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Silibinin Alleviates the Learning and Memory Defects in Overtrained Rats Accompanying Reduced Neuronal Apoptosis and Senescence. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1818-1829. [PMID: 31102026 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Excessive physical exercise (overtraining; OT) increases oxidative stress and induces damage in multiple organs including the brain, especially the hippocampus that plays an important role in learning and memory. Silibinin, a natural flavonoid derived from milk thistle of Silybum marianum, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effect. In this study, rats were subjected to overtraining exercise, and the protective effects of silibinin were investigated in these models. Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests showed that silibinin significantly attenuated memory defects in overtrained rats. At the same time, the results of Nissl, TUNEL and SA-β-gal staining showed that silibinin reversed neuronal loss caused by apoptosis, and delayed cell senescence of the hippocampus in the overtrained rats, respectively. In addition, silibinin decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels which is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Silibinin prevented impairment of learning and memory caused by excessive physical exercise in rats, accompanied by reduced apoptosis and senescence in hippocampus cells.
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Guzzoni V, Briet L, Costa R, Souza RWA, Carani FR, Dal-Pai-Silva M, Silva KAS, Cunha TS, Marcondes FK. Intense resistance training induces pronounced metabolic stress and impairs hypertrophic response in hind-limb muscles of rats. Stress 2019; 22:377-386. [PMID: 30857457 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1573364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is an exercise-induced adaptation, particularly in resistance training (RT) programs that use large volumes and low loads. However, evidence regarding the role of rest intervals on metabolic stress and muscular adaptations is inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of a strenuous RT model (jump-training) on skeletal muscle adaptations and metabolic stress, considering the scarce information about RT models for rats. We hypothesized that jump-training induces metabolic stress and influences negatively the growth of soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats. Male Wistar rats (aged 60 days) were randomly assigned to non-trained or trained groups (n = 8/group). Trained rats performed jump-training during 5 days a week for 1, 3, or 5 weeks with 30 s of inter-set rest intervals. Forty-eight hours after the experimental period, rats were euthanized and blood samples immediately drawn to measure creatine kinase activity, lactate and corticosterone concentrations. Muscle weight-to-body weight ratio (MW/BW), cross-sectional area (CSA) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression were determined. Higher lactate levels occurred after 20 min of training in weeks 1 and 3. Corticosterone levels were higher after 5 weeks of training. Jump-training had negative effects on hypertrophy of types-I and II muscle fibers after 5 weeks of training, as evidenced by decreased CSA and reduced muscle weight. Our results demonstrated that pronounced metabolic stress and impairment of muscle growth might take place when variables of exercise training are not appropriately manipulated. Lay summary Resistance training (RT) has been used to increase muscle mass. In this regard, training variables (intensity, volume, and frequency) must be strictly controlled in order to evoke substantial muscular fitness. This study shows that rats submitted to 5 weeks of intensive resistance jump-training - high intensity, large volume, and short rest intervals - present high levels of blood corticosterone associated with negative effects on hypertrophy of types-I and II muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Guzzoni
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas , Piracicaba , Brazil
- b Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - Larissa Briet
- c Institute of Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Rafaela Costa
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo W A Souza
- d Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Carani
- d Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- d Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Kleiton A S Silva
- e Department of Medicine , University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , MO, USA
| | - Tatiana S Cunha
- f Science and Technology Institute , Federal University of São Paulo , São José dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Fernanda K Marcondes
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas , Piracicaba , Brazil
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Zhang T, Gillies MC, Madigan MC, Shen W, Du J, Grünert U, Zhou F, Yam M, Zhu L. Disruption of De Novo Serine Synthesis in Müller Cells Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aggravated Oxidative Damage. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7025-7037. [PMID: 29383682 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
