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Marin-Jimenez N, Sánchez-Parente S, Expósito-Carrillo P, Jiménez-Iglesias J, Álvarez-Gallardo IC, Cuenca-Garcia M, Castro-Piñero J. Criterion-related validity and reliability of the 2-km walk test and the 20-m shuttle run test in adults: the role of sex, age and physical activity level. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36990865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the criterion-related validity and the reliability of fitness field tests for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness in adults, by sex, age, and physical activity level. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS During 3 weeks, sociodemographic, anthropometric measurements, a treadmill maximal test, the 2-km walk test, and the 20-m SRT were performed in 410 adults aged 18-64 years. Measured and estimated VO2max (by Oja's and Leger's equations) were analyzed. RESULTS Measured VO2max was associated with estimated VO2max by the 2-km walk test and 20-m SRT (r = 0.784 and r = 0.875, respectively; both p < 0.01). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of -0.30 ml* kg-1 * min-1 (p < 0.001, d = -0.141) in the 2-km walk test, and 0.86 ml* kg-1 * min-1 (p = 0.051) in the 20-m SRT. Significant mean differences between test and retest were found in the time to complete the 2-km walk test (-1.48 ± 0.51 s, p = 0.004, d = -0.014) and in the final stage reached in the 20-m SRT (0.04 ± 0.01, p = 0.002, d = 0.015). Non-significant differences were found between test and retest in the estimated VO2max by Oja's (-0.29 ± 0.20 ml* kg-1 * min-1, p > 0.05) and Leger's eqs. (0.03 ± 0.04 ml* kg-1 * min-1, p > 0.05). Moreover, both test results and estimated VO2max equations showed a high test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS Both tests were valid and reliable for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness in adults aged 18-64 years, regardless of sex, age, and physical activity level.
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Castro-Piñero J, Marin-Jimenez N, Fernandez-Santos JR, Martin-Acosta F, Segura-Jimenez V, Izquierdo-Gomez R, Ruiz JR, Cuenca-Garcia M. Criterion-Related Validity of Field-Based Fitness Tests in Adults: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163743. [PMID: 34442050 PMCID: PMC8397016 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We comprehensively assessed the criterion-related validity of existing field-based fitness tests used to indicate adult health (19–64 years, with no known pathologies). The medical electronic databases MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science (all databases) were screened for studies published up to July 2020. Each original study’s methodological quality was classified as high, low and very low, according to the number of participants, the description of the study population, statistical analysis and systematic reviews which were appraised via the AMSTAR rating scale. Three evidence levels were constructed (strong, moderate and limited evidence) according to the number of studies and the consistency of the findings. We identified 101 original studies (50 of high quality) and five systematic reviews examining the criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in adults. Strong evidence indicated that the 20 m shuttle run, 1.5-mile, 12 min run/walk, YMCA step, 2 km walk and 6 min walk test are valid for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness; the handgrip strength test is valid for assessing hand maximal isometric strength; and the Biering–Sørensen test to evaluate the endurance strength of hip and back muscles; however, the sit-and reach test, and its different versions, and the toe-to-touch test are not valid for assessing hamstring and lower back flexibility. We found moderate evidence supporting that the 20 m square shuttle run test is a valid test for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. Other field-based fitness tests presented limited evidence, mainly due to few studies. We developed an evidence-based proposal of the most valid field-based fitness tests in healthy adults aged 19–64 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Castro-Piñero
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nuria Marin-Jimenez
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-956-016-253
| | - Jorge R. Fernandez-Santos
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fatima Martin-Acosta
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Victor Segura-Jimenez
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rocio Izquierdo-Gomez
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18007 Granada, Spain;
| | - Magdalena Cuenca-Garcia
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avenida República Saharaui s/n, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain; (J.C.-P.); (J.R.F.-S.); (F.M.-A.); (V.S.-J.); (R.I.-G.); (M.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
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Fit and Healthy in Middle Adulthood – Do Fitness Levels Make a Difference. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.2-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lee MC. Validity of the 6-minute walk test and step test for evaluation of cardio respiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:49-55. [PMID: 29673246 PMCID: PMC5909078 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability, reproducibility, and validity of the 6-minute walk test and step test as substitutes for ergometer exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study included 54 women aged 50-70 years who had type 2 diabetes mellitus. All the patients performed a cycle ergometer-graded exercise test for cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2max), followed by 6-minute walk and step tests. RESULTS The mean distance covered during the 6-minute walk test was 538 ± 54 m, and the mean recovery heart rate after the step test was 93 ± 11 beats/min. A significant correlation was found between the distances covered during the cardiorespiratory fitness test (V̇O2max) and those covered the 6-minute walk test (r = 0.542, p < 0.01) and step test (r = -0.490, p < 0.01) in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regression equations for the prediction of V̇O2max were constructed from the distance covered, heart rate, age, weight, height, fasting blood glucose level, 2-hour postprandial glucose level, and glycated hemoglobin level during the 6-minute walk test and step test. CONCLUSION The 6-minute walk and step tests are simple to perform and reliable for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine , CHA University of College of Health Science, PocheonRepublic of Korea
