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Franz A, Behringer M, Harmsen JF, Mayer C, Krauspe R, Zilkens C, Schumann M. Ischemic Preconditioning Blunts Muscle Damage Responses Induced by Eccentric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:109-115. [PMID: 28832392 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to reduce muscle damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury during surgery. Because of similarities between the pathophysiological formation of ischemia and reperfusion injury and eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), as characterized by an intracellular accumulation of Ca, an increased production of reactive oxygen species, and increased proinflammatory signaling, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether IPC performed before eccentric exercise may also protect against EIMD. METHODS Nineteen healthy men were matched to an eccentric-only (ECC; n = 9) or eccentric proceeded by IPC group (IPC + ECC; n = 10). The exercise protocol consisted of bilateral biceps curls (3 × 10 repetitions at 80% of the concentric one-repetition maximum). In IPC + ECC, IPC was applied bilaterally at the upper arms by a tourniquet (200 mm Hg) immediately before the exercise (3 × 5 min of occlusion, separated by 5 min of reperfusion). Creatine kinase (CK), arm circumference, subjective pain (visual analog scale score), and radial displacement (tensiomyography, maximal radial displacement) were assessed before IPC, preexercise, postexercise, and 20 min, 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postexercise. RESULTS CK differed from baseline only in ECC at 48 h (P < 0.001) and 72 h (P < 0.001) postexercise. After 24, 48, and 72 h, CK was increased in ECC compared with IPC + ECC (between groups: 24 h, P = 0.004; 48 h, P < 0.001; 72 h, P < 0.001). The visual analog scale score was significantly higher in ECC at 24-72 h postexercise when compared with IPC + ECC (between groups: all P values < 0.001). The maximal radial displacement was decreased on all postexercise days in ECC (all P values < 0.001) but remained statistically unchanged in IPC + ECC (between groups: P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IPC performed before a bout of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors blunts EIMD and exercise-induced pain while maintaining the contractile properties of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Franz
- 1Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, GERMANY; 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GERMANY; and 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, GERMANY
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Schlagowski AI, Isner-Horobeti ME, Dufour SP, Rasseneur L, Enache I, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Doutreleau S, Charloux A, Goupilleau F, Bentz I, Charles AL, Kouassi BY, Zoll J, Geny B, Favret F. Mitochondrial function following downhill and/or uphill exercise training in rats. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:925-935. [PMID: 27064266 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to compare the effects of downhill (DH), uphill (UH), and UH-DH exercise training, at the same metabolic rate, on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. METHODS Thirty-two Wistar rats were separated into a control and 3 trained groups. The trained groups exercised for 4 weeks, 5 times per week at the same metabolic rate, either in UH, DH, or combined UH-DH. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the soleus, gastrocnemius, and vastus intermedius muscles were removed for assessment of mitochondrial respiration. RESULTS Exercise training, at the same metabolic rate, improved maximal running speed without specificity for exercise modalities. Maximal fiber respiration was enhanced in soleus and vastus intermedius in the UH group only. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training, performed at the same metabolic rate, improved exercise capacity, but only UH-trained rats enhanced mitochondrial function in both soleus and vastus intermedius skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 54: 925-935, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Isabel Schlagowski
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Eve Isner-Horobeti
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Institute of Rehabilitation Clémenceau, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane P Dufour
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,Strasbourg University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Rasseneur
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,Strasbourg University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Irina Enache
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Evelyne Lonsdorfer-Wolf
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Charloux
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabienne Goupilleau
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Bentz
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Laure Charles
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France
| | - Blah Y Kouassi
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joffrey Zoll
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France.,CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Favret
- Strasbourg University, Faculty of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, EA3072 "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection," 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg, France. .,Strasbourg University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Strasbourg, France.