De novo serine synthesis plays important roles in normal mitochondrial function and cellular anti-oxidative capacity. It is reported to be mainly activated in glial cells of the central nervous system, but its role in retinal Müller glia remains unclear. In this study, we inhibited de novo serine synthesis using CBR-5884, a specific inhibitor of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH, a rate limiting enzyme in de novo serine metabolism) in MIO-M1 cells (immortalized human Müller cells) and huPMCs (human primary Müller cells) under mild oxidative stress. Alamar blue and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assays showed significantly reduced metabolic activities and increased cellular damage of Müller cells, when exposed to CBR-5884 accompanied by mild oxidative stress; however, CBR-5884 alone had little effect. The increased cellular damage was partially reversed by supplementation with exogenous serine/glycine. HSP72 (an oxidative stress marker) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased; glutathione and NADPH/NADP+ levels were pronouncedly reduced under PHGDH inhibition accompanied by oxidative stress. JC-1 staining and Seahorse respiration experiments showed that inhibition of de novo serine synthesis in Müller cells can also increase mitochondrial stress and decrease mitochondrial ATP production. qPCR and Western blot demonstrated an increased expression of HSP60 (a key mitochondrial stress-related gene), and this was further validated in human retinal explants. Our study suggests that de novo serine synthesis is important for Müller cell survival, particularly when they are exposed to mild oxidative stress, possibly by maintaining mitochondrial function and generating glutathione and NADPH to counteract ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weiyong Shen
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Jianhai Du
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Yam
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
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De Moraes WMAM, de Souza PRM, da Paixão NA, de Sousa LGO, Ribeiro DA, Marshall AG, Prestes J, Irigoyen MC, Brum PC, Medeiros A. Aerobic exercise training rescues protein quality control disruption on white skeletal muscle induced by chronic kidney disease in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1452-1463. [PMID: 29265674 PMCID: PMC5824409 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested whether aerobic exercise training (AET) would modulate the skeletal muscle protein quality control (PQC) in a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats. Adult Wistar rats were evaluated in four groups: control (CS) or trained (CE), and 5/6 nephrectomy sedentary (5/6NxS) or trained (5/6NxE). Exercised rats were submitted to treadmill exercise (60 min., five times/wk for 2 months). We evaluated motor performance (tolerance to exercise on the treadmill and rotarod), cross-sectional area (CSA), gene and protein levels related to the unfolded protein response (UPR), protein synthesis/survive and apoptosis signalling, accumulated misfolded proteins, chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity (UPS activity), redox balance and heat-shock protein (HSP) levels in the tibialis anterior. 5/6NxS presented a trend towards to atrophy, with a reduction in motor performance, down-regulation of protein synthesis and up-regulation of apoptosis signalling; increases in UPS activity, misfolded proteins, GRP78, derlin, HSP27 and HSP70 protein levels, ATF4 and GRP78 genes; and increase in oxidative damage compared to CS group. In 5/6NxE, we observed a restoration in exercise tolerance, accumulated misfolded proteins, UPS activity, protein synthesis/apoptosis signalling, derlin, HSPs protein levels as well as increase in ATF4, GRP78 genes and ATF6α protein levels accompanied by a decrease in oxidative damage and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The results suggest a disruption of PQC in white muscle fibres of CKD rats previous to the atrophy. AET can rescue this disruption for the UPR, prevent accumulated misfolded proteins and reduce oxidative damage, HSPs protein levels and exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Max Almeida Monteiro De Moraes
- Biosciences Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Post-Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chakur Brum
- Department of Post-graduation in Medicine, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Stanojevic D, Jakovljevic V, Barudzic N, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Parezanovic Ilic K, Cubrilo D, Ahmetovic Z, Peric D, Rosic M, Radovanovic D, Djordjevic D. Overtraining does not induce oxidative stress and inflammation in blood and heart of rats. Physiol Res 2015; 65:81-90. [PMID: 26596327 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our research was to evaluate the changes in levels of cytokines and redox state parameters in blood and isolated heart of rats subjected to different swimming protocols. Rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) controls, 2) moderately trained rats that during all 12 weeks swam 1 h/day, 5 days/week, and 3) overtrained rats that in 10(th) week swam twice, 11(th) week 3 times, and in 12(th) week 4 times a day for 1 h. After sacrificing, blood from jugular vein was collected, and the heart excised and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus. Samples of the coronary effluent were collected during coronary autoregulation. Levels of superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in plasma and coronary effluent, while reduced glutathione (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in erythrocytes. Venous blood was also used for interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) determination. Moderate training protocol induced the decrease of TBARS in plasma, while both training protocols induced the decrease of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) in coronary effluent. There was no significant difference in levels of cytokines between groups. The results of study add evidence about beneficial effects of moderate-intensity training on blood and cardiac redox state of rats, and furthermore, shows that exercising frequently, if the intensity stays within moderate range, may not have detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stanojevic