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Munukka M, Waller B, Häkkinen A, Nieminen MT, Lammentausta E, Kujala UM, Paloneva J, Kautiainen H, Kiviranta I, Heinonen A. Physical Activity Is Related with Cartilage Quality in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1323-1330. [PMID: 28240703 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between 12-month leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) level and changes in estimated biochemical composition of tibiofemoral cartilage in postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Originally, 87 volunteer postmenopausal women, age 60 to 68 yr, with mild knee OA (Kellgren Lawrence I/II and knee pain) participated in a randomized controlled, 4-month aquatic training trial (RCT), after which 76 completed the 12-month postintervention follow-up period. Self-reported LTPA was collected along the 12-month period using a diary from which MET task hours per month were calculated. Participants were divided into MET task hour tertiles: 1, lowest (n = 25); 2 = middle (n = 25) and 3 = highest (n = 26). The biochemical composition of the cartilage was estimated using transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping sensitive to the properties of the collagen network and delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the cartilage (dGEMRIC index) sensitive to the cartilage glycosaminoglycan content. Secondary outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness, isometric knee extension and flexion force, and the knee injury and OA outcome questionnaire. RESULTS During the 12-month follow-up period, there was a significant linear relationship between higher LTPA level and increased dGEMRIC index changes in the posterior region of interest (ROI) of the lateral (P = 0.003 for linearity) and medial (P = 0.006) femoral cartilage. Furthermore, these changes were seen in the posterior lateral femoral cartilage superficial (P = 0.004) and deep (P = 0.007) ROI and in the posterior medial superficial ROI (P < 0.001). There was no linear relationship between LTPA level and other measured variables. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher LTPA level is related to regional increases in estimated glycosaminoglycan content of tibiofemoral cartilage in postmenopausal women with mild knee OA as measured with dGEMRIC index during a 12-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Munukka
- 1Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; 3Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, FINLAND; 4Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, FINLAND; 5Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, FINLAND; 6Department of Surgery, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; 7Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FINLAND; 8Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, FINLAND; and 9Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FINLAND
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Response to the comments on "Effects of high intensity aquatic resistance training on body composition and walking speed in women with mild knee osteoarthritis: a 4-month RCT with 12-month follow-up". Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:e19-e20. [PMID: 28801213 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Waller B, Munukka M, Rantalainen T, Lammentausta E, Nieminen MT, Kiviranta I, Kautiainen H, Häkkinen A, Kujala UM, Heinonen A. Effects of high intensity resistance aquatic training on body composition and walking speed in women with mild knee osteoarthritis: a 4-month RCT with 12-month follow-up. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1238-1246. [PMID: 28263901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of 4-months intensive aquatic resistance training on body composition and walking speed in post-menopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis (OA), immediately after intervention and after 12-months follow-up. Additionally, influence of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) will be investigated. DESIGN This randomised clinical trial assigned eighty-seven volunteer postmenopausal women into two study arms. The intervention group (n = 43) participated in 48 supervised intensive aquatic resistance training sessions over 4-months while the control group (n = 44) maintained normal physical activity. Eighty four participants continued into the 12-months' follow-up period. Body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Walking speed over 2 km and the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) were measured. LTPA was recorded with self-reported diaries. RESULTS After the 4-month intervention there was a significant decrease (P = 0.002) in fat mass (mean change: -1.17 kg; 95% CI: -2.00 to -0.43) and increase (P = 0.002) in walking speed (0.052 m/s; 95% CI: 0.018 to 0.086) in favour of the intervention group. Body composition returned to baseline after 12-months. In contrast, increased walking speed was maintained (0.046 m/s; 95% CI 0.006 to 0.086, P = 0.032). No change was seen in lean mass or KOOS. Daily LTPA over the 16-months had a significant effect (P = 0.007) on fat mass loss (f2 = 0.05) but no effect on walking speed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that high intensity aquatic resistance training decreases fat mass and improves walking speed in post-menopausal women with mild knee OA. Only improvements in walking speed were maintained at 12-months follow-up. Higher levels of LTPA were associated with fat mass loss. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN65346593.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Waller
