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Liu C, Fang M, Wang M, Wu Y, Chen W, Cheng Y. The Effects of Peer Competition-Induced Anxiety on Massive Open Online Course Learning: The Mediating Role of the Behavioral Inhibition System. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:324. [PMID: 38667120 PMCID: PMC11047602 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increased emphasis on competition in academic settings, anxiety is becoming more common, which inevitably has some impact on students' learning processes and results. This study aimed to explore how competition-induced anxiety influences students' subjective cognitive load (SCL), attention levels, and test scores. We also investigated the mediating role of the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system (BIS/BAS) in those factors. A total of 101 college students were recruited in Study 1 to learn from five micro-lectures from massive open online courses (MOOCs) under competitive and non-competitive conditions. The results showed that participants' state anxiety (SA) scores were higher after the experiment, participants under the competition condition had higher test scores, and the relationship between SA/ trait anxiety (TA) and SCL could be mediated by the BIS. To obtain more objective data on learning processes (attention levels), we conducted Study 2, which collected behavioral and EEG data from 42 college students during the online learning. The results showed that the competition group had higher SA, lower attention levels, and worse test scores, and the relationship between SA/TA and attention levels could be mediated through the BIS. The present study not only expands previous research by finding that BIS functioning plays an important role in the effects of anxiety on cognitive load and attention but also offers implications for using competitive strategies to motivate students according to their aptitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.L.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Mengzhen Fang
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.L.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Min Wang
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.L.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Yifang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (C.L.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
- Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yahua Cheng
- School of Government, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 201701, China;
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2
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Neumann DL, Piatkowski TM, Moffitt RL, Minahan CL. The mental health of elite athletes in developing nations of the greater Oceania region. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Timothy M. Piatkowski
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- College of Health & Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Clare L. Minahan
- School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Kim HY, Chung EJ, Kim SW, Lee BH. Effect of Judo Athletes’ Psychological Function on Sports Coping Skills: Moderated Mediating Effect of Tension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116634. [PMID: 35682219 PMCID: PMC9180775 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Judo athletes’ psychological function on sports coping skills through self-management: the moderated mediating effect of tension. A total of 124 participants (66 males and 58 females) were included, comprising high school students, college students, and judo team players (age 16 to 30, 20.51 ± 3.17) in the Republic of Korea. The psychological function was measured using the Profile of Mood Test, Athletes’ Self-Management Questionnaire, and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. The results of the analysis of the moderating effect of the athlete’s self-management behavior showed that tension had a moderating effect on the relationship between the athlete’s self-management behavior and sports coping skills. The mediating effect analysis revealed a mediating effect of self-management behavior on the relationship between player vitality and sports coping skills. It was also confirmed that tension had a moderating effect on athletes’ self-management behavior and sports coping skills. Therefore, it was confirmed that the higher the self-management, the more moderated the mediating effect on sports coping skills. In conclusion, it was confirmed that psychological function affects sports coping skills, and thereby, the mediating effect of the athlete’s self-management behavior is regulated by tension. In future research, it will be necessary to study the sports coping ability and performance of judo athletes according to tension control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea;
| | - Eun-Jung Chung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Andong Science College, Andong 36616, Korea;
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Virtual Rehabilitation Lab, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea;
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3399-1634
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Vaccaro MG, Bertollo M, Guidetti L, Quattrone A, Emerenziani GP. Individuals’ depression and anxiety might be influenced by the level of physical activity and expertise: a pilot study on elite volleyball players and amateur athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Quantitative EEG in sports: performance level estimation of professional female soccer players. Health Inf Sci Syst 2021; 9:14. [PMID: 33868670 DOI: 10.1007/s13755-021-00144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Measuring the peak performance of athletes remains a challenge in movement science and sports psychology. Non-invasive quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) recordings can be used to analyze various factors in sports psychology. Method In this context, sports-related psychological factors were used to estimate the performance of Thai professional female soccer players before a competition. The QEEG recordings of thirty-two players were recorded three times: twice before a competition (once a week) and a week after a competition. Four factors of sports psychology were estimated and observed: anxiety, perceptual response to an acute bout of brain activity, assertiveness, and brain central fatigue. A brain topographic map (absolute power) and brain connectivity (coherence and amplitude asymmetry) data were used to analyze sports-related psychological factors. These factors were measurable based on the brain activity of the athletes and could be used to evaluate their performance during competitions by using QEEG values. Results Sports-related psychological performance was estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficients, which revealed that a quick perceptual response to an acute bout of brain activity could predict an athlete's performance during competition (r = .584, p = .000). Additionally, Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to estimate athletes performance. The results revealed a strong relationship ( r s =.634, p = .000), which was derived from the summation of anxiety and perceptual response to an acute bout of brain activity. Conclusion Consequently, the results of the present study can provide information to help staff coaches to choose the best performing players, representing an alternative method for accurately selecting key players in the competitive sports community.