- Special Hospital Merkur, Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Wadley AJ, Killer SC, Svendsen IS, Gleeson M. The impact of intensified training with a high or moderate carbohydrate feeding strategy on resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1757-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Leite MR, Cechella JL, Mantovani AC, Duarte MM, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Swimming exercise and diphenyl diselenide-supplemented diet affect the serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines differently depending on the age of rats. Cytokine 2015; 71:119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Pereira BC, Pauli JR, Antunes LMG, de Freitas EC, de Almeida MR, de Paula Venâncio V, Ropelle ER, de Souza CT, Cintra DE, Papoti M, da Silva ASR. Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 13:11. [PMID: 24099482 PMCID: PMC3852772 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic training and overtraining on DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells in Swiss mice. To examine possible changes in these parameters with oxidative stress, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in total blood, and GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in muscle samples. RESULTS Performance evaluations (i.e., incremental load and exhaustive tests) showed significant intra and inter-group differences. The overtrained (OTR) group showed a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail compared with the control (C) and trained (TR) groups. GSH levels were significantly lower in the OTR group than in the C and TR groups. The OTR group had significantly higher lipid peroxidation levels compared with the C and TR groups. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters can be improved in training at maximal lactate steady state during 8 weeks without leading to DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells or to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. However, overtraining induced by downhill running training sessions is associated with DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells, and with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells and total blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cesar Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade Humana, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mara Ribeiro de Almeida
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vinícius de Paula Venâncio
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Claudio Teodoro de Souza
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Jendzjowsky NG, DeLorey DS. Acute superoxide scavenging reduces sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness in short-term exercise-trained rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1511-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00131.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that acute superoxide (O2−) scavenging would attenuate sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness by augmenting nitric oxide (NO)-mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in exercise-trained rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sedentary time control (S; n = 7) or mild- (M: 20 m/min, 5° grade; n = 7) or heavy-intensity (H: 40 m/min, 5° grade; n = 7) exercise training (ET) groups and trained 5 days/wk for 4 wk with matched training volume. Following ET, rats were anesthetized and instrumented for lumbar sympathetic chain stimulation and measurement of femoral vascular conductance. In resting skeletal muscle, the percentage change of femoral vascular conductance in response to continuous (2 Hz) and patterned (20 and 40 Hz) sympathetic stimulation was determined during control conditions, O2− scavenging (TIRON, 1 g·kg−1·h−1 iv) and combined O2− scavenging + nitric oxide synthase blockade ( Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, 5 mg/kg iv). ET augmented the vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic stimulation in a training intensity-dependent manner ( P < 0.05) (S: 2 Hz: −26 ± 7.1%; 20 Hz: −26.9 ± 7.3%; 40 Hz: −27.7 ± 7.0%; M: 2 Hz: −37.4 ± 8.3%; 20 Hz: −35.9 ± 7.4%; 40 Hz: −38.2 ± 9.4%; H: 2 Hz: −46.9 ± 7.8%; 20 Hz: −48.5 ± 7.2%; 40 Hz: −51.2 ± 7.3%). O2− scavenging did not alter ( P > 0.05) the vasoconstrictor response in S rats (S: 2 Hz: −23.9 ± 7.6%; 20 Hz: −26.1 ± 9.1%; 40 Hz: −27.5 ± 7.2%), whereas the response in ET rats was diminished (M: 2 Hz: −26.3 ± 5.1%; 20 Hz: −28.7 ± 5.3%; 40 Hz: −28.5 ± 5.6%; H: 2 Hz: −35.5 ± 10.3%; 20 Hz: −38.6 ± 6.8%; 40 Hz: −43.9 ± 5.9%, P < 0.05). TIRON + Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester increased vasoconstrictor responsiveness ( P < 0.05) in ET rats (M: 2 Hz: −47.7 ± 9.8%; 20 Hz: −41.2 ± 7.2%; 40 Hz: −50.5 ± 7.9%; H: 2 Hz: −55.8 ± 7.6%; 20 Hz: −55.7 ± 7.8%; 40 Hz: −58.7 ± 6.2%), whereas, in S rats, the response was unchanged (2 Hz: −29.4 ± 8.7%; 20 Hz: −30.0 ± 7.4%; 40 Hz: −35.2 ± 10.3%; P > 0.05). These data indicate that the augmented sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness in ET rats was related to increased oxidative stress and altered nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Jendzjowsky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Darren S. DeLorey
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Exhaustive training increases uncoupling protein 2 expression and decreases Bcl-2/Bax ratio in rat skeletal muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:780719. [PMID: 23365696 PMCID: PMC3556863 DOI: 10.1155/2013/780719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the effects of oxidative stress due to exhaustive training on uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and Bcl-2/Bax in rat skeletal muscles. A total of 18 Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (CON), the trained control group (TC), and the exhaustive trained group (ET). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), xanthine oxidase (XOD), ATPase, UCP2, and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in red gastrocnemius muscles were measured. Exhaustive training induced ROS increase in red gastrocnemius muscles, which led to a decrease in the cell antiapoptotic ability (Bcl-2/Bax ratio). An increase in UCP2 expression can reduce ROS production and affect mitochondrial energy production. Thus, oxidative stress plays a significant role in overtraining.