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - M Munukka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - T Rantalainen
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - E Lammentausta
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - M T Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - I Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Kautiainen
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - A Häkkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - U M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - A Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Munukka M, Waller B, Rantalainen T, Häkkinen A, Nieminen MT, Lammentausta E, Kujala UM, Paloneva J, Sipilä S, Peuna A, Kautiainen H, Selänne H, Kiviranta I, Heinonen A. Efficacy of progressive aquatic resistance training for tibiofemoral cartilage in postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1708-1717. [PMID: 27211862 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy of aquatic resistance training on biochemical composition of tibiofemoral cartilage in postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN Eighty seven volunteer postmenopausal women, aged 60-68 years, with mild knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grades I/II and knee pain) were recruited and randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 43) and control (n = 44) group. The intervention group participated in 48 supervised aquatic resistance training sessions over 16 weeks while the control group maintained usual level of physical activity. The biochemical composition of the medial and lateral tibiofemoral cartilage was estimated using single-slice transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping and delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC index). Secondary outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness, isometric knee extension and flexion force and knee injury and OA outcome (KOOS) questionnaire. RESULTS After 4-months aquatic training, there was a significant decrease in both T2 -1.2 ms (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.3 to -0.1, P = 0.021) and dGEMRIC index -23 ms (-43 to -3, P = 0.016) in the training group compared to controls in the full thickness posterior region of interest (ROI) of the medial femoral cartilage. Cardiorespiratory fitness significantly improved in the intervention group by 9.8% (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, in postmenopausal women with mild knee OA, the integrity of the collagen-interstitial water environment (T2) of the tibiofemoral cartilage may be responsive to low shear and compressive forces during aquatic resistance training. More research is required to understand the exact nature of acute responses in dGEMRIC index to this type of loading. Further, aquatic resistance training improves cardiorespiratory fitness. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN65346593.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munukka
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - B Waller
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - T Rantalainen
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - A Häkkinen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - M T Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital.
| | - E Lammentausta
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - U M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Paloneva
- Department of Surgery, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - S Sipilä
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - A Peuna
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - H Kautiainen
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - H Selänne
- Mehiläinen Sports Medical Clinic, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - I Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - A Heinonen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Waller B, Munukka M, Multanen J, Rantalainen T, Pöyhönen T, Nieminen MT, Kiviranta I, Kautiainen H, Selänne H, Dekker J, Sipilä S, Kujala UM, Häkkinen A, Heinonen A. Effects of a progressive aquatic resistance exercise program on the biochemical composition and morphology of cartilage in women with mild knee osteoarthritis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:82. [PMID: 23497162 PMCID: PMC3599473 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms associated with osteoarthritis of the knee result in decreased function, loss of working capacity and extensive social and medical costs. There is a need to investigate and develop effective interventions to minimise the impact of and even prevent the progression of osteoarthritis. Aquatic exercise has been shown to be effective at reducing the impact of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale, design and intervention of a study investigating the effect of an aquatic resistance exercise intervention on cartilage in postmenopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. METHODS A minimum of 80 volunteers who meet the inclusion criteria will be recruited from the local population through newspaper advertisements. Following initial assessment volunteers will be randomised into two groups. The intervention group will participate in a progressive aquatic resistance exercise program of 1-hour duration 3 times a week for four months. The control group will be asked to maintain normal care during this period. Primary outcome measure for this study is the biochemical composition of knee cartilage measured using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging; T2 relaxation time and delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques. In addition, knee cartilage morphology as regional cartilage thickness will be studied. Secondary outcomes include measures of body composition and bone traits using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography, pain, function using questionnaires and physical performance tests and quality of life. Measurements will be performed at baseline, after the 4-month intervention period and at one year follow up. DISCUSSION This randomised controlled trial will investigate the effect a progressive aquatic resistance exercise program has on the biochemical composition of cartilage in post-menopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. This is the first study to investigate what impact aquatic exercise has on human articular cartilage. In addition it will investigate the effect aquatic exercise has on physical function, pain, bone and body composition and quality of life. The results of this study will help optimise the prescription of aquatic exercise to persons with mild knee osteoarthritis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN65346593.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Aged