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Kaplánová A. Financial Awards and Their Effect on Football Players' Anxiety and Coping Skills. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1148. [PMID: 32587548 PMCID: PMC7298120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Financial awards can be an important factor affecting athletes' mental preparation and various skills to manage stress. Since such a link has not yet been studied, the study has been designed to evaluate the moderation effect of financial awards in relation to football players' anxiety and coping skills. METHODS The study consists of 110 male football players aged 18-32 years old (mean ± SD: 23.98 ± 3.01 years) who were divided into two groups: financial awarded (n = 48) and financial unawarded for sports performance (n = 62). The anxiety of football players was measured by the Sport Anxiety Scale SAS-2. Coping strategies to manage stress were assessed by the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory ACSI-28. The effect of financial awards in relation to football players' anxiety and coping skills was evaluated by the mediators' model using the PROCESS software (Hayes, 2018). RESULTS The results suggest that financial awards are important factors that influence football players' anxiety and coping skills. The financial awards increase the motivation of football players to better prepare for sports performance, which has been proven, through better setting of performance goals and more careful mental preparation. Financially awarded football players seem to respect the coach and follow his instructions to a greater extent than unawarded football players, which may be due to the financial benefits and the commitment they have confirmed by signing to the football club. In another aspect, the financial awards are likely to increase the cognitive trait of the anxiety of football players. It seems that financial players are more concerned about the failure of the match, which increases their anxiety, especially since it is a cognitive part and affects their sports performance. CONCLUSION For this reason, we encourage sports organizations to focus more on the mental preparation of football players. It is important to provide football players the opportunity to graduate from short- or long-term mental training conducted by a trained sports psychologist not only at the time of the athlete's failure but also as a preventive measure against increasing cognitive anxiety. We recommend sports organizations to train coaches in the field of mental training, preferably through annual short training sessions with a sports psychologist, to influence the development of desirable athletes' coping skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kaplánová
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Fernández MM, Brito CJ, Miarka B, Díaz-de-Durana AL. Anxiety and Emotional Intelligence: Comparisons Between Combat Sports, Gender and Levels Using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and the Inventory of Situations and Anxiety Response. Front Psychol 2020; 11:130. [PMID: 32116933 PMCID: PMC7025486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared emotional intelligence and anxiety between six combat sports of lower, intermediate and high-level female and male athletes. The sample was composed by 444 athletes (age: 24.7 ± 8.8 years, body mass: 72.4 ± 12.1 kg, height: 1.82 ± 0.3 m, and practice time: 13.1 ± 7.4 years) separated by sex (male n = 273, female n = 171) from different combat sports (jiu-jitsu n = 142, judo n = 137, karate n = 57, kendo n = 63, taekwondo n = 25, and freestyle wrestling n = 20) of three levels (high-level n = 57, intermediate n = 137 and low-level n = 142). Inventory of situations and anxiety response (ISRA) provided an independent evaluation for the three systems: cognitive, motor and physiological, as well as a total with four factors of analysis (anxiety before the evaluation, interpersonal, phobic and before habitual, and daily situations). Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) verified emotional intelligence scales. Descriptive results are demonstrated by percentage or median (first quartile Q1; third quartile Q3), Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were conducted to compare groups, p ≤ 0.05. The main results demonstrated 10% more total anxiety for wrestling and judo compared to the other groups (p ≤ 0.05). Female athletes showed 15% more anxiety than men, while emotional attention demonstrated 10% better results for women. Significant differences were observed between high- versus low-level athletes in the total anxiety with 85 (44; 143) versus 122 (69; 186) of ISRA index and emotional repair with 30 (25; 34) versus 27 (22; 32) of TMMS-24 index. Emotional intelligence seems to be higher in female and in higher level, while anxiety appears to be prevalent in judo and wrestling, low-level and in female athletes. These outcomes provide support for the hypothesis that emotional abilities are an important contributor to emotional intelligence, particularly differentiating high level athletes than other levels. Results can be incorporated into strategies for reducing anxiety and improving emotional intelligence, considering particularities of gender and level groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Merino Fernández
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alfonso Lopéz Díaz-de-Durana
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
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Costanzo ME, VanMeter JW, Janelle CM, Braun A, Miller MW, Oldham J, Russell BAH, Hatfield BD. Neural Efficiency in Expert Cognitive-Motor Performers During Affective Challenge. J Mot Behav 2016; 48:573-588. [PMID: 27715496 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1161591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skilled individuals demonstrate a spatially localized or relatively lower response in brain activity characterized as neural efficiency when performing within their domain of expertise. Elite athletes are experts in their chosen sport and thus must be not only adept in the motor domain but must be resilient to performing under the stress of high-level competition. Such stability of performance suggests this population processes emotion and mental stress in an adaptive and efficient manner. This study sought to determine if athletes with a history of successful performance under circumstances of mental stress demonstrate neural efficiency during affective challenges compared to age-matched controls. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the blood-oxygen level-dependent response was recorded during emotional challenge induced by sport-specific and general unpleasant images. The athletes demonstrated neural efficiency in brain regions critical to emotion regulation (prefrontal cortex) and affect (insula) independently of their domain of expertise, suggesting adaptive processing of negative events and less emotional reactivity to unpleasant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Costanzo