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Gandra PG, Valente RH, Perales J, Pacheco AGF, Macedo DV. Proteomic profiling of skeletal muscle in an animal model of overtraining. Proteomics 2012; 12:2663-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Denise Vaz Macedo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Exercise (LABEX); UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
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TANSKANEN MINNAM, UUSITALO ARJAL, KINNUNEN HANNU, HÄKKINEN KEIJO, KYRÖLÄINEN HEIKKI, ATALAY MUSTAFA. Association of Military Training with Oxidative Stress and Overreaching. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1552-60. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182106d81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between oxidative stress and overtraining syndrome. Indicators of oxidative stress (plasma protein carbonyls, nitrotyrosine, and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant status (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) were measured in severely overtrained (two women, five men) and control athletes (five women, five men). Samples were collected from both groups at baseline (i.e. in the overtraining state of overtrained athletes) and after 6 months of recovery, both at rest and immediately after an exercise test to volitional exhaustion. At baseline, overtrained athletes had higher plasma protein carbonyls at rest than controls (mean difference 0.03 nmol . mg(-1), 95% CI = 0.01-0.05 nmol . mg(-1), P = 0.003, effect size = 0.40). Both at baseline and after recovery, exercise to exhaustion led to an increase in oxygen radical absorbance capacity and malondialdehyde (P = 0.001-0.006) in the controls but not in the overtrained athletes. Furthermore, at baseline, only overtrained athletes showed negative correlations between oxygen radical absorbance capacity at rest and protein carbonyls after exhaustive exercise (r = -0.98, P = 0.0001). These results suggest that increased oxidative stress has a role in the pathophysiology of overtraining syndrome. The attenuated responses of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity to exercise in the overtrained state could be related to an inability to perform exercise effectively and impaired adaptation to exercise.
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Howatson G, McHugh MP, Hill JA, Brouner J, Jewell AP, Van Someren KA, Shave RE, Howatson SA. Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:843-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hohl R, Ferraresso RLP, De Oliveira RB, Lucco R, Brenzikofer R, De Macedo DV. Development and characterization of an overtraining animal model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1155-63. [PMID: 19346970 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318191259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of an endurance training-overtraining protocol for Wistar rats that includes increased workload and is characterized by analyses of performance and biomarkers. METHODS The running protocol lasted 11 wk: 8 wk of daily exercise sessions followed by 3 wk of increasing training frequency (two, three, and four times), with decreasing recovery time between sessions (4, 3, and 2 h) to cause an imbalance between overload and recovery. The performance tests were made before training (T1) and after the 4th (T2), 8th (T3), 9th (T4), 10th (T5), and 11th (T6) training weeks. All rats showed significantly increased performance at T4, at which time eight rats, termed the trained group (Tr), were sacrificed for blood and muscle assays. After T6, two groups were distinguishable by differences in the slope (alpha) of a line fitted to the individual performances at T4, T5, and T6: nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR; alpha < -15.05 kg x m) and functional overreaching (FOR; alpha >or= -15.05 kg x m). RESULTS Data were presented as mean +/- SD. FOR maintained the performance at T6 similar to Tr at T4 (530.6 +/- 85.3 and 487.5 +/- 61.4 kg x m, respectively). The FOR and the Tr groups showed higher muscle citrate synthase activity (approximately 40%) and plasma glutamine/glutamate ratio (Gm/Ga; 4.5 +/- 1.7 and 4.5 +/- 0.9, respectively) than the sedentary control (CO) group (2.8 +/- 0.5). The NFOR group lost the performance acquired at T4 (407.3 +/- 88.2 kg x m) after T6 (280.5 +/- 93.1 kg x m) and exhibited sustained leukocytosis. NFOR's Gm/Ga (3.1 +/- 0.2) and muscle citrate synthase activity were similar to CO values. CONCLUSIONS The decline in performance in the NFOR group could be related to the decrease in muscle oxidative capacity. We observed a trend in the Gm/Ga and leukocytosis that is similar to what has been sometimes observed in overtrained humans. This controlled training-overtraining animal model may be useful for seeking causative mechanisms of performance decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hohl
