly reduced the production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide and the release of acid phosphatase and lysozyme in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Ambroxol and erdosteine showed no scavenging effect on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, whereas both drugs effectively decomposed nitric oxide. The results show that ambroxol and erdosteine may inhibit the responses, including cytokine synthesis and free radical production, in rat alveolar macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. Unlike the production of reactive oxygen species, the inhibitory effect of ambroxol and erdosteine on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-activated alveolar macrophages may be accomplished by a scavenging action on the species and inhibition of the respiratory burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang university, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
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9
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Lee CS, Jang YY, Song JS, Song JH, Han ES. Ambroxol inhibits peroxynitrite-induced damage of alpha1-antiproteinase and free radical production in activated phagocytic cells. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2002; 91:140-9. [PMID: 12427115 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of ambroxol on toxic action of peroxynitrite and the respiratory burst in activated phagocytic cells. Ambroxol decreased the inactivation or destruction of alpha1-antiproteinase induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO-) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which was similar to penicillamine and glutathione and was greater than diclofenac sodium and naproxen sodium. Ambroxol significantly decreased ONOO--mediated tyrosine nitration and iron plus EDTA-mediated degradation of 2-deoxy-D-ribose. Ambroxol significantly attenuated the production of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, HOCl, and nitric oxide in fMLP- or IL-1-activated phagocytic cells, while the inhibitory effects of antiinflammatory and thiol compounds were only observed in HOCl production. Ambroxol and antiinflammatory drugs did not show a cytotoxic effect on macrophages. The results suggest that ambroxol protects tissue components against oxidative damage by an action different from antiinflammatory drugs. Ambroxol may interfere with oxidative damage of alpha1-antiproteinase through a scavenging action on ONOO- and HOCl and inhibition of the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Kim YK, Jang YY, Han ES, Lee CS. Depressant effect of ambroxol on stimulated functional responses and cell death in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to silica in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:629-37. [PMID: 11805226 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of ambroxol on free radical production, granule enzyme release, and cell death in silica-activated rat alveolar macrophages. The action of ambroxol was assayed by measuring changes in the activities of protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinase (PTK) and in the intracellular calcium level. Ambroxol attenuated the production of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide and the release of acid phosphatase and lysozyme in macrophages activated by silica. Staurosporine, genistein, EGTA, and trifluoperazine inhibited the silica-induced free radical production and granule enzyme release. Silica induced the increase in PKC and PTK activities and the elevation of intracellular calcium level in macrophages, which was decreased by ambroxol. Silica induced a cell death and increased the caspase-3 activity in macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Ambroxol decreased the silica-induced cell viability loss in macrophages. The results show that ambroxol decreases the stimulated responses and cell death in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to silica, which may be accomplished by inhibition of activation processes, protein kinases, and calcium transport. The inhibitory effect of ambroxol on silica-induced cell death appears to provide the protective effect on pulmonary tissues against the toxic action of silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim YK, Jang YY, Kim DH, Ko HH, Han ES, Lee CS. Differential regulation of protein tyrosine kinase on free radical production, granule enzyme release, and cytokine synthesis by activated murine peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:87-96. [PMID: 11137713 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the regulatory effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein, tyrphostin, and 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate) on the free radical production, granule enzyme release, and synthesis of interleukin (IL)-8 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in murine peritoneal macrophages exposed to different stimulators [10 ng/mL of IL-1, 1 microgram/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 1 microM N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)]. Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors attenuated the stimulated superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide production in macrophages stimulated with IL-1, LPS, or fMLP. N,N-Dimethylsphingosine (DMS) alone stimulated superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production by intact macrophages, but at 45 microM the stimulatory effect on superoxide production was not found. In contrast, DMS attenuated nitric oxide production by macrophages. High concentrations of DMS, tyrphostin, and 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate showed cytotoxic effects. PTK inhibitors did not exhibit a significant effect on granule enzyme release induced by IL-1, whereas they attenuated the effect of LPS and fMLP on degranulation. Genistein and tyrphostin decreased the production of IL-8 and GM-CSF in macrophages activated by IL-1, whereas 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate did not affect it. The results suggest that tyrosine kinases exposed to IL-1, LPS, and fMLP may exert different modulatory actions on macrophage responses. The IL-1-activated macrophage responses, particularly degranulation, appear to be differently regulated by tyrosine kinases compared with the responses activated by LPS and fMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 156-756, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee CS, Jang YY, Han ES. Depressant effects of ambroxol on lipopolysaccharide- or fMLP-stimulated free radical production and granule enzyme release by alveolar macrophages. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 1999; 12:275-84. [PMID: 10545283 DOI: 10.1006/pupt.1999.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the depressant action of ambroxol, a bronchial expectorant, on the activated alveolar macrophage responses, its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)- stimulated free radical production and granule enzyme release by rat lung alveolar macrophages was investigated. Ambroxol attenuated the 100 ng/ml LPS- or 1 microM fMLP-stimulated superoxide, H(2)O(2)and nitric oxide production and releases of acid phosphatase and lysozyme by alveolar macrophages. Ambroxol attenuated phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated superoxide and nitric oxide production that was inhibited by 100 nM staurosporine. N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS, 4.5 and 9 microM) alone stimulated superoxide production by macrophages, while 45 microM of the compound did not show a stimulatory effect. However, DMS decreased nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. Ambroxol did not alter the DMS effect on free radical production that was affected by 10 microM genistein. A preincubation of macrophages with ambroxol (10 and 100 microM), staurosporine and genistein attenuated the elevation of [Ca(2+)](i)caused by LPS. The results suggest that ambroxol exerts a depressant effect on LPS- or fMLP-stimulated free radical production and granule enzyme release by rat alveolar macrophages, which may be attributed to its inhibitory action on the activation process, protein kinase C, but its action on protein tyrosine kinase is not suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
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Cho Y, Jang YY, Han ES, Lee CS. The inhibitory effect of ambroxol on hypochlorous acid-induced tissue damage and respiratory burst of phagocytic cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 383:83-91. [PMID: 10556685 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ambroxol (100 microM and 1 mM) and the thiols (all 1 mM), glutathione, tiopronin and cysteine, significantly attenuated the myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2) and Cl(-) system-caused destruction of alpha(1)-antiproteinase and the HOCl-induced destruction of collagen, whereas they did not affect the elastase-induced destruction of collagen. Glutathione, tiopronin and cysteine almost completely decomposed both HOCl and H(2)O(2), while ambroxol up to 1 mM did not show a scavenging action on H(2)O(2). Ambroxol (1 to 100 microM) and 1 mM thiol compounds markedly inhibited the HOCl-induced alteration of elastase activity. Thiol compounds significantly attenuated the HOCl production caused by degraded immunoglobulin G-activated neutrophils. Ambroxol depressed superoxide and H(2)O(2) production induced by degraded immunoglobulin G-activated neutrophils and by lipopolysaccharide-activated alveolar macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The results show that ambroxol may interfere with oxidative tissue damage and decrease proteolytic tissue destruction by attenuation of oxidative stress-induced inactivation of alpha(1)-antiproteinase through both decomposition of HOCl and inhibition of the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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