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Body Composition
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/physiopathology
- Contrast Media
- Female
- Finland
- Humans
- Immersion
- Knee Joint/metabolism
- Knee Joint/pathology
- Knee Joint/physiopathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/diagnosis
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/therapy
- Pain Measurement
- Physical Examination
- Postmenopause
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Research Design
- Resistance Training/methods
- Severity of Illness Index
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Swimming Pools
- Time Factors
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Waller
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Munukka
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juhani Multanen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tapani Pöyhönen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Rehabilitation and Pain Unit, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Unit of Family Practice, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Joost Dekker
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arja Häkkinen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Wasenius N, Venojärvi M, Manderoos S, Surakka J, Lindholm H, Heinonen OJ, Eriksson JG, Mälkiä E, Aunola S. Unfavorable influence of structured exercise program on total leisure-time physical activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:404-13. [PMID: 23157542 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with customized structured physical exercise activity (SPEA) interventions, the dose of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) should exceed the LTPA dose of the nonexercising control (C) group. This increase is required to substantiate health improvements achievable by exercise. We aimed to compare the dose of SPEA, LTPA, and total LTPA (SPEA + LTPA) between a randomized Nordic walking (NW) group, a power-type resistance training (RT) group, and a C group during a 12-week exercise intervention in obese middle-aged men (n = 144) with impaired glucose regulation. The dose of physical activity was measured with diaries using metabolic equivalents. No significant difference (P > 0.107) between the groups was found in volume of total LTPA. The volume of LTPA was, however, significantly higher (P < 0.050) in the C group than in the NW group, but not compared with the RT group. These results indicate that structured exercise does not automatically increase the total LTPA level, possibly, as a result of compensation of LTPA with structured exercise or spontaneous activation of the C group. Thus, the dose of total LTPA and the possible changes in spontaneous LTPA should be taken into account when implementing a RCT design with exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wasenius
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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J⊘rgensen T, Andersen LB, Froberg K, Maeder U, von Huth Smith L, Aadahl M. Position statement: Testing physical condition in a population – how good are the methods? Eur J Sport Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390902862664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Laukkanen RMT, Oja P, Pasanen ME, Vuori IM. A two-kilometer walking test: effect of walking speed on the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Zakariás G, Petrekanits M, Laukkanen R. Validity of a 2-km Walk Test in predicting the maximal oxygen uptake in moderately active Hungarian men. Eur J Sport Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390300073104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Rintala P, McCubbin JA, Downs SB, Fox SD. Cross validation of the 1-mile walking test for men with mental retardation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29:133-7. [PMID: 9000166 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199701000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to cross validate the equation developed by Rintala et al. (1992) to estimate the cardiorespiratory efficiency of men with mental retardation (MR). Subjects were 19 healthy men (27 +/- 8 yr) with MR (IQ = 58 +/- 12). Following familiarization, a graded maximal treadmill test and two 1-mile walk tests (Rockport Fitness Walking Test, RFWT) were administered. The peak VO2 value was the criterion measure used to cross validate the equation. The equation was: Peak VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 101.92 - 2.356 (MILE)-0.420 (WEIGHT). The mean differences were 2.04 (MILE1)(P = 0.02) and 2.43 (MILE2)(P = 0.004) ml.kg-1.min-1. A significant positive correlation was found between measured peak VO2 and predicted peak VO2 on both 1-mile walks (r = 0.91 and 0.93). For both predicted peak VO2 values, the Total Error (TE) was greater than standard error of estimate (SEE), indicating a systematic difference between the measured and predicted peak VO2 values. Moreover, only 58% of the measured peak VO2 values fell within the prespecified range. Test-retest reliability of RFWT was R = 0.96. However, the prediction equation underestimated the actual cardiorespiratory levels in 74% and 79% of the subjects, depending on the trial. Because the equation developed in this research underestimates the measured VO2 values for the majority of these subjects, the test is probably not statistically valid, even if reliable, and the prediction formula needs to be revised for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rintala
- Department of Physical Education, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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