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry (LABEX), Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Deminice R, Degiovanni GC, Garlipp-Picchi MR, Nóbrega MT, Teixeira M, Jordão AA. Evolução de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e relação com a performance competitiva em dois momentos da temporada de treinamento de natação. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922009000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudos têm demonstrado aumento na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio após o esforço físico intenso. Esses eventos podem aumentar a suscetibilidade das células musculares a danos oxidativos como a peroxidação lipídica. Assim, variações na intensidade e no volume de treinamento durante a temporada podem modular o metabolismo oxidativo e influenciar a performance dos atletas. OBJETIVO: Estudar a evolução de biomarcadores de peroxidação lipídica em dois momentos de um ciclo periodizado de treinamento e relacionar com a performance competitiva de natação. MÉTODOS: Participaram do presente estudo 16 nadadores (nove do gênero masculino e sete do feminino). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em dois períodos do ciclo de treinamento: período preparatório específico e período de polimento. Espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e peróxidos totais foram determinados como biomarcadores de peroxidação lípidica. Creatina quinase foi determinada como parâmetro de dano celular muscular. O índice técnico alcançado no estilo de especialidade de cada atleta foi utilizado como parâmetro de performance competitiva. O índice técnico foi determinado na competição preparatória Troféu Electro Bonini realizada no período preparatório específico, e no Campeonato Paulista realizado no final do período de polimento. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado aumento significativo (p < 0,05) no índice técnico no Campeonato Paulista (769,6 ± 51,1 pontos) em relação ao Troféu Electro Bonini (751,1 ± 55,7 pontos). Significativas reduções na concentração de TBARS (5,7 ± 2,9 vs 3,3 ± 2,2µmol/L) e peróxidos totais (45,1 ± 20,6 vs 29,6 ± 13,0, µmol H2O2/L) foram encontrados no período de polimento com relação ao período preparatório específico. O mesmo não foi encontrado para creatina quinase (123,6 ± 60,1 vs 137,4 ± 74,9U/L). CONCLUSÃO: A significativa diminuição nos biomarcadores de peroxidação lipídica decorrente do decréscimo no volume e intensidade do treinamento após o período de polimento demonstra a influência das variações do treinamento sobre o estresse oxidativo e sua possível relação com a performance.
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Gondim FJ, Zoppi CC, dos Reis Silveira L, Pereira-da-Silva L, Vaz de Macedo D. Possible Relationship Between Performance and Oxidative Stress in Endurance Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wijnberg ID, van Dam KG, Graaf-Roelfsema ED, Keizer HA, van Ginneken MME, Barneveld A, Breda EV, van der Kolk JH. (Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1746-53. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01272.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Too intensive training may lead to overreaching or overtraining. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase ( phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group ( phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase ( phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal muscle. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. Compared with NT controls, IT induced a stronger adaptation (e.g., higher amplitude, shorter duration, and fewer turns) in QEMG variables resembling potentially synchronization of individual motor unit fiber action potentials. Despite a 19% decrease in performance of the SET after IT, enzyme activities of 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase and citrate synthase displayed similar increases in control and IT animals. We conclude that 1) QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation than muscle enzyme activities but does not discriminate between overreaching and normal training adaptations at this training level and 2) the decreased performance as noted in this study after IT originates most likely from a central (brain) rather than peripheral level.
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Abstract
Acute bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce a state of oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The extent of oxidation is dependent on the exercise mode, intensity, and duration, and is specifically related to the degree of oxidant production. Findings of increased oxidative stress have been reported for both healthy and diseased subjects following single bouts of exercise. While acute exercise has the ability to induce an oxidative stress, this same exercise stimulus appears necessary to allow for an upregulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This chapter presents a summary of exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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