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Alvarez P, Levine JD. Antihyperalgesic effect of tetrodotoxin in rat models of persistent muscle pain. Neuroscience 2015; 311:499-507. [PMID: 26548414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persistent muscle pain is a common and disabling symptom for which available treatments have limited efficacy. Since tetrodotoxin (TTX) displays a marked antinociceptive effect in models of persistent cutaneous pain, we tested its local antinociceptive effect in rat models of muscle pain induced by inflammation, ergonomic injury and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. While local injection of TTX (0.03-1 μg) into the gastrocnemius muscle did not affect the mechanical nociceptive threshold in naïve rats, exposure to the inflammogen carrageenan produced a marked muscle mechanical hyperalgesia, which was dose-dependently inhibited by TTX. This antihyperalgesic effect was still significant at 24h. TTX also displayed a robust antinociceptive effect on eccentric exercise-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the gastrocnemius muscle, a model of ergonomic pain. Finally, TTX produced a small but significant inhibition of neuropathic muscle pain induced by systemic administration of the cancer chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin. These results indicate that TTX-sensitive sodium currents in nociceptors play a central role in diverse states of skeletal muscle nociceptive sensitization, supporting the suggestion that therapeutic interventions based on TTX may prove useful in the treatment of muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alvarez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J D Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Zortéa D, Silveira PCL, Souza PS, Fidelis GSP, Paganini CS, Pozzi BG, Tuon T, De Souza CT, Paula MMS, Pinho RA. Effects of phonophoresis and gold nanoparticles in experimental model of muscle overuse: role of oxidative stress. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:151-162. [PMID: 25438848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study described here was to investigate the effects of pulsed ultrasound and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in an experimental model of overuse. Wistar rats performed 21 d of exercise on a treadmill at different intensities and were exposed to ultrasound in the presence or absence of AuNPs. The overuse model promoted behavioral changes and increased creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as the levels of superoxide, nitrotyrosine, nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. These values were significantly decreased by AuNPs and by AuNPs plus ultrasound. Catalase activity remained unchanged and the glutathione level increased significantly after exposure to AuNPs plus ultrasound. These results suggest a susceptibility to anxiety as well as elevated levels of oxidative stress. However, therapeutic interventions with AuNPs plus ultrasound reduced the production of oxidants and oxidative damage and improved the anti-oxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Zortéa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Paulo C L Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Priscila S Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Giulia S P Fidelis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Carla S Paganini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Bruna G Pozzi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Talita Tuon
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Claudio T De Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Marcos M S Paula
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Multifunctional Complexes, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
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Solis R, Carrillo ED, Hernández A, García MC, Sánchez JA. Parvalbumin is overexpressed in the late phase of pharmacological preconditioning in skeletal muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:966-72. [PMID: 24117265 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) with mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel openers such as diazoxide, provides protection against ischemia in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. Effects on Ca(2+) homeostasis during the late phase of PPC have been described in cardiomyocytes, but no information is available regarding intracellular Ca(2+) changes in skeletal muscle fibers during late PPC. Intracellular Ca(2+) signals were measured in single fibers of adult mouse skeletal muscle, with fluorescent probes, 48 h after the administration of diazoxide. Parvalbumin levels in the myofibers were quantitated by Western blot. Diazoxide induction of late PPC was confirmed by partial protection of muscles from peroxide-induced damage. Late PPC was associated with a significant decrease in the duration of Ca(2+) signals during single twitches and tetanus with no changes in peak values. This effect was prevented by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger tiron. Late PPC was accompanied by a 30% increase in parvalbumin levels, and this effect was also blocked by tiron. Our data show, for the first time, a role of parvalbumin in late PPC in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Solis
- Departamento de Farmacología. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México, D.F. 07360
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Jung HL, Kwak HE, Kim SS, Kim YC, Lee CD, Byurn HK, Kang HY. Effects of Panax ginseng Supplementation on Muscle Damage and Inflammation after Uphill Treadmill Running in Humans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:441-50. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11008944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether Panax ginseng extract intake would influence exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation responses. Eighteen male college students were randomly assigned to either an RG intake group (RG, n = 9) or a placebo group (P, n = 9). All subjects performed a high-intensity uphill treadmill running task (two rounds of 45 min at 10 km/h speed with a 15 degree uphill slope separated by 5 min of rest). The RG group ingested 20 g/day of Korean red ginseng extract (mixed with 200 ml of water) three times/day for seven days prior to performing the uphill treadmill exercise test and for four days after the treadmill test, while the P group ingested 200 ml of water containing Agastachis Herba on the same schedule. Plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured at pre-exercise and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-exercise; the IL-6 level was also measured at 1 and 2 h post-exercise. To evaluate insulin sensitivity, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed 24 h post-exercise. Plasma CK level in RG was significantly lower than that in P 72 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), and IL-6 level was significantly decreased in RG during the 2 h and 3 h recovery period compared to that of P (p < 0.05). Plasma glucose and insulin responses in RG were significantly reduced compared to those of P (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that RG supplementation could reduce exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammatory responses, resulting in improvements in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lyung Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chong Do Lee