- a Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland.,b Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland
| | - John W VanMeter
- c Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC
| | - Christopher M Janelle
- d Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida
| | - Allen Braun
- e Language Section , National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland
| | - Matthew W Miller
- a Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland.,b Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland
| | - Jessica Oldham
- b Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland
| | - Bartlett A H Russell
- a Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland.,b Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland.,f Center for Advanced Study of Language , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland
| | - Bradley D Hatfield
- a Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland.,b Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland.,f Center for Advanced Study of Language , University of Maryland at College Park , College Park , Maryland
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9
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Tomazini F, Pasqua LA, Damasceno MV, Silva-Cavalcante MD, de Oliveira FR, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Head-to-head running race simulation alters pacing strategy, performance, and mood state. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Wolf SA, Evans MB, Laborde S, Kleinert J. Assessing what generates precompetitive emotions: development of the precompetitive appraisal measure. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:579-87. [PMID: 25142783 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.951873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Athletes' precompetitive appraisal determines which emotion they experience with regard to an upcoming competition. Such precompetitive emotions have powerful and potentially destructive consequences for performance. To control and optimise these consequences, it is important to examine precompetitive appraisal. Currently, such efforts are hampered by the lack of a valid measurement tool. The present study aimed to develop a novel measure of precompetitive appraisal. Specifically, the Precompetitive Appraisal Measure (PAM) was constructed by adapting an existing self-report scale. Female and male intercollegiate team sport athletes (N = 384) completed the PAM, along with a measure of intensity and interpretation of precompetitive anxiety symptoms (CSAI-2D) prior to competition. On these responses, (a) a Principal Component Analysis and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the PAM's suggested two-factor structure (Primary and Secondary Appraisal), (b) cluster analyses indicated the measure's ability to distinguish theoretically congruent appraisal profiles (Threat and Challenge) and (c) a MANOVA and multiple regression analyses demonstrated that PAM-responses predicted precompetitive symptom intensity and interpretation. Further, analyses revealed that the majority of athletes appraised the upcoming competition as a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja A Wolf
- a German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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11
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Hatfield BD, Costanzo ME, Goodman RN, Lo LC, Oh H, Rietschel JC, Saffer M, Bradberry T, Contreras-Vidal J, Haufler A. The influence of social evaluation on cerebral cortical activity and motor performance: a study of "Real-Life" competition. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:240-9. [PMID: 23954302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor performance in a social evaluative environment was examined in participants (N = 19) who completed a pistol shooting task under both performance-alone (PA) and competitive (C) conditions. Electroencephalographic (EEG), autonomic, and psychoendocrine activity were recorded in addition to kinematic measures of the aiming behavior. State anxiety, heart rate, and cortisol were modestly elevated during C and accompanied by relative desynchrony of high-alpha power, increased cortico-cortical communication between motor and non-motor regions, and degradation of the fluency of aiming trajectory, but maintenance of performance outcome (i.e., score). The findings reveal that performance in a complex social-evaluative environment characterized by competition results in elevated cortical activity beyond that essentially required for motor performance that translated as less efficient motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland at College Park, School of Public Health, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland at College Park, USA.
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12
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Cerin E, Barnett A. Mechanisms linking affective reactions to competition-related and competition-extraneous concerns in male martial artists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21:700-12. [PMID: 21917020 PMCID: PMC3197377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to examine affective linkages between competition-related and competition-extraneous concern domains. A secondary purpose was to establish the contributions of pre-competition affects to post-competition performance appraisals, independent of pre-competition performance expectations. Thirty-nine highly skilled male martial artists were assessed at five random times a day for a week and 1 h before a major competition on affective states and sources of concern. They also reported their performance expectations and post-competition performance appraisals. Affective states triggered by competition-related and competition-extraneous concerns persisted in time. Carry-over effects were stronger after reports of competition-related concerns, emphasizing the subjective importance of the competitive event. Although positive (enjoyment and surprise) and negative (sadness and guilt) affective spill-over was observed from competition-extraneous to competition-related concerns, the reverse held true only for disgust. These findings may be due to the athletes' ability to regulate affective reactions within a sporting setting, in particular. Spill-over from competition-extraneous to competition-related concerns is indicative of a lesser degree of control over work/study and family life. Given that average weekly negative affects and anger/disgust were independent predictors of post-competition performance appraisals, the phenomenon of spill-over and other affective linkage mechanisms in sport warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cerin
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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