- Department of Exercise and Wellness, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Heidi K. Byurn
- Department of Physical Education, State University of New York College-Brockport, Brockport, New York, USA
| | - Ho Youl Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Muthalib M, Lee H, Millet GY, Ferrari M, Nosaka K. The repeated-bout effect: influence on biceps brachii oxygenation and myoelectrical activity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1390-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00191.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated biceps brachii oxygenation and myoelectrical activity during and following maximal eccentric exercise to better understand the repeated-bout effect. Ten men performed two bouts of eccentric exercise (ECC1, ECC2), consisting of 10 sets of 6 maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors separated by 4 wk. Tissue oxygenation index minimum amplitude (TOImin), mean and maximum total hemoglobin volume by near-infrared spectroscopy, torque, and surface electromyography root mean square (EMGRMS) during exercise were compared between ECC1 and ECC2. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion, plasma creatine kinase activity, muscle soreness, TOImin, and EMGRMS during sustained (10-s) and 30-repeated isometric contraction tasks at 30% (same absolute force) and 100% MVC (same relative force) for 4 days postexercise were compared between ECC1 and ECC2. No significant differences between ECC1 and ECC2 were evident for changes in torque, TOImin, mean total hemoglobin volume, maximum total hemoglobin volume, and EMGRMS during exercise. Smaller ( P < 0.05) changes and faster recovery of muscle damage markers were evident following ECC2 than ECC1. During 30% MVC tasks, TOImin did not change, but EMGRMS increased 1–4 days following ECC1 and ECC2. During 100% MVC tasks, EMGRMS did not change, but torque and TOImin decreased 1–4 days following ECC1 and ECC2. TOImin during 100% MVC tasks and EMGRMS during 30% MVC tasks recovered faster ( P < 0.05) following ECC2 than ECC1. We conclude that the repeated-bout effect cannot be explained by altered muscle activation or metabolic/hemodynamic changes, and the faster recovery in muscle oxygenation and activation was mainly due to faster recovery of force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makii Muthalib
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Hoseong Lee
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Graduate School of Sport of Science, Dankook University, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Université de Lyon, and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Hughes JD, Johnson NA, Brown SJ, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW, Stannard SR. Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on intramyocellular lipid concentration and high energy phosphates. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1135-41. [PMID: 20706732 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric exercise is known to cause changes to the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle and, in turn, may alter the ability of the muscle to store and utilise intracellular substrates such as intramyocellular lipid (IMCL). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in IMCL accumulation. Six males (31 ± 6 years; mean ± SD, and 72.3 ± 9.7 kg body mass) performed 300 unilateral, maximal, isokinetic, eccentric contractions (Ecc) (30° s(-1)) of the quadriceps on an isokinetic dynamometer, followed immediately by an equal amount of work by the contralateral leg but with concentric action (Con). Phosphate compounds and IMCL content of the vastus lateralis of both legs were measured using (31)P and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. IMCL content was higher in Ecc than Con 24 h post but the reverse was evident 48 h post-exercise (P = 0.046). A significant time × trial interaction for resting [P(i)] (P = 0.045), showed increases in Ecc across time but no change in Con. A significant main effect of trial (P = 0.002) was apparent indicating the Ecc leg had marked metabolic dysfunction. The P(i)/PCr ratio showed a significant effect of trial (P = 0.001) with an increase evident in Ecc leg, primarily due to increases in [P(i)]. The present study highlights changes in IMCL content of skeletal muscle following EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hughes
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Wang R, Urso ML, Zambraski EJ, Rader EP, Campbell KP, Liang BT. Adenosine A(3) receptor stimulation induces protection of skeletal muscle from eccentric exercise-mediated injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R259-67. [PMID: 20427727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00060.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapy to reduce skeletal muscle injury associated with severe or eccentric exercise is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adenosine receptor stimulation can mediate protection from eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury. Downhill treadmill exercise (-15 degrees ) was used to induce eccentric exercise-mediated skeletal muscle injury. Experiments were conducted in both normal wild-type (WT) mice and also in beta-sarcoglycan knockout dystrophic mice, animals that show an exaggerated muscle damage with the stress of exercise. In the vehicle-treated WT animals, eccentric exercise increased serum creatine kinase (CK) greater than 3-fold to 358.9 +/- 62.7 U/l (SE). This increase was totally abolished by stimulation of the A(3) receptor. In the dystrophic beta-sarcoglycan-null mice, eccentric exercise caused CK levels to reach 55,124 +/- 5,558 U/l. A(3) receptor stimulation in these animals reduced the CK response by nearly 50%. In the dystrophic mice at rest, 10% of the fibers were found to be damaged, as indicated by Evans blue dye staining. While this percentage was doubled after exercise, A(3) receptor stimulation eliminated this increase. Neither the A(1) receptor agonist 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (0.05 mg/kg) nor the A(2A) receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (0.07 mg/kg) protected skeletal muscle from eccentric exercise injury in WT or dystrophic mice. The protective effect of adenosine A(3) receptor stimulation was absent in mice, in which genes for phospholipase C beta2/beta3 (PLCbeta2/beta3) and beta-sarcoglycan were deleted. The present study elucidates a new protective role of the A(3) receptor and PLCbeta2/beta3 and points to a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Wang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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